Android Kernel Features

From: eLinux.org

Android Kernel Features

1 Kernel features unique to
Android
2 List of kernel features unique to
Android
3 Kernel configuration options

Kernel features unique to Android

In the course of development, Google developers made some changes to the
Linux kernel. The amount of changes is not extremely large, and is on
the order of changes that are customarily made to the Linux kernel by
embedded developers (approximately 250 patches, with about 3 meg. of
differences in 25,000 lines). The changes include a variety of large and
small additions, ranging from the wholesale addition of a flash
filesystem (YAFFS2), to very small patches to augment Linux security
(paranoid networking patches).

Various efforts have been made over the past few years to submit these
to changes to mainline (mostly by Google engineers, but also by others),
with not much success so far.

Resources

A very good overview of the changes is available in a talk by John
Stultz at ELC 2011. (The talk has a somewhat misleading name.)

Android OS for
Servers- John
Stultz, ELC 2011
- This talks breaks down the differences between an Android Linux
  kernel and a stock Linux kernel, and provides information about
  the features of each.
http://www.lindusembedded.com/blog/2010/12/07/android-linux-kernel-additions/
- Lindus Embedded (Alex Gonzalez) has a listing of kernel changes
  based on an Android kernel for the Freescale MX51 SOC, with some
  good information about each change.
http://yidonghan.wordpress.com/2010/01/28/porting-android-to-a-new-device/
- Peter McDermott’s excellent description of his work to port
  Android to the Nokia N810.
- Also, see his annotated list of modified and added kernel files,
  at:
  http://www.linuxfordevices.com/files/misc/porting-android-to-a-new-device-p3.html
- See the project site at
  sourceforge.
http://www.slideshare.net/jollen/android-os-porting-introduction
- Jollen Chen’s excellent presentation on system-level Android
  features, including an overview of kernel features unique to
  Android: Note: Parts of the presentation are in Chinese

Temporary including in mainline ‘staging’

Some changes were temporarily added at the “staging” driver area in the
stock kernel, but were removed due to lack of support. See Greg KH blog
post on -staging for
2.6.33,
where he announces the removal of various Android drivers from
-staging.

Android mainlining project

Several groups and individuals are working to get kernel changes from
Android mainlined into the Linux kernel.

Please see Android Mainlining
Project for
more information.

List of kernel features unique to Android

Here is a list of changes/addons that the Android Project made to the
linux kernel. As of September, 2011, these kernel changes are not part
of the standard kernel and are only available in the Android kernel
trees in the Android Open Source project.

This list does not include board- or platform-specific support or
drivers (commonly called “board support”).

Binder

Binder is an Android-specific interprocess communication mechanism, and
remote method invocation system.

See Android Binder

ashmem

ashmem - Android shared memory
- implementation is in mm/ashmem.c

According to the Kconfig help “The ashmem subsystem is a new shared
memory allocator, similar to POSIX SHM but with different behavior and
sporting a simpler file-based API.”

Apparently it better-supports low memory devices, because it can discard
shared memory units under memory pressure.

To use this, programs open /dev/ashmem, use mmap() on it, and can
perform one or more of the following ioctls:

ASHMEM_SET_NAME
ASHMEM_GET_NAME
ASHMEM_SET_SIZE
ASHMEM_GET_SIZE
ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK
ASHMEM_GET_PROT_MASK
ASHMEM_PIN
ASHMEM_UNPIN
ASHMEM_GET_PIN_STATUS
ASHMEM_PURGE_ALL_CACHES

From a thread on android-platform
source

You can create a shared memory segment using:

    fd = ashmem_create_region("my_shm_region", size);
    if(fd < 0)
        return -1;
    data = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
    if(data == MAP_FAILED)
        goto out;

In the second process, instead of opening the region using the same
name, for security reasons the file descriptor is passed to the other
process via binder IPC.

The libcutils interface for ashmem consists of the following calls:
(found in system/core/include/cutils/ashmem.h)

int ashmem_create_region(const char *name, size_t size);
int ashmem_set_prot_region(int fd, int prot);
int ashmem_pin_region(int fd, size_t offset, size_t len);
int ashmem_unpin_region(int fd, size_t offset, size_t len);
int ashmem_get_size_region(int fd);

pmem

PMEM - Process memory allocator
- implementation at: drivers/misc/pmem.c with include file at:
  include/linux/android_pmem.h
- Brian Swetland says:

The pmem driver is used to manage large (1-16+MB) physically contiguous
regions of memory shared between userspace and kernel drivers (dsp, gpu,
etc).  It was written specifically to deal with hardware limitations of
the MSM7201A, but could be used for other chipsets as well.  For now,
you're safe to turn it off on x86.

