impl Trait

Similar to trait bounds, an impl Trait syntax can be used in function arguments and return values:

  1. // Syntactic sugar for:
  2. //   fn add_42_millions<T: Into<i32>>(x: T) -> i32 {
  3. fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into<i32>) -> i32 {
  4.     x.into() + 42_000_000
  5. }
  7. fn pair_of(x: u32) -> impl std::fmt::Debug {
  8.     (x + 1, x - 1)
  9. }
  11. fn main() {
  12.     let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);
  13.     println!("{many}");
  14.     let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);
  15.     println!("{many_more}");
  16.     let debuggable = pair_of(27);
  17.     println!("debuggable: {debuggable:?}");
  18. }

This slide should take about 5 minutes.

impl Trait allows you to work with types which you cannot name. The meaning of impl Trait is a bit different in the different positions.

  • For a parameter, impl Trait is like an anonymous generic parameter with a trait bound.

  • For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you don’t want to expose the concrete type in a public API.

    Inference is hard in return position. A function returning impl Foo picks the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A function returning a generic type like collect<B>() -> B can return any type satisfying B, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect() or with the turbofish, foo.collect::<Vec<_>>().

What is the type of debuggable? Try let debuggable: () = .. to see what the error message shows.