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Firebird 2.5 Language Reference
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2. SQL Language Structure

 来源:Firebird 浏览 420 扫码 分享 2021-02-06 11:01:25
  • 2. SQL Language Structure

    2. SQL Language Structure

    This reference describes the SQL language supported by Firebird.

    • 2.1. Background to Firebird’s SQL Language
    • 2.2. Basic Elements: Statements, Clauses, Keywords
    • 2.3. Identifiers
    • 2.4. Literals
    • 2.5. Operators and Special Characters
    • 2.6. Comments
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    • 1. About the Firebird SQL Language Reference: for Firebird 2.5
      • 1.1. Subject Matter
      • 1.2. Authorship
      • 1.3. Acknowledgments
    • 2. SQL Language Structure
      • 2.1. Background to Firebird’s SQL Language
      • 2.2. Basic Elements: Statements, Clauses, Keywords
      • 2.3. Identifiers
      • 2.4. Literals
      • 2.5. Operators and Special Characters
      • 2.6. Comments
    • 3. Data Types and Subtypes
      • 3.1. Integer Data Types
      • 3.2. Floating-Point Data Types
      • 3.3. Fixed-Point Data Types
      • 3.4. Data Types for Dates and Times
      • 3.5. Character Data Types
      • 3.6. Binary Data Types
      • 3.7. Special Data Types
      • 3.8. Conversion of Data Types
      • 3.9. Custom Data Types — Domains
    • 4. Common Language Elements
      • 4.1. Expressions
        • 4.1.1. Constants
        • 4.1.2. SQL Operators
        • 4.1.3. Conditional Expressions
        • 4.1.4. NULL in Expressions
        • 4.1.5. Subqueries
      • 4.2. Predicates
        • 4.2.1. Assertions
        • 4.2.2. Comparison Predicates
        • 4.2.3. Existential Predicates
        • 4.2.4. Quantified Subquery Predicates
    • 5. Data Definition (DDL) Statements
      • 5.1. DATABASE
      • 5.10. FILTER
      • 5.11. SEQUENCE (GENERATOR)
      • 5.12. EXCEPTION
      • 5.13. COLLATION
      • 5.14. CHARACTER SET
      • 5.15. ROLE
      • 5.16. COMMENTS
      • 5.2. SHADOW
      • 5.3. DOMAIN
      • 5.4. TABLE
        • 5.4.1. CREATE TABLE
        • 5.4.2. ALTER TABLE
        • 5.4.3. DROP TABLE
        • 5.4.4. RECREATE TABLE
      • 5.5. INDEX
      • 5.6. VIEW
      • 5.7. TRIGGER
      • 5.8. PROCEDURE
      • 5.9. EXTERNAL FUNCTION
    • 6. Data Manipulation (DML) Statements
      • 6.1. SELECT
        • 6.1.1. FIRST, SKIP
        • 6.1.10. ROWS
        • 6.1.11. FOR UPDATE [OF]
        • 6.1.12. WITH LOCK
        • 6.1.13. INTO
        • 6.1.14. Common Table Expressions (“WITH …​ AS …​ SELECT”)
        • 6.1.2. The SELECT Columns List
        • 6.1.3. The FROM clause
        • 6.1.4. Joins
        • 6.1.5. The WHERE clause
        • 6.1.6. The GROUP BY clause
        • 6.1.7. The PLAN clause
        • 6.1.8. UNION
        • 6.1.9. ORDER BY
      • 6.2. INSERT
      • 6.3. UPDATE
      • 6.4. UPDATE OR INSERT
      • 6.5. DELETE
      • 6.6. MERGE
      • 6.7. EXECUTE PROCEDURE
      • 6.8. EXECUTE BLOCK
    • 7. Procedural SQL (PSQL) Statements
      • 7.1. Elements of PSQL
      • 7.2. Stored Procedures
      • 7.3. Stored Functions
      • 7.4. PSQL Blocks
      • 7.5. Triggers
      • 7.6. Writing the Body Code
        • 7.6.1. Assignment Statements
        • 7.6.2. DECLARE CURSOR
        • 7.6.3. DECLARE VARIABLE
        • 7.6.4. BEGIN …​ END
        • 7.6.5. IF …​ THEN …​ ELSE
        • 7.6.6. WHILE …​ DO
        • 7.6.7. LEAVE
        • 7.6.8. EXIT
        • 7.6.9. SUSPEND
        • 7.6.10. EXECUTE STATEMENT
        • 7.6.11. FOR SELECT
        • 7.6.12. FOR EXECUTE STATEMENT
