5.6. VIEW

A view is a virtual table that is actually a stored and named SELECT query for retrieving data of any complexity. Data can be retrieved from one or more tables, from other views and also from selectable stored procedures.

Unlike regular tables in relational databases, a view is not an independent data set stored in the database. The result is dynamically created as a data set when the view is selected.

The metadata of a view are available to the process that generates the binary code for stored procedures and triggers, just as though they were concrete tables storing persistent data.

5.6.1. CREATE VIEW

Used for

Creating a view

Available in

DSQL

Syntax

CREATE VIEW viewname [<full_column_list>]
  AS <select_statement>
  [WITH CHECK OPTION]
<full_column_list> ::= (colname [, colname ...])

The CREATE VIEW statement creates a new view. The identifier (name) of a view must be unique among the names of all views, tables and stored procedures in the database.

The name of the new view can be followed by the list of column names that should be returned to the caller when the view is invoked. Names in the list do not have to be related to the names of the columns in the base tables from which they derive.

If the view column list is omitted, the system will use the column names and/or aliases from the SELECT statement. If duplicate names or non-aliased expression-derived columns make this impossible to obtain a valid list, creation of the view fails with an error.

The number of columns in the view’s list must exactly match the number of columns in the selection list of the underlying SELECT statement in the view definition.

Updatable Views

A view can be updatable or read-only. If a view is updatable, the data retrieved when this view is called can be changed by the DML statements INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, UPDATE OR INSERT or MERGE. Changes made in an updatable view are applied to the underlying table(s).

A read-only view can be made updateable with the use of triggers. Once triggers have been defined on a view, changes posted to it will never be written automatically to the underlying table, even if the view was updateable to begin with. It is the responsibility of the programmer to ensure that the triggers update (or delete from, or insert into) the base tables as needed.

A view will be automatically updatable if all the following conditions are met:

• the SELECT statement queries only one table or one updatable view

• the SELECT statement does not call any stored procedures

• each base table (or base view) column not present in the view definition is covered by one of the following conditions:

  • it is nullable

  • it has a non-NULL default value

  • it has a trigger that supplies a permitted value

• the SELECT statement contains no fields derived from subqueries or other expressions

• the SELECT statement does not contain fields defined through aggregate functions, such as MIN, MAX, AVG, SUM, COUNT, LIST

• the SELECT statement contains no ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause

• the SELECT statement does not include the keyword DISTINCT or row-restrictive keywords such as ROWS, FIRST, SKIP

WITH CHECK OPTION

The optional WITH CHECK OPTION clause requires an updatable view to check whether new or updated data meet the condition specified in the WHERE clause of the SELECT statement. Every attempt to insert a new record or to update an existing one is checked whether the new or updated record would meet the WHERE criteria. If they fail the check, the operation is not performed and an appropriate error message is returned.

WITH CHECK OPTION can be specified only in a CREATE VIEW statement in which a WHERE clause is present to restrict the output of the main SELECT statement. An error message is returned otherwise.

Ownership of a View

The creator of a view becomes its owner.

To create a view, a non-admin user needs at least SELECT access to the underlying table(s) and/or view(s), and the EXECUTE privilege on any selectable stored procedures involved.

To enable insertions, updates and deletions through the view, the creator/owner must also possess the corresponding INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE rights on the base object(s).

Granting other users privileges on the view is only possible if the view owner himself has these privileges on the underlying objects WITH GRANT OPTION. It will always be the case if the view owner is also the owner of the underlying objects.

Examples of Creating Views

1. Creating view returning the JOB_CODE and JOB_TITLE columns only for those jobs where MAX_SALARY is less than $15,000.

   CREATE VIEW ENTRY_LEVEL_JOBS AS
   SELECT JOB_CODE, JOB_TITLE
   FROM JOB
   WHERE MAX_SALARY < 15000;

2. Creating a view returning the JOB_CODE and JOB_TITLE columns only for those jobs where MAX_SALARY is less than $15,000. Whenever a new record is inserted or an existing record is updated, the MAX_SALARY < 15000 condition will be checked. If the condition is not true, the insert/update operation will be rejected.

