着色语言

简介

Godot使用类似于GLSL ES 3.0的着色语言。 支持大多数数据类型和函数，并且可能会随着时间的推移添加少数几种类型和函数。

如果您已经熟悉GLSL，:ref:`Godot着色器迁移指南<doc_migrating_to_godot_shader_language>`是一个帮助您从常规GLSL转换到Godot着色语言的资源。

数据类型

支持大多数GLSL ES 3.0数据类型:

转换

就像GLSL ES 3.0一样，不允许在标量和相同大小但不同类型的向量之间进行隐式转换。 也不允许铸造不同大小的类型。 转换必须通过构造函数明确完成。

示例：

float a = 2; // invalid
float a = 2.0; // valid
float a = float(2); // valid

默认整数常量是有符号的，所以转换为无符号总是需要强制类型转换:

int a = 2; // valid
uint a = 2; // invalid
uint a = uint(2); // valid

成员

Individual scalar members of vector types are accessed via the “x”, “y”, “z” and “w” members. Alternatively, using “r”, “g”, “b” and “a” also works and is equivalent. Use whatever fits best for your needs.

For matrices, use the m[row][column] indexing syntax to access each scalar, or m[idx] to access a vector by row index. For example, for accessing the y position of an object in a mat4 you use m[3][1].

建设

向量类型的构造必须始终通过:

// The required amount of scalars
vec4 a = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
// Complementary vectors and/or scalars
vec4 a = vec4(vec2(0.0, 1.0), vec2(2.0, 3.0));
vec4 a = vec4(vec3(0.0, 1.0, 2.0), 3.0);
// A single scalar for the whole vector
vec4 a = vec4(0.0);

Construction of matrix types requires vectors of the same dimension as the matrix. You can also build a diagonal matrix using matx(float) syntax. Accordingly, mat4(1.0) is an identity matrix.

mat2 m2 = mat2(vec2(1.0, 0.0), vec2(0.0, 1.0));
mat3 m3 = mat3(vec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
mat4 identity = mat4(1.0);

Matrices can also be built from a matrix of another dimension. There are two rules : If a larger matrix is constructed from a smaller matrix, the additional rows and columns are set to the values they would have in an identity matrix. If a smaller matrix is constructed from a larger matrix, the top, left submatrix of the larger matrix is used.

mat3 basis = mat3(WORLD_MATRIX);
mat4 m4 = mat4(basis);
mat2 m2 = mat2(m4);

混写

It is possible to obtain any combination of components in any order, as long as the result is another vector type (or scalar). This is easier shown than explained:

vec4 a = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
vec3 b = a.rgb; // Creates a vec3 with vec4 components.
vec3 b = a.ggg; // Also valid; creates a vec3 and fills it with a single vec4 component.
vec3 b = a.bgr; // Order does not matter.
vec3 b = a.xyz; // Also rgba, xyzw are equivalent.
vec3 b = a.stp; // And stpq (for texture coordinates).
float c = b.w; // Invalid, because "w" is not present in vec3 b.
vec3 c = b.xrt; // Invalid, mixing different styles is forbidden.
b.rrr = a.rgb; // Invalid, assignment with duplication.
b.bgr = a.rgb; // Valid assignment.

精确

It is possible to add precision modifiers to datatypes; use them for uniforms, variables, arguments and varyings:

lowp vec4 a = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0); // low precision, usually 8 bits per component mapped to 0-1
mediump vec4 a = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0); // medium precision, usually 16 bits or half float
highp vec4 a = vec4(0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0); // high precision, uses full float or integer range (default)

Using lower precision for some operations can speed up the math involved (at the cost of less precision). This is rarely needed in the vertex processor function (where full precision is needed most of the time), but is often useful in the fragment processor.

Some architectures (mainly mobile) can benefit significantly from this, but there are downsides such as the additional overhead of conversion between precisions. Refer to the documentation of the target architecture for further information. In many cases, mobile drivers cause inconsistent or unexpected behavior and it is best to avoid specifying precision unless necessary.

数组

Arrays are containers for multiple variables of a similar type. Note: As of Godot 3.2, only local and varying arrays have been implemented.

Local arrays

Local arrays are declared in functions. They can use all of the allowed datatypes, except samplers. The array declaration follows a C-style syntax: [const] + [precision] + typename + identifier + [array size].

void fragment() {
    float arr[3];
}

They can be initialized at the beginning like:

float float_arr[3] = float[3] (1.0, 0.5, 0.0); // first constructor
int int_arr[3] = int[] (2, 1, 0); // second constructor
vec2 vec2_arr[3] = { vec2(1.0, 1.0), vec2(0.5, 0.5), vec2(0.0, 0.0) }; // third constructor
bool bool_arr[] = { true, true, false }; // fourth constructor - size is defined automatically from the element count

You can declare multiple arrays (even with different sizes) in one expression:

float a[3] = float[3] (1.0, 0.5, 0.0),
b[2] = { 1.0, 0.5 },
c[] = { 0.7 },
d = 0.0,
e[5];

To access an array element, use the indexing syntax:

float arr[3];
arr[0] = 1.0; // setter
COLOR.r = arr[0]; // getter

Arrays also have a built-in function .length() (not to be confused with the built-in length() function). It doesn’t accept any parameters and will return the array’s size.

float arr[] = { 0.0, 1.0, 0.5, -1.0 };
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length(); i++) {
    // ...
}

注解

If you use an index below 0 or greater than array size - the shader will crash and break rendering. To prevent this, use length(), if, or clamp() functions to ensure the index is between 0 and the array’s length. Always carefully test and check your code. If you pass a constant expression or a simple number, the editor will check its bounds to prevent this crash.