David Sparks wrote the following:
source

2. ashmem and pmem are very similar. Both are used for sharing memory
between processes. ashmem uses virtual memory, whereas pmem uses
physically contiguous memory. One big difference is that with ashmem,
you have a ref-counted object that can be shared equally between
processes. For example, if two processes are sharing an ashmem memory
buffer, the buffer reference goes away when both process have removed
all their references by closing all their file descriptors. pmem
doesn't work that way because it needs to maintain a physical to
virtual mapping. This requires the process that allocates a pmem heap
to hold the file descriptor until all the other references are closed.
3. You have the right idea for using shared memory. The choice between
ashmem and pmem depends on whether you need physically contiguous
buffers. In the case of the G1, we use the hardware 2D engine to do
scaling, rotation, and color conversion, so we use pmem heaps. The
emulator doesn't have a pmem driver and doesn't really need one, so we
use ashmem in the emulator. If you use ashmem on the G1, you lose the
hardware 2D engine capability, so SurfaceFlinger falls back to its
software renderer which does not do color conversion, which is why you
see the monochrome image.

logger

logger - system logging facility
- This is the kernel support for the ‘logcat’ command
- The kernel driver for the serial devices for logging are in the
  source code drivers/misc/logger.c
- See Android logger for more
  information about the kernel code
- See Android Logging
  System for an
  overview of the system it supports

wakelocks

wakelock - used for power management files kernel/power/wakelock.c
- Holds machine awake on a per-event basis until wakelock is
  released
- See Android Power
  Management
  for detailed information

oom handling

oom handling modifications
- lowmem notifications
- implementation at: drivers/misc/lowmemorykiller.c
- also at: security/lowmem.c

Informally known as the Viking Killer, the OOM handler simply kills
processes as available memory becomes low. The kernel module follows
rules for this that are supplied from user space in two ways:

init writes information about memory levels and associated classes:

The write value must be consistent with the above properties.
Note that the driver only supports 6 slots, so we have combined some
of the classes into the same memory level; the associated processes
of higher classes will still be killed first.
- From /init.rc:

   write /sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters/adj 0,1,2,4,7,15
   write /sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters/minfree 2048,3072,4096,6144,7168,8192

User space sets the oom_adj of processes to put them in the correct
class for their current operation. This redefines the meaning of
oom_adj from that used by the standard OOM killer to something that is
more aggressive and controlled.

These oom_adj levels end up being based on the process lifecycle
defined here:
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/fundamentals.html#proclife

Alarm timers

This is the kernel implementation to support Android’s AlarmManager. It
lets user space tell the kernel when it would like to wake up, allowing
the kernel to schedule that appropriately and come back (holding a wake
lock) when the time has expired regardless of the sleep state of the
CPU.

POSIX Alarm Timers

Note that POSIX Alarm timers, which implement this functionality (but
not identically), was accepted into mainline Linux in kernel version
3.0.

See Waking Systems from Suspend and
http://lwn.net/Articles/439364/

paranoid network security

paranoid network security
- See
  Android_Security#Paranoid_network-ing

timed output / timed gpio

Generic gpio is a mechanism to allow programs to access and manipulate
gpio registers from user space.

Timed output/gpio is a system to allow chaning a gpio pin and restore it
automatically after a specified timeout. See
drives/misc/timed_output.c and drives/misc/timed_gpio.c This expose
a user space interface used by the vibrator code.

On ADP1, there is a driver at:

# cd /sys/bus/platform/drivers/timed-gpio
# ls -l
--w-------    1 0        0            4096 Nov 13 02:11 bind
lrwxrwxrwx    1 0        0               0 Nov 13 02:11 timed-gpio -> ../../../../devices/platform/timed-gpio
--w-------    1 0        0            4096 Nov 13 02:11 uevent
--w-------    1 0        0            4096 Nov 13 02:11 unbind

Also, there is a device at:

# cd /sys/devices/platform/timed-gpio
# ls -lR
.:
lrwxrwxrwx    1 0        0               0 Nov 13 01:34 driver -> ../../../bus/platform/drivers/timed-gpio
-r--r--r--    1 0        0            4096 Nov 13 01:34 modalias
drwxr-xr-x    2 0        0               0 Nov 13 01:34 power
lrwxrwxrwx    1 0        0               0 Nov 13 01:34 subsystem -> ../../../bus/platform
-rw-r--r--    1 0        0            4096 Nov 13 01:34 uevent
./power:
-rw-r--r--    1 0        0            4096 Nov 13 01:34 wakeup

RAM_CONSOLE

This allows saving the kernel printk messages to a buffer in RAM, so
that after a kernel panic they can be viewed in the next kernel
invocation, by accessing /proc/last_kmsg.

[Would be good to get more details on how to set this up and use it
here!] [I guess this is something like pramfs?]

other kernel changes

Here is a miscellaneous list of other kernel changes in the mistral
Android kernel:

switch events - drivers/switch/* userspace support for monitoring
GPIO via sysfs/uevent used by vold to detect USB
USB gadget driver for ADB - drivers/usb/gadget/android.c
yaffs2 flash filesystem
support in FAT filesystem for FVAT_IOCTL_GET_VOLUME_ID
and more…