uWSGI asynchronous/non-blocking modes (updated to uWSGI 1.9)

Warning

Beware! Async modes will not speed up your app, they are aimed at improving concurrency.Do not expect that enabling some of the modes will work flawlessly, asynchronous/evented/non-blockingsystems require app cooperation, so if your app is developed without taking specific async engine rulesinto consideration, you are doing it wrong. Do not trust people suggesting you to blindly useasync/evented/non-blocking systems!

Glossary

uWSGI, following its modular approach, splits async engines into two families.

Suspend/Resume engines

They simply implement coroutine/green threads techniques. They have no event engine, so you have to usethe one supplied by uWSGI. An Event engine is generally a library exporting primitives for platform-independentnon-blocking I/O (libevent, libev, libuv, etc.). The uWSGI event engine is enabled using the —async <n> option.

Currently the uWSGI distribution includes the following suspend/resume engines:

• uGreen - Unbit’s green thread implementation (based on swapcontext())
• Greenlet - Python greenlet module
• Stackless - Stackless Python
• Fiber - Ruby 1.9 fibers

Running the uWSGI async mode without a proper suspend/resume engine will raise a warning, so for a minimal non-blocking appyou will need something like that:

uwsgi --async 100 --ugreen --socket :3031

An important aspect of suspend/resume engines is that they can easily destroy your process if it is not aware of them.Some of the language plugins (most notably Python) have hooks to cooperate flawlessly with coroutines/green threads. Other languagesmay fail miserably. Always check the uWSGI mailing list or IRC channel for updated information.

Older uWSGI releases supported an additional system: callbacks.Callbacks is the approach used by popular systems like node.js. This approach requires heavy app cooperation, and for complex projectslike uWSGI dealing with this is extremely complex. For that reason, callback approach is not supported (even if technicallypossible)Software based on callbacks (like The Tornado loop engine) can be used to combine them with some form of suspend engine.

I/O engines (or event systems)

uWSGI includes an highly optimized evented technology, but can use alternative approaches too.

I/O engines always require some suspend/resume engine, otherwise ugly things happen (the whole uWSGI codebase is coroutine-friendly, so you canplay with stacks pretty easily).

Currently supported I/O engines are:

• The Tornado loop engine
• libuv (work in progress)
• libev (work in progress)

Loop engines

Loop engines are packages/libraries exporting both suspend/resume techniques and an event system. When loaded, they overridethe way uWSGI manages connections and signal handlers (uWSGI signals, not POSIX signals).

Currently uWSGI supports the following loop engines:

• Gevent (Python, libev, greenlet)
• Coro::AnyEvent (Perl, coro, anyevent)

Although they are generally used by a specific language, pure-C uWSGI plugins (like the CGI one) can use themto increase concurrency without problems.

Async switches

To enable async mode, you use the —async option (or some shortcut for it, exported by loop engine plugins).

The argument of the —async option is the number of “cores” to initialize. Each core can manage a single request, so the more core youspawn, more requests you will be able to manage (and more memory you will use). The job of the suspend/resume enginesis to stop the current request management, move to another core, and eventually come back to the old one (and so on).

Technically, cores are simple memory structures holding request’s data, but to give the user the illusion of a multithreaded systemwe use that term.

The switch between cores needs app cooperation. There are various ways to accomplish that, and generally, if you are usinga loop engine, all is automagic (or requires very little effort).

Warning

If you are in doubt, do not use async mode.

Running uWSGI in Async mode

To start uWSGI in async mode, pass the —async option with the number of “async cores” you want.

./uwsgi --socket :3031 -w tests.cpubound_async --async 10

This will start uWSGI with 10 async cores. Each async core can manage a request, so with this setup you can accept 10 concurrent requests with only one process. You can also start more processes (with the —processes option), each will have its own pool of async cores.

When using harakiri mode, every time an async core accepts a request, the harakiri timer is reset. So even if a request blocks the async system, harakiri will save you.

The tests.cpubound_async app is included in the source distribution. It’s very simple:

def application(env, start_response):
    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
    for i in range(1, 10000):
        yield "<h1>%s</h1>" % i

Every time the application does yield from the response function, the execution of the app is stopped, and a new request or a previously suspended request on another async core will take over. This means the number of async cores is the number of requests that can be queued.

If you run the tests.cpubound_async app on a non-async server, it will block all processing: will not accept other requests until the heavy cycle of 10000 <h1>s is done.

Waiting for I/O

If you are not under a loop engine, you can use the uWSGI API to wait for I/O events.

Currently only 2 functions are exported:

• uwsgi.wait_fd_read()
• uwsgi.wait_fd_write()

These functions may be called in succession to wait for multiple file descriptors:

uwsgi.wait_fd_read(fd0)
uwsgi.wait_fd_read(fd1)
uwsgi.wait_fd_read(fd2)
yield ""  # yield the app, let uWSGI do its magic

Sleeping

On occasion you might want to sleep in your app, for example to throttle bandwidth.

Instead of using the blocking time.sleep(N) function, use uwsgi.async_sleep(N) to yield control for N seconds.

See also

See tests/sleeping_async.py for an example.

Suspend/Resume

Yielding from the main application routine is not very practical, as most of the time your app is more advanced than a simple callable and is formed of tons of functions and various levels of call depth.

Worry not! You can force a suspend (using coroutine/green thread) by simply calling uwsgi.suspend():

uwsgi.wait_fd_read(fd0)
uwsgi.suspend()

uwsgi.suspend() will automatically call the chosen suspend engine (uGreen, greenlet, etc.).

Static files

Static file server will automatically use the loaded async engine.