   CREATE VIEW ENTRY_LEVEL_JOBS AS
   SELECT JOB_CODE, JOB_TITLE
   FROM JOB
   WHERE MAX_SALARY < 15000
   WITH CHECK OPTION;

3. Creating a view with an explicit column list.

   CREATE VIEW PRICE_WITH_MARKUP (
     CODE_PRICE,
     COST,
     COST_WITH_MARKUP
   ) AS
   SELECT
     CODE_PRICE,
     COST,
     COST * 1.1
   FROM PRICE;

4. Creating a view with the help of aliases for fields in the SELECT statement (the same result as in Example 3).

   CREATE VIEW PRICE_WITH_MARKUP AS
   SELECT
     CODE_PRICE,
     COST,
     COST * 1.1 AS COST_WITH_MARKUP
   FROM PRICE;

5. Creating a read-only view based on two tables and a stored procedure.

   CREATE VIEW GOODS_PRICE AS
   SELECT
     goods.name AS goodsname,
     price.cost AS cost,
     b.quantity AS quantity
   FROM
     goods
     JOIN price ON goods.code_goods = price.code_goods
     LEFT JOIN sp_get_balance(goods.code_goods) b ON 1 = 1;

See also

ALTER VIEW, CREATE OR ALTER VIEW, RECREATE VIEW, DROP VIEW

5.6.2. ALTER VIEW

Used for

Modifying an existing view

Available in

DSQL

Syntax

ALTER VIEW viewname [<full_column_list>]
    AS <select_statement>
    [WITH CHECK OPTION]
<full_column_list> ::= (colname [, colname ...])

Use the ALTER VIEW statement for changing the definition of an existing view. Privileges for views remain intact and dependencies are not affected.

The syntax of the ALTER VIEW statement corresponds completely with that of CREATE VIEW.

Only the view owner and administrators have the authority to use ALTER VIEW.

Example using ALTER VIEW

Altering the view PRICE_WITH_MARKUP

ALTER VIEW PRICE_WITH_MARKUP (
  CODE_PRICE,
  COST,
  COST_WITH_MARKUP
) AS
SELECT
  CODE_PRICE,
  COST,
  COST * 1.15
FROM PRICE;

See also

CREATE VIEW, CREATE OR ALTER VIEW, RECREATE VIEW

5.6.3. CREATE OR ALTER VIEW

Used for

Creating a new view or altering an existing view.

Available in

DSQL

Syntax

CREATE OR ALTER VIEW viewname [<full_column_list>]
  AS <select_statement>
  [WITH CHECK OPTION]
<full_column_list> ::= (colname [, colname ...])

Use the CREATE OR ALTER VIEW statement for changing the definition of an existing view or creating it if it does not exist. Privileges for an existing view remain intact and dependencies are not affected.

The syntax of the CREATE OR ALTER VIEW statement corresponds completely with that of CREATE VIEW.

Example

Creating the new view PRICE_WITH_MARKUP view or altering it if it already exists:

CREATE OR ALTER VIEW PRICE_WITH_MARKUP (
  CODE_PRICE,
  COST,
  COST_WITH_MARKUP
) AS
SELECT
  CODE_PRICE,
  COST,
  COST * 1.15
FROM PRICE;

See also

CREATE VIEW, ALTER VIEW, RECREATE VIEW

5.6.4. DROP VIEW

Used for

Deleting (dropping) a view

Available in

DSQL

Syntax

DROP VIEW viewname

The DROP VIEW statement deletes an existing view. The statement will fail if the view has dependencies.

Only the view owner and administrators have the authority to use DROP VIEW.

Example

Deleting the PRICE_WITH_MARKUP view.

DROP VIEW PRICE_WITH_MARKUP;

See also

CREATE VIEW, RECREATE VIEW, CREATE OR ALTER VIEW

5.6.5. RECREATE VIEW

Used for

Creating a new view or recreating an existing view

Available in

DSQL

Syntax

RECREATE VIEW viewname [<full_column_list>]
  AS <select_statement>
  [WITH CHECK OPTION]
<full_column_list> ::= (colname [, colname ...])

Creates or recreates a view. If there is a view with this name already, the engine will try to drop it before creating the new instance. If the existing view cannot be dropped, because of dependencies or insufficient rights, for example, RECREATE VIEW fails with an error.

Example

Creating the new view PRICE_WITH_MARKUP view or recreating it, if it already exists.

RECREATE VIEW PRICE_WITH_MARKUP (
  CODE_PRICE,
  COST,
  COST_WITH_MARKUP
) AS
SELECT
  CODE_PRICE,
  COST,
  COST * 1.15
FROM PRICE;

See also

CREATE VIEW, DROP VIEW, CREATE OR ALTER VIEW