Destination Rule

Destination Rule

DestinationRule defines policies that apply to traffic intended for a service after routing has occurred. These rules specify configuration for load balancing, connection pool size from the sidecar, and outlier detection settings to detect and evict unhealthy hosts from the load balancing pool. For example, a simple load balancing policy for the ratings service would look as follows:

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    loadBalancer:
      simple: LEAST_REQUEST

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    loadBalancer:
      simple: LEAST_REQUEST

Version specific policies can be specified by defining a named subset and overriding the settings specified at the service level. The following rule uses a round robin load balancing policy for all traffic going to a subset named testversion that is composed of endpoints (e.g., pods) with labels (version:v3).

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    loadBalancer:
      simple: LEAST_REQUEST
  subsets:
  - name: testversion
    labels:
      version: v3
    trafficPolicy:
      loadBalancer:
        simple: ROUND_ROBIN

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    loadBalancer:
      simple: LEAST_REQUEST
  subsets:
  - name: testversion
    labels:
      version: v3
    trafficPolicy:
      loadBalancer:
        simple: ROUND_ROBIN

Note: Policies specified for subsets will not take effect until a route rule explicitly sends traffic to this subset.

Traffic policies can be customized to specific ports as well. The following rule uses the least connection load balancing policy for all traffic to port 80, while uses a round robin load balancing setting for traffic to the port 9080.

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-ratings-port
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy: # Apply to all ports
    portLevelSettings:
    - port:
        number: 80
      loadBalancer:
        simple: LEAST_REQUEST
    - port:
        number: 9080
      loadBalancer:
        simple: ROUND_ROBIN

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-ratings-port
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy: # Apply to all ports
    portLevelSettings:
    - port:
        number: 80
      loadBalancer:
        simple: LEAST_REQUEST
    - port:
        number: 9080
      loadBalancer:
        simple: ROUND_ROBIN

Destination Rules can be customized to specific workloads as well. The following example shows how a destination rule can be applied to a specific workload using the workloadSelector configuration.

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: configure-client-mtls-dr-with-workloadselector
spec:
  host: example.com
  workloadSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: ratings
  trafficPolicy:
    loadBalancer:
      simple: ROUND_ROBIN
    portLevelSettings:
    - port:
        number: 31443
      tls:
        credentialName: client-credential
        mode: MUTUAL

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: configure-client-mtls-dr-with-workloadselector
spec:
  host: example.com
  workloadSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: ratings
  trafficPolicy:
    loadBalancer:
      simple: ROUND_ROBIN
    portLevelSettings:
    - port:
        number: 31443
      tls:
        credentialName: client-credential
        mode: MUTUAL

DestinationRule

DestinationRule defines policies that apply to traffic intended for a service after routing has occurred.

Field	Type	Description	Required
`host`	`string`	The name of a service from the service registry. Service names are looked up from the platform’s service registry (e.g., Kubernetes services, Consul services, etc.) and from the hosts declared by ServiceEntries. Rules defined for services that do not exist in the service registry will be ignored. Note for Kubernetes users: When short names are used (e.g. “reviews” instead of “reviews.default.svc.cluster.local”), Istio will interpret the short name based on the namespace of the rule, not the service. A rule in the “default” namespace containing a host “reviews” will be interpreted as “reviews.default.svc.cluster.local”, irrespective of the actual namespace associated with the reviews service. To avoid potential misconfigurations, it is recommended to always use fully qualified domain names over short names. Note that the host field applies to both HTTP and TCP services.	Yes
`trafficPolicy`	`TrafficPolicy`	Traffic policies to apply (load balancing policy, connection pool sizes, outlier detection).	No
`subsets`	`Subset[]`	One or more named sets that represent individual versions of a service. Traffic policies can be overridden at subset level.	No
`exportTo`	`string[]`	A list of namespaces to which this destination rule is exported. The resolution of a destination rule to apply to a service occurs in the context of a hierarchy of namespaces. Exporting a destination rule allows it to be included in the resolution hierarchy for services in other namespaces. This feature provides a mechanism for service owners and mesh administrators to control the visibility of destination rules across namespace boundaries. If no namespaces are specified then the destination rule is exported to all namespaces by default. The value “.” is reserved and defines an export to the same namespace that the destination rule is declared in. Similarly, the value “*” is reserved and defines an export to all namespaces.	No
`workloadSelector`	`WorkloadSelector`	Criteria used to select the specific set of pods/VMs on which this `DestinationRule` configuration should be applied. If specified, the `DestinationRule` configuration will be applied only to the workload instances matching the workload selector label in the same namespace. Workload selectors do not apply across namespace boundaries. If omitted, the `DestinationRule` falls back to its default behavior. For example, if specific sidecars need to have egress TLS settings for services outside of the mesh, instead of every sidecar in the mesh needing to have the configuration (which is the default behaviour), a workload selector can be specified.	No

