让 Android 应用程序能用于 iOS——教程

Learn how to make your existing Android application cross-platform so that it works both on Android and iOS. You’ll be able to write code and test it for both Android and iOS only once, in one place.

This tutorial uses a sample Android application with a single screen for entering a username and password. The credentials are validated and saved to an in-memory database.

If you aren’t familiar with Kotlin Multiplatform for mobile, learn how to set up environment and create a cross-platform application from scratch first.

Prepare an environment for development

1. Install all the necessary tools and update them to the latest versions.

   You will need a Mac with macOS to complete certain steps in this tutorial, which include writing iOS-specific code and running an iOS application. These steps can’t be performed on other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows. This is due to an Apple requirement.

   

2. In Android Studio, create a new project from version control:

   https://github.com/Kotlin/kmm-integration-sample

   The master branch contains the project’s initial state — a simple Android application. To see the final state with the iOS application and the shared module, switch to the final branch.

   

3. Switch to the Project view.

   

Make your code cross-platform

To make your application work on iOS, you’ll first make your code cross-platform, and then you’ll reuse your cross-platform code in a new iOS application.

To make your code cross-platform:

1. Decide what code to make cross-platform.
2. Create a shared module for cross-platform code.
3. Add a dependency on the shared module to your Android application.
4. Make the business logic cross-platform.
5. Run your cross-platform application on Android.

Decide what code to make cross-platform

Decide which code of your Android application is better to share for iOS and which to keep native. A simple rule is: share what you want to reuse as much as possible. The business logic is often the same for both Android and iOS, so it’s a great candidate for reuse.

In your sample Android application, the business logic is stored in the package com.jetbrains.simplelogin.androidapp.data. Your future iOS application will use the same logic, so you should make it cross-platform, as well.

Create a shared module for cross-platform code

The cross-platform code that is used for both iOS and Android is stored in the shared module. The Kotlin Multiplatform plugin provides a special wizard for creating such modules.

In your Android project, create a Kotlin Multiplatform shared module for your cross-platform code. Later you’ll connect it to your existing Android application and your future iOS application.

1. In Android Studio, click File | New | New Module.

2. In the list of templates, select Kotlin Multiplatform Shared Module, enter the module name shared, and select the Regular framework in the list of iOS framework distribution options.
   This is required for connecting the shared module to the iOS application.

   

3. Click Finish.

The wizard will create the Kotlin Multiplatform shared module, update the configuration files, and create files with classes that demonstrate the benefits of Kotlin Multiplatform. You can learn more about the project structure.

Add a dependency on the shared module to your Android application

To use cross-platform code in your Android application, connect the shared module to it, move the business logic code there, and make this code cross-platform.

1. In the build.gradle.kts file of the shared module, ensure that compileSdk and minSdk are the same as those in the build.gradle.kts of your Android application in the app module.

   If they’re different, update them in the build.gradle.kts of the shared module. Otherwise, you’ll encounter a compile error.

2. Add a dependency on the shared module to the build.gradle.kts of your Android application.

    dependencies {
        implementation (project(":shared"))
    }

3. Synchronize the Gradle files by clicking Sync Now in the notification.

   

4. In the app/src/main/java/ directory, open the LoginActivity class in the com.jetbrains.simplelogin.androidapp.ui.login package.

5. To make sure that the shared module is successfully connected to your application, dump the greet() function result to the log by updating the onCreate() method:

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        Log.i("Login Activity", "Hello from shared module: " + (Greeting().greet()))
    }

6. Follow Android Studio suggestions to import missing classes.

7. Debug the app. On the Logcat tab, search for Hello in the log, and you’ll find the greeting from the shared module.

   

Make the business logic cross-platform

You can now extract the business logic code to the Kotlin Multiplatform shared module and make it platform-independent. This is necessary for reusing the code for both Android and iOS.

1. Move the business logic code com.jetbrains.simplelogin.androidapp.data from the app directory to the com.jetbrains.simplelogin.shared package in the shared/src/commonMain directory. You can drag and drop the package or refactor it by moving everything from one directory to another.

   

2. When Android Studio asks what you’d like to do, select to move the package, and then approve the refactoring.

   

3. Ignore all warnings about platform-dependent code and click Continue.

   

4. Remove Android-specific code by replacing it with cross-platform Kotlin code or connecting to Android-specific APIs using expect and actual declarations. See the following sections for details:

Replace Android-specific code with cross-platform code

To make your code work well on both Android and iOS, replace all JVM dependencies with Kotlin dependencies in the moved data directory wherever possible.

1. In the LoginDataSource class, replace IOException in the login() function with RuntimeException. IOException is not available in Kotlin.

    // Before
    return Result.Error(IOException("Error logging in", e))

    // After
    return Result.Error(RuntimeException("Error logging in", e))

2. In the LoginDataValidator class, replace the Patterns class from the android.utils package with a Kotlin regular expression matching the pattern for email validation:

    // Before
    private fun isEmailValid(email: String) = Patterns.EMAIL_ADDRESS.matcher(email).matches()

    // After
    private fun isEmailValid(email: String) = emailRegex.matches(email)
    companion object {
        private val emailRegex = 
            ("[a-zA-Z0-9\\+\\.\\_\\%\\-\\+]{1,256}" +
                "\\@" +
                "[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9\\-]{0,64}" +
                "(" +
                "\\." +
                "[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9\\-]{0,25}" +
                ")+").toRegex()
    }

Connect to platform-specific APIs from the cross-platform code

In the LoginDataSource class, a universally unique identifier (UUID) for fakeUser is generated using the java.util.UUID class, which is not available for iOS.

val fakeUser = LoggedInUser(java.util.UUID.randomUUID().toString(), "Jane Doe")

Since the Kotlin standard library doesn’t provide functionality for generating UUIDs, you still need to use platform-specific functionality for this case.