常量

Use the const keyword before the variable declaration to make that variable immutable, which means that it cannot be modified. All basic types, except samplers can be declared as constants. Accessing and using a constant value is slightly faster than using a uniform. Constants must be initialized at their declaration.

const vec2 a = vec2(0.0, 1.0);
vec2 b;
a = b; // invalid
b = a; // valid

Constants cannot be modified and additionally cannot have hints, but multiple of them (if they have the same type) can be declared in a single expression e.g

const vec2 V1 = vec2(1, 1), V2 = vec2(2, 2);

Similar to variables, arrays can also be declared with const.

const float arr[] = { 1.0, 0.5, 0.0 };
arr[0] = 1.0; // invalid
COLOR.r = arr[0]; // valid

Constants can be declared both globally (outside of any function) or locally (inside a function). Global constants are useful when you want to have access to a value throughout your shader that does not need to be modified. Like uniforms, global constants are shared between all shader stages, but they are not accessible outside of the shader.

shader_type spatial;
const float PI = 3.14159265358979323846;

运算符

Godot 着色器语言支持与GLSL ES 3.0相同的操作符集。下面是它们的优先级列表:

Flow control

Godot 着色器语言支持最常见的控制流类型:

// if and else
if (cond) {
} else {
}
// switch
switch(i) { // signed integer expression
    case -1:
        break;
    case 0:
        return; // break or return
    case 1: // pass-through
    case 2:
        break;
    //...
    default: // optional
        break;
}
// for loops
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
}
// while
while (true) {
}
// do while
do {
} while(true);

Keep in mind that, in modern GPUs, an infinite loop can exist and can freeze your application (including editor). Godot can’t protect you from this, so be careful not to make this mistake!

警告

当导出 GLES2 项目到 HTML5时， WebGL 1.0将被使用。 WebGL 1.0不支持动态循环，所以使用这些的着色器将不会工作。

丢弃

片段和灯光功能可以使用 discard 关键字。 如果使用，则丢弃该片段并且不写入任何内容。

函数

It is possible to define functions in a Godot shader. They use the following syntax:

ret_type func_name(args) {
    return ret_type; // if returning a value
}
// a more specific example:
int sum2(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
}

您只能使用上面定义的函数(编辑器中的较高位置)调用它们的函数。

Function arguments can have special qualifiers:

• in: 表示参数仅用于读取(默认)。
• out: 表示该参数只用于写入。
• inout: 表示该参数以引用传递。

示例:

void sum2(int a, int b, inout int result) {
    result = a + b;
}

Varyings

To send data from the vertex to the fragment processor function, varyings are used. They are set for every primitive vertex in the vertex processor, and the value is interpolated for every pixel in the fragment processor.

shader_type spatial;
varying vec3 some_color;
void vertex() {
    some_color = NORMAL; // Make the normal the color.
}
void fragment() {
    ALBEDO = some_color;
}

Varying can also be an array:

shader_type spatial;
varying float var_arr[3];
void vertex() {
    var_arr[0] = 1.0;
    var_arr[1] = 0.0;
}
void fragment() {
    ALBEDO = vec3(var_arr[0], var_arr[1], var_arr[2]); // red color
}

插值限定符

在着色管线期间内插某些值。 您可以使用 插值限定符 修改这些插值的完成方式。

shader_type spatial;
varying flat vec3 our_color;
void vertex() {
    our_color = COLOR.rgb;
}
void fragment() {
    ALBEDO = our_color;
}

There are two possible interpolation qualifiers:

制服

Passing values to shaders is possible. These are global to the whole shader and are called uniforms. When a shader is later assigned to a material, the uniforms will appear as editable parameters in it. Uniforms can’t be written from within the shader.

shader_type spatial;
uniform float some_value;

可以在编辑器中设置统一的材料。或者可以通过GDScript设置：

material.set_shader_param("some_value", some_value)

注解

“设置_着色器_参数”的第一个参数是着色器中统一值的名称。它必须与着色器中的统一值的名称完全匹配，否则将无法识别。

Any GLSL type except for void can be a uniform. Additionally, Godot provides optional shader hints to make the compiler understand for what the uniform is used.

shader_type spatial;
uniform vec4 color : hint_color;
uniform float amount : hint_range(0, 1);
uniform vec4 other_color : hint_color = vec4(1.0);

It’s important to understand that textures that are supplied as color require hints for proper sRGB->linear conversion (i.e. hint_albedo), as Godot’s 3D engine renders in linear color space.

以下提示的完整列表:

GDScript使用的变量类型与GLSL不同，所以当把变量从GDScript传递到着色器时，Godot会自动转换类型。以下是相应类型的表格：

注解

Be careful when setting shader uniforms from GDScript, no error will be thrown if the type does not match. Your shader will just exhibit undefined behavior.

制服也可以分配默认值:

shader_type spatial;
uniform vec4 some_vector = vec4(0.0);
uniform vec4 some_color : hint_color = vec4(1.0);

Built-in functions

A large number of built-in functions are supported, conforming to GLSL ES 3.0. When vec_type (float), vec_int_type, vec_uint_type, vec_bool_type nomenclature is used, it can be scalar or vector.

注解

对于GLES2后端不可用的函数列表，请参见:ref:GLES2和GLES3之间的差异文档 <doc_gles2_gles3_differences>.