TrafficPolicy

Traffic policies to apply for a specific destination, across all destination ports. See DestinationRule for examples.

Field	Type	Description	Required
`loadBalancer`	`LoadBalancerSettings`	Settings controlling the load balancer algorithms.	No
`connectionPool`	`ConnectionPoolSettings`	Settings controlling the volume of connections to an upstream service	No
`outlierDetection`	`OutlierDetection`	Settings controlling eviction of unhealthy hosts from the load balancing pool	No
`tls`	`ClientTLSSettings`	TLS related settings for connections to the upstream service.	No
`portLevelSettings`	`PortTrafficPolicy[]`	Traffic policies specific to individual ports. Note that port level settings will override the destination-level settings. Traffic settings specified at the destination-level will not be inherited when overridden by port-level settings, i.e. default values will be applied to fields omitted in port-level traffic policies.	No
`tunnel`	`TunnelSettings`	Configuration of tunneling TCP over other transport or application layers for the host configured in the DestinationRule. Tunnel settings can be applied to TCP or TLS routes and can’t be applied to HTTP routes.	No

Subset

A subset of endpoints of a service. Subsets can be used for scenarios like A/B testing, or routing to a specific version of a service. Refer to VirtualService documentation for examples of using subsets in these scenarios. In addition, traffic policies defined at the service-level can be overridden at a subset-level. The following rule uses a round robin load balancing policy for all traffic going to a subset named testversion that is composed of endpoints (e.g., pods) with labels (version:v3).

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    loadBalancer:
      simple: LEAST_REQUEST
  subsets:
  - name: testversion
    labels:
      version: v3
    trafficPolicy:
      loadBalancer:
        simple: ROUND_ROBIN

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    loadBalancer:
      simple: LEAST_REQUEST
  subsets:
  - name: testversion
    labels:
      version: v3
    trafficPolicy:
      loadBalancer:
        simple: ROUND_ROBIN

Note: Policies specified for subsets will not take effect until a route rule explicitly sends traffic to this subset.

One or more labels are typically required to identify the subset destination, however, when the corresponding DestinationRule represents a host that supports multiple SNI hosts (e.g., an egress gateway), a subset without labels may be meaningful. In this case a traffic policy with ClientTLSSettings can be used to identify a specific SNI host corresponding to the named subset.

Field	Type	Description	Required
`name`	`string`	Name of the subset. The service name and the subset name can be used for traffic splitting in a route rule.	Yes
`labels`	`map<string, string>`	Labels apply a filter over the endpoints of a service in the service registry. See route rules for examples of usage.	No
`trafficPolicy`	`TrafficPolicy`	Traffic policies that apply to this subset. Subsets inherit the traffic policies specified at the DestinationRule level. Settings specified at the subset level will override the corresponding settings specified at the DestinationRule level.	No

LoadBalancerSettings

Load balancing policies to apply for a specific destination. See Envoy’s load balancing documentation for more details.

For example, the following rule uses a round robin load balancing policy for all traffic going to the ratings service.

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    loadBalancer:
      simple: ROUND_ROBIN

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    loadBalancer:
      simple: ROUND_ROBIN

The following example sets up sticky sessions for the ratings service hashing-based load balancer for the same ratings service using the the User cookie as the hash key.