Provide the expect declaration for the randomUUID() function in the shared code and its actual implementations for each platform – Android and iOS – in the corresponding source sets. You can learn more about connecting to platform-specific APIs.

1. Remove the java.util.UUID class from the common code:

    val fakeUser = LoggedInUser(randomUUID(), "Jane Doe")

2. Create the Utils.kt file in the com.jetbrains.simplelogin.shared package of the shared/src/commonMain directory and provide the expect declaration:

    package com.jetbrains.simplelogin.shared
    expect fun randomUUID(): String

3. Create the Utils.kt file in the com.jetbrains.simplelogin.shared package of the shared/src/androidMain directory and provide the actual implementation for randomUUID() in Android:

    package com.jetbrains.simplelogin.shared
    import java.util.*
    actual fun randomUUID() = UUID.randomUUID().toString()

4. Create the Utils.kt file in the com.jetbrains.simplelogin.shared of the shared/src/iosMain directory and provide the actual implementation for randomUUID() in iOS:

    package com.jetbrains.simplelogin.shared
    import platform.Foundation.NSUUID
    actual fun randomUUID(): String = NSUUID().UUIDString()

5. All it’s left to do is to explicitly import randomUUID in the LoginDataSource.kt file of the shared/src/commonMain directory:

   import com.jetbrains.simplelogin.shared.randomUUID

   For Android and iOS, Kotlin will use its different platform-specific implementations.

Run your cross-platform application on Android

Run your cross-platform application for Android to make sure it works.

Make your cross-platform application work on iOS

Once you’ve made your Android application cross-platform, you can create an iOS application and reuse the shared business logic in it.

1. Create an iOS project in Xcode.
2. Connect the framework to your iOS project.
3. Use the shared module from Swift.

Create an iOS project in Xcode

1. In Xcode, click File | New | Project.

2. Select a template for an iOS app and click Next.

   

3. As the product name, specify simpleLoginIOS and click Next.

   

4. As the location for your project, select the directory that stores your cross-platform application, for example, kmm-integration-sample.

In Android Studio, you’ll get the following structure:

You can rename the simpleLoginIOS directory to iosApp for consistency with other top-level directories of your cross-platform project.

Connect the framework to your iOS project

Once you have the framework, you can connect it to your iOS project manually.

An alternative is to configure integration via CocoaPods, but that integration is beyond the scope of this tutorial.

Connect your framework to the iOS project manually:

1. In Xcode, open the iOS project settings by double-clicking the project name.

2. On the Build Phases tab of the project settings, click the + and add New Run Script Phase.

   

3. Add the following script:

    cd "$SRCROOT/.."
    ./gradlew :shared:embedAndSignAppleFrameworkForXcode

   

4. Move the Run Script phase before the Compile Sources phase.

   

5. On the Build Settings tab, switch to All build settings and specify the Framework Search Path under Search Paths:

   $(SRCROOT)/../shared/build/xcode-frameworks/$(CONFIGURATION)/$(SDK_NAME)

   

6. On the Build Settings tab, specify the Other Linker flags under Linking:

   $(inherited) -framework shared

   

7. Build the project in Xcode. If everything is set up correctly, the project will successfully build.

If you have a custom build configuration different from the default Debug or Release, on the Build Settings tab, add the KOTLIN_FRAMEWORK_BUILD_TYPE setting under User-Defined and set it to Debug or Release.

Use the shared module from Swift

1. In Xcode, open the ContentView.swift file and import the shared module:

   import shared

2. To check that it is properly connected, use the greet() function from the shared module of your cross-platform app:

   import SwiftUI
   import shared
   struct ContentView: View {
       var body: some View {
           Text(Greeting().greet())
           .padding()
       }
   }

   

3. In ContentView.swift, write code for using data from the shared module and rendering the application UI:

   kotlin {src=”android-ios-tutorial/ContentView.swift” initial-collapse-state=”collapsed”}

4. In simpleLoginIOSApp.swift, import the shared module and specify the arguments for the ContentView() function:

    import SwiftUI
    import shared
    @main
    struct SimpleLoginIOSApp: App {
        var body: some Scene {
            WindowGroup {
                ContentView(viewModel: .init(loginRepository: LoginRepository(dataSource: LoginDataSource()), loginValidator: LoginDataValidator()))
            }
        }
    }

Enjoy the results – update the logic only once

Now your application is cross-platform. You can update the business logic in one place and see results on both Android and iOS.

1. In Android Studio, change the validation logic for a user’s password in the checkPassword() function of the LoginDataValidator class:

   package com.jetbrains.simplelogin.shared.data
   class LoginDataValidator {
   //...
       fun checkPassword(password: String): Result {
           return when {
               password.length < 5 -> Result.Error("Password must be >5 characters")
               password.lowercase() == "password" -> Result.Error("Password shouldn't be \"password\"")
               else -> Result.Success
           }
       }
   //...
   }

2. Run both the iOS and Android applications from Android Studio to see the changes:

   

   

   

You can review the final code for this tutorial.

What else to share?

You’ve shared the business logic of your application, but you can also decide to share other layers of your application. For example, the ViewModel class code is almost the same for Android and iOS applications, and you can share it if your mobile applications should have the same presentation layer.

下一步做什么？

Once you’ve made your Android application cross-platform, you can move on and:

• Add dependencies on multiplatform libraries
• Add Android dependencies
• Add iOS dependencies

You can also check out community resources:

• Video: 3 ways to get your Kotlin JVM code ready for Kotlin Multiplatform Mobile