        • 7.6.13. OPEN
        • 7.6.14. FETCH
        • 7.6.15. CLOSE
        • 7.6.16. IN AUTONOMOUS TRANSACTION
        • 7.6.17. POST_EVENT
      • 7.7. Trapping and Handling Errors
        • 7.7.1. System Exceptions
        • 7.7.2. Custom Exceptions
        • 7.7.3. EXCEPTION
        • 7.7.4. WHEN …​ DO
    • 8. Built-in Functions
      • 8.1. Context Functions
      • 8.2. Mathematical Functions
        • 8.2.1. ABS()
        • 8.2.2. ACOS()
        • 8.2.3. ASIN()
        • 8.2.4. ATAN()
        • 8.2.5. ATAN2()
        • 8.2.6. CEIL(), CEILING()
        • 8.2.7. COS()
        • 8.2.8. COSH()
        • 8.2.9. COT()
        • 8.2.10. EXP()
        • 8.2.11. FLOOR()
        • 8.2.12. LN()
        • 8.2.13. LOG()
        • 8.2.14. LOG10()
        • 8.2.15. MOD()
        • 8.2.16. PI()
        • 8.2.17. POWER()
        • 8.2.18. RAND()
        • 8.2.19. ROUND()
        • 8.2.20. SIGN()
        • 8.2.21. SIN()
        • 8.2.22. SINH()
        • 8.2.23. SQRT()
        • 8.2.24. TAN()
        • 8.2.25. TANH()
        • 8.2.26. TRUNC()
      • 8.3. String Functions
        • 8.3.1. ASCII_CHAR()
        • 8.3.2. ASCII_VAL()
        • 8.3.3. BIT_LENGTH()
        • 8.3.4. CHAR_LENGTH(), CHARACTER_LENGTH()
        • 8.3.5. HASH()
        • 8.3.6. LEFT()
        • 8.3.7. LOWER()
        • 8.3.8. LPAD()
        • 8.3.9. OCTET_LENGTH()
        • 8.3.10. OVERLAY()
        • 8.3.11. POSITION()
        • 8.3.12. REPLACE()
        • 8.3.13. REVERSE()
        • 8.3.14. RIGHT()
        • 8.3.15. RPAD()
        • 8.3.16. SUBSTRING()
        • 8.3.17. TRIM()
        • 8.3.18. UPPER()
      • 8.4. Date and Time Functions
        • 8.4.1. DATEADD()
        • 8.4.2. DATEDIFF()
        • 8.4.3. EXTRACT()
      • 8.5. Type Casting Functions
      • 8.6. Bitwise Functions
      • 8.7. UUID Functions
      • 8.8. Functions for Sequences (Generators)
      • 8.9. Conditional Functions
      • 8.10. Aggregate Functions
    • 9. Context Variables
      • 9.1. CURRENT_CONNECTION
      • 9.2. CURRENT_DATE
      • 9.3. CURRENT_ROLE
      • 9.4. CURRENT_TIME
      • 9.5. CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
      • 9.6. CURRENT_TRANSACTION
      • 9.7. CURRENT_USER
      • 9.8. DELETING
      • 9.9. GDSCODE
      • 9.10. INSERTING
      • 9.11. NEW
      • 9.12. ‘NOW’
      • 9.13. OLD
      • 9.14. ROW_COUNT
      • 9.15. SQLCODE
      • 9.16. SQLSTATE
      • 9.17. ‘TODAY’
      • 9.18. ‘TOMORROW’
      • 9.19. UPDATING
      • 9.20. ‘YESTERDAY’
      • 9.21. USER
    • 10. Transaction Control
      • 10.1. Transaction Statements
        • 10.1.1. SET TRANSACTION
        • 10.1.2. COMMIT
        • 10.1.3. ROLLBACK
        • 10.1.4. SAVEPOINT
        • 10.1.5. RELEASE SAVEPOINT
        • 10.1.6. Internal Savepoints
        • 10.1.7. Savepoints and PSQL
    • 11. Security
      • 11.1. User Authentication
        • 11.1.1. Specially Privileged Users
        • 11.1.2. RDB$ADMIN Role
        • 11.1.3. Administrators
        • 11.1.4. SQL Statements for User Management
      • 11.2. SQL Privileges
        • 11.2.1. The Object Owner
        • 11.2.2. Statements for Granting Privileges
        • 11.2.3. Statements for Revoking Privileges
    • Appendix A: Supplementary Information
    • Appendix B: Exception Codes and Messages
    • Appendix C: Reserved Words and Keywords
    • Appendix D: System Tables
    • Appendix E: Monitoring Tables
    • Appendix F: Character Sets and Collation Sequences
    • Appendix G: License notice
    • Appendix H: Document History
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