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    loadBalancer:
      consistentHash:
        httpCookie:
          name: user
          ttl: 0s

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    loadBalancer:
      consistentHash:
        httpCookie:
          name: user
          ttl: 0s

Field	Type	Description	Required
`simple`	`SimpleLB (oneof)`		No
`consistentHash`	`ConsistentHashLB (oneof)`		No
`localityLbSetting`	`LocalityLoadBalancerSetting`	Locality load balancer settings, this will override mesh wide settings in entirety, meaning no merging would be performed between this object and the object one in MeshConfig	No
`warmupDurationSecs`	`Duration`	Represents the warmup duration of Service. If set, the newly created endpoint of service remains in warmup mode starting from its creation time for the duration of this window and Istio progressively increases amount of traffic for that endpoint instead of sending proportional amount of traffic. This should be enabled for services that require warm up time to serve full production load with reasonable latency. Please note that this is most effective when few new endpoints come up like scale event in Kubernetes. When all the endpoints are relatively new like new deployment, this is not very effective as all endpoints end up getting same amount of requests. Currently this is only supported for ROUND_ROBIN and LEAST_REQUEST load balancers.	No

ConnectionPoolSettings

Connection pool settings for an upstream host. The settings apply to each individual host in the upstream service. See Envoy’s circuit breaker for more details. Connection pool settings can be applied at the TCP level as well as at HTTP level.

For example, the following rule sets a limit of 100 connections to redis service called myredissrv with a connect timeout of 30ms

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-redis
spec:
  host: myredissrv.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    connectionPool:
      tcp:
        maxConnections: 100
        connectTimeout: 30ms
        tcpKeepalive:
          time: 7200s
          interval: 75s

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: bookinfo-redis
spec:
  host: myredissrv.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    connectionPool:
      tcp:
        maxConnections: 100
        connectTimeout: 30ms
        tcpKeepalive:
          time: 7200s
          interval: 75s

Field	Type	Description	Required
`tcp`	`TCPSettings`	Settings common to both HTTP and TCP upstream connections.	No
`http`	`HTTPSettings`	HTTP connection pool settings.	No

OutlierDetection

A Circuit breaker implementation that tracks the status of each individual host in the upstream service. Applicable to both HTTP and TCP services. For HTTP services, hosts that continually return 5xx errors for API calls are ejected from the pool for a pre-defined period of time. For TCP services, connection timeouts or connection failures to a given host counts as an error when measuring the consecutive errors metric. See Envoy’s outlier detection for more details.

The following rule sets a connection pool size of 100 HTTP1 connections with no more than 10 req/connection to the “reviews” service. In addition, it sets a limit of 1000 concurrent HTTP2 requests and configures upstream hosts to be scanned every 5 mins so that any host that fails 7 consecutive times with a 502, 503, or 504 error code will be ejected for 15 minutes.

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: reviews-cb-policy
spec:
  host: reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    connectionPool:
      tcp:
        maxConnections: 100
      http:
        http2MaxRequests: 1000
        maxRequestsPerConnection: 10
    outlierDetection:
      consecutive5xxErrors: 7
      interval: 5m
      baseEjectionTime: 15m

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: reviews-cb-policy
spec:
  host: reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    connectionPool:
      tcp:
        maxConnections: 100
      http:
        http2MaxRequests: 1000
        maxRequestsPerConnection: 10
    outlierDetection:
      consecutive5xxErrors: 7
      interval: 5m
      baseEjectionTime: 15m

