练习：面向 GUI 库的模块

In this exercise, you will reorganize a small GUI Library implementation. This library defines a Widget trait and a few implementations of that trait, as well as a main function.

It is typical to put each type or set of closely-related types into its own module, so each widget type should get its own module.

Cargo Setup

Rust Playground 仅支持一个文件，因此您需要在本地文件系统上创建一个 Cargo 项目：

  1. cargo init gui-modules
  2. cd gui-modules
  3. cargo run

Edit the resulting src/main.rs to add mod statements, and add additional files in the src directory.

Source

Here’s the single-module implementation of the GUI library:

  1. pub trait Widget {
  2.     /// Natural width of `self`.
  3.     fn width(&self) -> usize;
  5.     /// Draw the widget into a buffer.
  6.     fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);
  8.     /// Draw the widget on standard output.
  9.     fn draw(&self) {
  10.         let mut buffer = String::new();
  11.         self.draw_into(&mut buffer);
  12.         println!("{buffer}");
  13.     }
  14. }
  16. pub struct Label {
  17.     label: String,
  18. }
  20. impl Label {
  21.     fn new(label: &str) -> Label {
  22.         Label { label: label.to_owned() }
  23.     }
  24. }
  26. pub struct Button {
  27.     label: Label,
  28. }
  30. impl Button {
  31.     fn new(label: &str) -> Button {
  32.         Button { label: Label::new(label) }
  33.     }
  34. }
  36. pub struct Window {
  37.     title: String,
  38.     widgets: Vec<Box<dyn Widget>>,
  39. }
  41. impl Window {
  42.     fn new(title: &str) -> Window {
  43.         Window { title: title.to_owned(), widgets: Vec::new() }
  44.     }
  46.     fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {
  47.         self.widgets.push(widget);
  48.     }
  50.     fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {
  51.         std::cmp::max(
  52.             self.title.chars().count(),
  53.             self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),
  54.         )
  55.     }
  56. }
  58. impl Widget for Window {
  59.     fn width(&self) -> usize {
  60.         // Add 4 paddings for borders
  61.         self.inner_width() + 4
  62.     }
  64.     fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {
  65.         let mut inner = String::new();
  66.         for widget in &self.widgets {
  67.             widget.draw_into(&mut inner);
  68.         }
  70.         let inner_width = self.inner_width();
  72.         // TODO: Change draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use the
  73.         // ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().
  74.         writeln!(buffer, "+-{:-<inner_width$}-+", "").unwrap();
  75.         writeln!(buffer, "| {:^inner_width$} |", &self.title).unwrap();
  76.         writeln!(buffer, "+={:=<inner_width$}=+", "").unwrap();
  77.         for line in inner.lines() {
  78.             writeln!(buffer, "| {:inner_width$} |", line).unwrap();
  79.         }
  80.         writeln!(buffer, "+-{:-<inner_width$}-+", "").unwrap();
  81.     }
  82. }
  84. impl Widget for Button {
  85.     fn width(&self) -> usize {
  86.         self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding
  87.     }
  89.     fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {
  90.         let width = self.width();
  91.         let mut label = String::new();
  92.         self.label.draw_into(&mut label);
  94.         writeln!(buffer, "+{:-<width$}+", "").unwrap();
  95.         for line in label.lines() {
  96.             writeln!(buffer, "|{:^width$}|", &line).unwrap();
  97.         }
  98.         writeln!(buffer, "+{:-<width$}+", "").unwrap();
  99.     }
  100. }
  102. impl Widget for Label {
  103.     fn width(&self) -> usize {
  104.         self.label.lines().map(|line| line.chars().count()).max().unwrap_or(0)
  105.     }
  107.     fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {
  108.         writeln!(buffer, "{}", &self.label).unwrap();
  109.     }
  110. }
  112. fn main() {
  113.     let mut window = Window::new("Rust GUI Demo 1.23");
  114.     window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new("This is a small text GUI demo.")));
  115.     window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new("Click me!")));
  116.     window.draw();
  117. }

This slide and its sub-slides should take about 15 minutes.

鼓励学生按照自己认为合适的方式划分代码，并熟悉必需的 mod、use 和 pub 声明。之后，讨论哪些组织方式最符合惯例。