High dynamic range lighting

简介

通常情况下，艺术家会进行所有3D建模，然后进行所有纹理处理，在3D DCC中查看他们令人敬畏的模型并说``看起来很棒，可以进行整合！`` 然后进入游戏，设置灯光并运行游戏。

那么，所有这些“ HDR”业务在什么时候发挥作用？要理解答案，我们需要查看显示器的行为。

Your display outputs linear light ratios from some maximum to some minimum intensity. Modern game engines perform complex math on linear light values in their respective scenes. So what’s the problem?

The display has a limited range of intensity, depending on the display type. The game engine renders to an unlimited range of intensity values, however. While “maximum intensity” means something to an sRGB display, it has no bearing in the game engine; there is only a potentially infinitely wide range of intensity values generated per frame of rendering.

This means that some transformation of the scene light intensity, also known as scene-referred light ratios, need to be transformed and mapped to fit within the particular output range of the chosen display. This can be most easily understood if we consider virtually photographing our game engine scene through a virtual camera. Here, our virtual camera would apply a particular camera rendering transform to the scene data, and the output would be ready for display on a particular display type.

注解

Godot does not support high dynamic range output yet. It can only perform lighting in HDR and tonemap the result to a low dynamic range image.

For advanced users, it is still possible to get a non-tonemapped image of the viewport with full HDR data, which can then be saved to an OpenEXR file.

计算机显示器

Almost all displays require a nonlinear encoding for the code values sent to them. The display in turn, using its unique transfer characteristic, “decodes” the code value into linear light ratios of output, and projects the ratios out of the uniquely colored lights at each reddish, greenish, and blueish emission site.

For a majority of computer displays, the specifications of the display are outlined in accordance with IEC 61966-2-1, also known as the 1996 sRGB specification. This specification outlines how an sRGB display is to behave, including the color of the lights in the LED pixels as well as the transfer characteristics of the input (OETF) and output (EOTF).

Not all displays use the same OETF and EOTF as a computer display. For example, television broadcast displays use the BT.1886 EOTF. However, Godot currently only supports sRGB displays.

The sRGB standard is based around the nonlinear relationship between the current to light output of common desktop computing CRT displays.

The mathematics of a scene-referred model require that we multiply the scene by different values to adjust the intensities and exposure to different light ranges. The transfer function of the display can’t appropriately render the wider dynamic range of the game engine’s scene output using the simple transfer function of the display. A more complex approach to encoding is required.

Scene linear & asset pipelines

在场景线性sRGB中工作并不像按一下开关那样简单。 首先，导入的图像素材必须在导入时转换为线性光比例。 即使将其线性化，这些素材也可能并不完全适合用作纹理，具体取决于它们的生成方式。

There are two ways to do this:

sRGB transfer function to display linear ratios on image import

This is the easiest method of using sRGB assets, but it’s not the most ideal. One issue with this is loss of quality. Using 8 bits per channel to represent linear light ratios is not sufficient to quantize the values correctly. These textures may also be compressed later, which can exacerbate the problem.

Hardware sRGB transfer function to display linear conversion

The GPU will do the conversion after reading the texel using floating-point. This works fine on PC and consoles, but most mobile devices don’t support it, or they don’t support it on compressed texture formats (iOS for example).

Scene linear to display-referred nonlinear

After all the rendering is done, the scene linear render requires transforming to a suitable output such as an sRGB display. To do this, enable sRGB conversion in the current Environment (more on that below).

Keep in mind that the sRGB -> Display Linear and Display Linear -> sRGB conversions must always be both enabled. Failing to enable one of them will result in horrible visuals suitable only for avant-garde experimental indie games.

HDR的参数

HDR可以在 Environment 资源中找到。 这些在大多数情况下都可以在 WorldEnvironment 节点中找到或在相机中设置。 更多信息请参阅 环境和后处理。