Field	Type	Description	Required
`splitExternalLocalOriginErrors`	`bool`	Determines whether to distinguish local origin failures from external errors. If set to true consecutive_local_origin_failure is taken into account for outlier detection calculations. This should be used when you want to derive the outlier detection status based on the errors seen locally such as failure to connect, timeout while connecting etc. rather than the status code retuned by upstream service. This is especially useful when the upstream service explicitly returns a 5xx for some requests and you want to ignore those responses from upstream service while determining the outlier detection status of a host. Defaults to false.	No
`consecutiveLocalOriginFailures`	`UInt32Value`	The number of consecutive locally originated failures before ejection occurs. Defaults to 5. Parameter takes effect only when split_external_local_origin_errors is set to true.	No
`consecutiveGatewayErrors`	`UInt32Value`	Number of gateway errors before a host is ejected from the connection pool. When the upstream host is accessed over HTTP, a 502, 503, or 504 return code qualifies as a gateway error. When the upstream host is accessed over an opaque TCP connection, connect timeouts and connection error/failure events qualify as a gateway error. This feature is disabled by default or when set to the value 0. Note that consecutive_gateway_errors and consecutive_5xx_errors can be used separately or together. Because the errors counted by consecutive_gateway_errors are also included in consecutive_5xx_errors, if the value of consecutive_gateway_errors is greater than or equal to the value of consecutive_5xx_errors, consecutive_gateway_errors will have no effect.	No
`consecutive5xxErrors`	`UInt32Value`	Number of 5xx errors before a host is ejected from the connection pool. When the upstream host is accessed over an opaque TCP connection, connect timeouts, connection error/failure and request failure events qualify as a 5xx error. This feature defaults to 5 but can be disabled by setting the value to 0. Note that consecutive_gateway_errors and consecutive_5xx_errors can be used separately or together. Because the errors counted by consecutive_gateway_errors are also included in consecutive_5xx_errors, if the value of consecutive_gateway_errors is greater than or equal to the value of consecutive_5xx_errors, consecutive_gateway_errors will have no effect.	No
`interval`	`Duration`	Time interval between ejection sweep analysis. format: 1h/1m/1s/1ms. MUST BE >=1ms. Default is 10s.	No
`baseEjectionTime`	`Duration`	Minimum ejection duration. A host will remain ejected for a period equal to the product of minimum ejection duration and the number of times the host has been ejected. This technique allows the system to automatically increase the ejection period for unhealthy upstream servers. format: 1h/1m/1s/1ms. MUST BE >=1ms. Default is 30s.	No
`maxEjectionPercent`	`int32`	Maximum % of hosts in the load balancing pool for the upstream service that can be ejected. Defaults to 10%.	No
`minHealthPercent`	`int32`	Outlier detection will be enabled as long as the associated load balancing pool has at least min_health_percent hosts in healthy mode. When the percentage of healthy hosts in the load balancing pool drops below this threshold, outlier detection will be disabled and the proxy will load balance across all hosts in the pool (healthy and unhealthy). The threshold can be disabled by setting it to 0%. The default is 0% as it’s not typically applicable in k8s environments with few pods per service.	No

ClientTLSSettings

SSL/TLS related settings for upstream connections. See Envoy’s TLS context for more details. These settings are common to both HTTP and TCP upstreams.

For example, the following rule configures a client to use mutual TLS for connections to upstream database cluster.

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: db-mtls
spec:
  host: mydbserver.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    tls:
      mode: MUTUAL
      clientCertificate: /etc/certs/myclientcert.pem
      privateKey: /etc/certs/client_private_key.pem
      caCertificates: /etc/certs/rootcacerts.pem

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: db-mtls
spec:
  host: mydbserver.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    tls:
      mode: MUTUAL
      clientCertificate: /etc/certs/myclientcert.pem
      privateKey: /etc/certs/client_private_key.pem
      caCertificates: /etc/certs/rootcacerts.pem

The following rule configures a client to use TLS when talking to a foreign service whose domain matches *.foo.com.

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: tls-foo
spec:
  host: "*.foo.com"
  trafficPolicy:
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: tls-foo
spec:
  host: "*.foo.com"
  trafficPolicy:
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE

The following rule configures a client to use Istio mutual TLS when talking to rating services.

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: ratings-istio-mtls
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    tls:
      mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: ratings-istio-mtls
spec:
  host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    tls:
      mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL

