3.8. Conversion of Data Types

When composing an expression or specifying an operation, the aim should be to use compatible data types for the operands. When a need arises to use a mixture of data types, it should prompt you to look for a way to convert incompatible operands before subjecting them to the operation. The ability to convert data may well be an issue if you are working with Dialect 1 data.

3.8.1. Explicit Data Type Conversion

The CAST function enables explicit conversion between many pairs of data types.

Syntax

CAST ( { <value> | NULL } AS <data_type>)
<data_type> ::=
    <sql_datatype>
  | [TYPE OF] domain
  | TYPE OF COLUMN relname.colname

Casting to a Domain

When you cast to a domain, any constraints declared for it are taken into account, i.e., NOT NULL or CHECK constraints. If the value does not pass the check, the cast will fail.

If TYPE OF is additionally specified — casting to its base type — any domain constraints are ignored during the cast. If TYPE OF is used with a character type (CHAR/VARCHAR), the character set and collation are retained.

Casting to TYPE OF COLUMN

When operands are cast to the type of a column, the specified column may be from a table or a view.

Only the type of the column itself is used. For character types, the cast includes the character set, but not the collation. The constraints and default values of the source column are not applied.

Example

CREATE TABLE TTT (
  S VARCHAR (40)
  CHARACTER SET UTF8 COLLATE UNICODE_CI_AI
);
COMMIT;
SELECT
  CAST ('I have many friends' AS TYPE OF COLUMN TTT.S)
FROM RDB$DATABASE;

Conversions Possible for the CAST Function

Literal Formats

To cast string data types to the DATE, TIME or TIMESTAMP data types, you need the string argument to be one of the predefined date and time literals (see Table 9) or a representation of the date in one of the allowed date-time literal formats:

<timestamp_format> ::=
    { MM<p>DD[<p>HH[<p>mm[<p>SS[<p>NNNN]]]]
    | MM<p>DD[<p>YYYY[<p>HH[<p>mm[<p>SS[<p>NNNN]]]]]
    | DD<p>MM[<p>YYYY[<p>HH[<p>mm[<p>SS[<p>NNNN]]]]]
    | MM<p>DD[<p>YY[<p>HH[<p>mm[<p>SS[<p>NNNN]]]]]
    | DD<p>MM[<p>YY[<p>HH[<p>mm[<p>SS[<p>NNNN]]]]]
    | NOW
    | TODAY
    | TOMORROW
    | YESTERDAY }
<date_format> ::=
    { MM<p>DD
    | MM<p>DD[<p>YYYY]
    | DD<p>MM[<p>YYYY]
    | MM<p>DD[<p>YY]
    | DD<p>MM[<p>YY]
    | TODAY
    | TOMORROW
    | YESTERDAY }
<time_format> :=
    { HH[<p>mm[<p>SS[<p>NNNN]]]
    | NOW }
<p> ::= whitespace | . | : | , | - | /

Sample Date Literal Interpretations

select
  cast('04.12.2014' as date) as d1, -- DD.MM.YYYY
  cast('04 12 2014' as date) as d2, -- MM DD YYYY
  cast('4-12-2014' as date) as d3,  -- MM-DD-YYYY
  cast('04/12/2014' as date) as d4, -- MM/DD/YYYY
  cast('04,12,2014' as date) as d5, -- MM,DD,YYYY
  cast('04.12.14' as date) as d6,   -- DD.MM.YY
  -- DD.MM with current year
  cast('04.12' as date) as d7,
  -- MM/DD with current year
  cast('04/12' as date) as d8,
  cast('2014/12/04' as date) as d9, -- YYYY/MM/DD
  cast('2014 12 04' as date) as d10, -- YYYY MM DD
  cast('2014.12.04' as date) as d11, -- YYYY.MM.DD
  cast('2014-12-04' as date) as d12, -- YYYY-MM-DD
  cast('4 Jan 2014' as date) as d13, -- DD MM YYYY
  cast('2014 Jan 4' as date) as dt14, -- YYYY MM DD
  cast('Jan 4, 2014' as date) as dt15, -- MM DD, YYYY
  cast('11:37' as time) as t1, -- HH:mm
  cast('11:37:12' as time) as t2, -- HH:mm:ss
  cast('11:31:12.1234' as time) as t3, -- HH:mm:ss.nnnn
  cast('11.37.12' as time) as t4, -- HH.mm.ss
  -- DD.MM.YYYY HH:mm
  cast('04.12.2014 11:37' as timestamp) as dt1,
  -- MM/DD/YYYY HH:mm:ss
  cast('04/12/2014 11:37:12' as timestamp) as dt2,
  -- DD.MM.YYYY HH:mm:ss.nnnn
  cast('04.12.2014 11:31:12.1234' as timestamp) as dt3,
  -- MM/DD/YYYY HH.mm.ss
  cast('04/12/2014 11.37.12' as timestamp) as dt4
from rdb$database

Shorthand Casts for Date and Time Data Types

Firebird allows the use of a shorthand “C-style” type syntax for casts from string to the types DATE, TIME and TIMESTAMP.

Syntax

<data_type> 'date_literal_string'

Example

-- 1
  UPDATE PEOPLE
  SET AGECAT = 'SENIOR'
  WHERE BIRTHDATE < DATE '1-Jan-1943';
-- 2
  INSERT INTO APPOINTMENTS
  (EMPLOYEE_ID, CLIENT_ID, APP_DATE, APP_TIME)
  VALUES (973, 8804, DATE 'today' + 2, TIME '16:00');
-- 3
  NEW.LASTMOD = TIMESTAMP 'now';

NEW.CHANGE_DATE = CAST(‘now’ AS TIMESTAMP);

3.8.2. Implicit Data Type Conversion

Implicit data conversion is not possible in Dialect 3 — the CAST function is almost always required to avoid data type clashes.

In Dialect 1, in many expressions, one type is implicitly cast to another without the need to use the CAST function. For instance, the following statement in Dialect 1 is valid:

UPDATE ATABLE
  SET ADATE = '25.12.2016' + 1

and the date literal will be cast to the date type implicitly.

In Dialect 3, this statement will throw error 35544569, “Dynamic SQL Error: expression evaluation not supported, Strings cannot be added or subtracted in dialect 3” — a cast will be needed:

UPDATE ATABLE
  SET ADATE = CAST ('25.12.2016' AS DATE) + 1

or, with the short cast:

UPDATE ATABLE
  SET ADATE = DATE '25.12.2016' + 1

In Dialect 1, mixing integer data and numeric strings is usually possible because the parser will try to cast the string implicitly. For example,

2 + '1'

will be executed correctly.

In Dialect 3, an expression like this will raise an error, so you will need to write it as a CAST expression:

2 + CAST('1' AS SMALLINT)

The exception to the rule is during string concatenation.

Implicit Conversion During String Concatenation

When multiple data elements are being concatenated, all non-string data will undergo implicit conversion to string, if possible.

Example

SELECT 30||' days hath September, April, June and November' CONCAT$
  FROM RDB$DATABASE;
CONCAT$
------------------------------------------------
30 days hath September, April, June and November