Visibility

Methods are public by default: the compiler will always let you invoke them. There is no public keyword for this reason.

Methods can be marked as private or protected.

Private methods

A private method can only be invoked without a receiver, that is, without something before the dot. The only exception is self as a receiver:

class Person
  private def say(message)
    puts message
  end
  def say_hello
    say "hello"      # OK, no receiver
    self.say "hello" # OK, self is a receiver, but it's allowed.
    other = Person.new
    other.say "hello" # Error, other is a receiver
  end
end

Note that private methods are visible by subclasses:

class Employee < Person
  def say_bye
    say "bye" # OK
  end
end

Private types

Private types can only be referenced inside the namespace where they are defined, and never be fully qualified.

class Foo
  private class Bar
  end
  Bar      # OK
  Foo::Bar # Error
end
Foo::Bar # Error

private can be used with class, module, lib, enum, alias and constants:

class Foo
  private ONE = 1
  ONE # => 1
end
Foo::ONE # Error

Protected methods

A protected method can only be invoked on:

1. instances of the same type as the current type
2. instances in the same namespace (class, struct, module, etc.) as the current type

# Example of 1
class Person
  protected def say(message)
    puts message
  end
  def say_hello
    say "hello"      # OK, implicit self is a Person
    self.say "hello" # OK, self is a Person
    other = Person.new "Other"
    other.say "hello" # OK, other is a Person
  end
end
class Animal
  def make_a_person_talk
    person = Person.new
    person.say "hello" # Error: person is a Person but current type is an Animal
  end
end
one_more = Person.new "One more"
one_more.say "hello" # Error: one_more is a Person but current type is the Program
# Example of 2
module Namespace
  class Foo
    protected def foo
      puts "Hello"
    end
  end
  class Bar
    def bar
      # Works, because Foo and Bar are under Namespace
      Foo.new.foo
    end
  end
end
Namespace::Bar.new.bar

A protected method can only be invoked from the scope of its class or its descendants. That includes the class scope and bodies of class methods and instance methods of the same type the protected method is defined on, as well as all types including or inherinting that type and all types in that namespace.

class Parent
  protected def self.protected_method
  end
  Parent.protected_method # OK
  def instance_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end
  def self.class_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end
end
class Child < Parent
  Parent.protected_method # OK
  def instance_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end
  def self.class_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end
end
class Parent::Sub
  Parent.protected_method # OK
  def instance_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end
  def self.class_method
    Parent.protected_method # OK
  end
end

Private top-level methods

A private top-level method is only visible in the current file.

one.cr

private def greet
  puts "Hello"
end
greet # => "Hello"

two.cr

require "./one"
greet # undefined local variable or method 'greet'

This allows you to define helper methods in a file that will only be known in that file.

Private top-level types

A private top-level type is only visible in the current file.

one.cr

private class Greeter
  def self.greet
    "Hello"
  end
end
Greeter.greet # => "Hello"

two.cr

require "./one"
Greeter.greet # undefined constant 'Greeter'