Field	Type	Description	Required
`mode`	`TLSmode`	Indicates whether connections to this port should be secured using TLS. The value of this field determines how TLS is enforced.	Yes
`clientCertificate`	`string`	REQUIRED if mode is `MUTUAL`. The path to the file holding the client-side TLS certificate to use. Should be empty if mode is `ISTIO_MUTUAL`.	No
`privateKey`	`string`	REQUIRED if mode is `MUTUAL`. The path to the file holding the client’s private key. Should be empty if mode is `ISTIO_MUTUAL`.	No
`caCertificates`	`string`	OPTIONAL: The path to the file containing certificate authority certificates to use in verifying a presented server certificate. If omitted, the proxy will not verify the server’s certificate. Should be empty if mode is `ISTIO_MUTUAL`.	No
`credentialName`	`string`	The name of the secret that holds the TLS certs for the client including the CA certificates. This secret must exist in the namespace of the proxy using the certificates. An Opaque secret should contain the following keys and values: `key: <privateKey>`, `cert: <clientCert>`, `cacert: <CACertificate>`. Here CACertificate is used to verify the server certificate. For mutual TLS, `cacert: <CACertificate>` can be provided in the same secret or a separate secret named `<secret>-cacert`. A TLS secret for client certificates with an additional `ca.crt` key for CA certificates is also supported. Only one of client certificates and CA certificate or credentialName can be specified. NOTE: This field is applicable at sidecars only if `DestinationRule` has a `workloadSelector` specified. Otherwise the field will be applicable only at gateways, and sidecars will continue to use the certificate paths.	No
`subjectAltNames`	`string[]`	A list of alternate names to verify the subject identity in the certificate. If specified, the proxy will verify that the server certificate’s subject alt name matches one of the specified values. If specified, this list overrides the value of subject_alt_names from the ServiceEntry. If unspecified, automatic validation of upstream presented certificate for new upstream connections will be done based on the downstream HTTP host/authority header, provided `VERIFY_CERTIFICATE_AT_CLIENT` and `ENABLE_AUTO_SNI` environmental variables are set to `true`.	No
`sni`	`string`	SNI string to present to the server during TLS handshake. If unspecified, SNI will be automatically set based on downstream HTTP host/authority header for SIMPLE and MUTUAL TLS modes, provided `ENABLE_AUTO_SNI` environmental variable is set to `true`.	No
`insecureSkipVerify`	`BoolValue`	InsecureSkipVerify specifies whether the proxy should skip verifying the CA signature and SAN for the server certificate corresponding to the host. This flag should only be set if global CA signature verifcation is enabled, `VerifyCertAtClient` environmental variable is set to `true`, but no verification is desired for a specific host. If enabled with or without `VerifyCertAtClient` enabled, verification of the CA signature and SAN will be skipped. `InsecureSkipVerify` is `false` by default. `VerifyCertAtClient` is `false` by default in Istio version 1.9 but will be `true` by default in a later version where, going forward, it will be enabled by default.	No

LocalityLoadBalancerSetting

Locality-weighted load balancing allows administrators to control the distribution of traffic to endpoints based on the localities of where the traffic originates and where it will terminate. These localities are specified using arbitrary labels that designate a hierarchy of localities in {region}/{zone}/{sub-zone} form. For additional detail refer to Locality Weight The following example shows how to setup locality weights mesh-wide.

Given a mesh with workloads and their service deployed to “us-west/zone1/” and “us-west/zone2/”. This example specifies that when traffic accessing a service originates from workloads in “us-west/zone1/”, 80% of the traffic will be sent to endpoints in “us-west/zone1/”, i.e the same zone, and the remaining 20% will go to endpoints in “us-west/zone2/”. This setup is intended to favor routing traffic to endpoints in the same locality. A similar setting is specified for traffic originating in “us-west/zone2/”.

  distribute:
    - from: us-west/zone1/*
      to:
        "us-west/zone1/*": 80
        "us-west/zone2/*": 20
    - from: us-west/zone2/*
      to:
        "us-west/zone1/*": 20
        "us-west/zone2/*": 80

If the goal of the operator is not to distribute load across zones and regions but rather to restrict the regionality of failover to meet other operational requirements an operator can set a ‘failover’ policy instead of a ‘distribute’ policy.

The following example sets up a locality failover policy for regions. Assume a service resides in zones within us-east, us-west & eu-west this example specifies that when endpoints within us-east become unhealthy traffic should failover to endpoints in any zone or sub-zone within eu-west and similarly us-west should failover to us-east.

 failover:
   - from: us-east
     to: eu-west
   - from: us-west
     to: us-east

Locality load balancing settings.

Field	Type	Description	Required
`distribute`	`Distribute[]`	Optional: only one of distribute, failover or failoverPriority can be set. Explicitly specify loadbalancing weight across different zones and geographical locations. Refer to Locality weighted load balancing If empty, the locality weight is set according to the endpoints number within it.	No
`failover`	`Failover[]`	Optional: only one of distribute, failover or failoverPriority can be set. Explicitly specify the region traffic will land on when endpoints in local region becomes unhealthy. Should be used together with OutlierDetection to detect unhealthy endpoints. Note: if no OutlierDetection specified, this will not take effect.	No
`failoverPriority`	`string[]`	failoverPriority is an ordered list of labels used to sort endpoints to do priority based load balancing. This is to support traffic failover across different groups of endpoints. Suppose there are total N labels specified: Endpoints matching all N labels with the client proxy have priority P(0) i.e. the highest priority. Endpoints matching the first N-1 labels with the client proxy have priority P(1) i.e. second highest priority. By extension of this logic, endpoints matching only the first label with the client proxy has priority P(N-1) i.e. second lowest priority. All the other endpoints have priority P(N) i.e. lowest priority. Note: For a label to be considered for match, the previous labels must match, i.e. nth label would be considered matched only if first n-1 labels match. It can be any label specified on both client and server workloads. The following labels which have special semantic meaning are also supported: `topology.istio.io/network` is used to match the network metadata of an endpoint, which can be specified by pod/namespace label `topology.istio.io/network`, sidecar env `ISTIO_META_NETWORK` or MeshNetworks. `topology.istio.io/cluster` is used to match the clusterID of an endpoint, which can be specified by pod label `topology.istio.io/cluster` or pod env `ISTIO_META_CLUSTER_ID`. `topology.kubernetes.io/region` is used to match the region metadata of an endpoint, which maps to Kubernetes node label `topology.kubernetes.io/region` or the deprecated label `failure-domain.beta.kubernetes.io/region`. `topology.kubernetes.io/zone` is used to match the zone metadata of an endpoint, which maps to Kubernetes node label `topology.kubernetes.io/zone` or the deprecated label `failure-domain.beta.kubernetes.io/zone`. `topology.istio.io/subzone` is used to match the subzone metadata of an endpoint, which maps to Istio node label `topology.istio.io/subzone`. The below topology config indicates the following priority levels: `failoverPriority:` `- “topology.istio.io/network”` `- “topology.kubernetes.io/region”` `- “topology.kubernetes.io/zone”` `- “topology.istio.io/subzone”` endpoints match same [network, region, zone, subzone] label with the client proxy have the highest priority. endpoints have same [network, region, zone] label but different [subzone] label with the client proxy have the second highest priority. endpoints have same [network, region] label but different [zone] label with the client proxy have the third highest priority. endpoints have same [network] but different [region] labels with the client proxy have the fourth highest priority. all the other endpoints have the same lowest priority. Optional: only one of distribute, failover or failoverPriority can be set. And it should be used together with `OutlierDetection` to detect unhealthy endpoints, otherwise has no effect.	No
`enabled`	`BoolValue`	enable locality load balancing, this is DestinationRule-level and will override mesh wide settings in entirety. e.g. true means that turn on locality load balancing for this DestinationRule no matter what mesh wide settings is.	No

TrafficPolicy.PortTrafficPolicy

Traffic policies that apply to specific ports of the service

Field	Type	Description	Required
`port`	`PortSelector`	Specifies the number of a port on the destination service on which this policy is being applied.	No
`loadBalancer`	`LoadBalancerSettings`	Settings controlling the load balancer algorithms.	No
`connectionPool`	`ConnectionPoolSettings`	Settings controlling the volume of connections to an upstream service	No
`outlierDetection`	`OutlierDetection`	Settings controlling eviction of unhealthy hosts from the load balancing pool	No
`tls`	`ClientTLSSettings`	TLS related settings for connections to the upstream service.	No

TrafficPolicy.TunnelSettings

Field	Type	Description	Required
`protocol`	`string`	Specifies which protocol to use for tunneling the downstream connection. Supported protocols are: CONNECT - uses HTTP CONNECT; POST - uses HTTP POST. CONNECT is used by default if not specified. HTTP version for upstream requests is determined by the service protocol defined for the proxy.	No
`targetHost`	`string`	Specifies a host to which the downstream connection is tunneled. Target host must be an FQDN or IP address.	Yes
`targetPort`	`uint32`	Specifies a port to which the downstream connection is tunneled.	Yes

LoadBalancerSettings.ConsistentHashLB

Consistent Hash-based load balancing can be used to provide soft session affinity based on HTTP headers, cookies or other properties. The affinity to a particular destination host may be lost when one or more hosts are added/removed from the destination service.

Note: consistent hashing is less reliable at maintaining affinity than common “sticky sessions” implementations, which often encode a specific destination in a cookie, ensuring affinity is maintained as long as the backend remains. With consistent hash, the guarantees are weaker; any host addition or removal can break affinity for 1/backends requests.

Warning: consistent hashing depends on each proxy having a consistent view of endpoints. This is not the case when locality load balancing is enabled. Locality load balancing and consistent hash will only work together when all proxies are in the same locality, or a high level load balancer handles locality affinity.

Field	Type	Description	Required
`httpHeaderName`	`string (oneof)`	Hash based on a specific HTTP header.	No
`httpCookie`	`HTTPCookie (oneof)`	Hash based on HTTP cookie.	No
`useSourceIp`	`bool (oneof)`	Hash based on the source IP address. This is applicable for both TCP and HTTP connections.	No
`httpQueryParameterName`	`string (oneof)`	Hash based on a specific HTTP query parameter.	No
`ringHash`	`RingHash (oneof)`	The ring/modulo hash load balancer implements consistent hashing to backend hosts.	No
`maglev`	`MagLev (oneof)`	The Maglev load balancer implements consistent hashing to backend hosts.	No
`minimumRingSize`	`uint64`	Deprecated. Use RingHash instead.	No

LoadBalancerSettings.ConsistentHashLB.RingHash

Field	Type	Description	Required
`minimumRingSize`	`uint64`	The minimum number of virtual nodes to use for the hash ring. Defaults to 1024. Larger ring sizes result in more granular load distributions. If the number of hosts in the load balancing pool is larger than the ring size, each host will be assigned a single virtual node.	No

LoadBalancerSettings.ConsistentHashLB.MagLev

Field	Type	Description	Required
`tableSize`	`uint64`	The table size for Maglev hashing. This helps in controlling the disruption when the backend hosts change. Increasing the table size reduces the amount of disruption.	No

LoadBalancerSettings.ConsistentHashLB.HTTPCookie

Describes a HTTP cookie that will be used as the hash key for the Consistent Hash load balancer. If the cookie is not present, it will be generated.

Field	Type	Description	Required
`name`	`string`	Name of the cookie.	Yes
`path`	`string`	Path to set for the cookie.	No
`ttl`	`Duration`	Lifetime of the cookie.	Yes

ConnectionPoolSettings.TCPSettings

Settings common to both HTTP and TCP upstream connections.

Field	Type	Description	Required
`maxConnections`	`int32`	Maximum number of HTTP1 /TCP connections to a destination host. Default 2^32-1.	No
`connectTimeout`	`Duration`	TCP connection timeout. format: 1h/1m/1s/1ms. MUST BE >=1ms. Default is 10s.	No
`tcpKeepalive`	`TcpKeepalive`	If set then set SO_KEEPALIVE on the socket to enable TCP Keepalives.	No
`maxConnectionDuration`	`Duration`	The maximum duration of a connection. The duration is defined as the period since a connection was established. If not set, there is no max duration. When max_connection_duration is reached the connection will be closed. Duration must be at least 1ms.	No

ConnectionPoolSettings.HTTPSettings

Settings applicable to HTTP1.1/HTTP2/GRPC connections.

Field	Type	Description	Required
`http1MaxPendingRequests`	`int32`	Maximum number of requests that will be queued while waiting for a ready connection pool connection. Default 1024. Refer to https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/intro/arch_overview/upstream/circuit_breaking under which conditions a new connection is created for HTTP2. Please note that this is applicable to both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP2.	No
`http2MaxRequests`	`int32`	Maximum number of active requests to a destination. Default 1024. Please note that this is applicable to both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP2.	No
`maxRequestsPerConnection`	`int32`	Maximum number of requests per connection to a backend. Setting this parameter to 1 disables keep alive. Default 0, meaning “unlimited”, up to 2^29.	No
`maxRetries`	`int32`	Maximum number of retries that can be outstanding to all hosts in a cluster at a given time. Defaults to 2^32-1.	No
`idleTimeout`	`Duration`	The idle timeout for upstream connection pool connections. The idle timeout is defined as the period in which there are no active requests. If not set, the default is 1 hour. When the idle timeout is reached, the connection will be closed. If the connection is an HTTP/2 connection a drain sequence will occur prior to closing the connection. Note that request based timeouts mean that HTTP/2 PINGs will not keep the connection alive. Applies to both HTTP1.1 and HTTP2 connections.	No
`h2UpgradePolicy`	`H2UpgradePolicy`	Specify if http1.1 connection should be upgraded to http2 for the associated destination.	No
`useClientProtocol`	`bool`	If set to true, client protocol will be preserved while initiating connection to backend. Note that when this is set to true, h2_upgrade_policy will be ineffective i.e. the client connections will not be upgraded to http2.	No

ConnectionPoolSettings.TCPSettings.TcpKeepalive

TCP keepalive.

Field	Type	Description	Required
`probes`	`uint32`	Maximum number of keepalive probes to send without response before deciding the connection is dead. Default is to use the OS level configuration (unless overridden, Linux defaults to 9.)	No
`time`	`Duration`	The time duration a connection needs to be idle before keep-alive probes start being sent. Default is to use the OS level configuration (unless overridden, Linux defaults to 7200s (ie 2 hours.)	No
`interval`	`Duration`	The time duration between keep-alive probes. Default is to use the OS level configuration (unless overridden, Linux defaults to 75s.)	No

LocalityLoadBalancerSetting.Distribute

Describes how traffic originating in the ‘from’ zone or sub-zone is distributed over a set of ’to’ zones. Syntax for specifying a zone is {region}/{zone}/{sub-zone} and terminal wildcards are allowed on any segment of the specification. Examples:

* - matches all localities

us-west/* - all zones and sub-zones within the us-west region

us-west/zone-1/* - all sub-zones within us-west/zone-1

Field	Type	Description	Required
`from`	`string`	Originating locality, ‘/’ separated, e.g. ‘region/zone/sub_zone’.	No
`to`	`map<string, uint32>`	Map of upstream localities to traffic distribution weights. The sum of all weights should be 100. Any locality not present will receive no traffic.	No

LocalityLoadBalancerSetting.Failover

Specify the traffic failover policy across regions. Since zone and sub-zone failover is supported by default this only needs to be specified for regions when the operator needs to constrain traffic failover so that the default behavior of failing over to any endpoint globally does not apply. This is useful when failing over traffic across regions would not improve service health or may need to be restricted for other reasons like regulatory controls.

Field	Type	Description	Required
`from`	`string`	Originating region.	No
`to`	`string`	Destination region the traffic will fail over to when endpoints in the ‘from’ region becomes unhealthy.	No

google.protobuf.UInt32Value

Wrapper message for uint32.

The JSON representation for UInt32Value is JSON number.

Field	Type	Description	Required
`value`	`uint32`	The uint32 value.	No

LoadBalancerSettings.SimpleLB

Standard load balancing algorithms that require no tuning.

Name	Description
`UNSPECIFIED`	No load balancing algorithm has been specified by the user. Istio will select an appropriate default.
`RANDOM`	The random load balancer selects a random healthy host. The random load balancer generally performs better than round robin if no health checking policy is configured.
`PASSTHROUGH`	This option will forward the connection to the original IP address requested by the caller without doing any form of load balancing. This option must be used with care. It is meant for advanced use cases. Refer to Original Destination load balancer in Envoy for further details.
`ROUND_ROBIN`	A basic round robin load balancing policy. This is generally unsafe for many scenarios (e.g. when enpoint weighting is used) as it can overburden endpoints. In general, prefer to use LEAST_REQUEST as a drop-in replacement for ROUND_ROBIN.
`LEAST_REQUEST`	The least request load balancer spreads load across endpoints, favoring endpoints with the least outstanding requests. This is generally safer and outperforms ROUND_ROBIN in nearly all cases. Prefer to use LEAST_REQUEST as a drop-in replacement for ROUND_ROBIN.
`LEAST_CONN`	Deprecated. Use LEAST_REQUEST instead.

ConnectionPoolSettings.HTTPSettings.H2UpgradePolicy

Policy for upgrading http1.1 connections to http2.

Name	Description
`DEFAULT`	Use the global default.
`DO_NOT_UPGRADE`	Do not upgrade the connection to http2. This opt-out option overrides the default.
`UPGRADE`	Upgrade the connection to http2. This opt-in option overrides the default.

ClientTLSSettings.TLSmode

TLS connection mode

Name	Description
`DISABLE`	Do not setup a TLS connection to the upstream endpoint.
`SIMPLE`	Originate a TLS connection to the upstream endpoint.
`MUTUAL`	Secure connections to the upstream using mutual TLS by presenting client certificates for authentication.
`ISTIO_MUTUAL`	Secure connections to the upstream using mutual TLS by presenting client certificates for authentication. Compared to Mutual mode, this mode uses certificates generated automatically by Istio for mTLS authentication. When this mode is used, all other fields in `ClientTLSSettings` should be empty.