Quarkus - Datasources

Many projects that use data require connections to a relational database.

The usual way of obtaining connections to a database is to use a datasource and configure a JDBC driver. But you might also prefer using a reactive driver to connect to your database in a reactive way.

Quarkus has you covered either way:

• For JDBC, the preferred datasource and connection pooling implementation is Agroal.

• For reactive, we use the Vert.x reactive drivers.

Both are configured via unified and flexible configuration.

This guide will explain how to:

• configure a datasource, or multiple datasources

• how to obtain a reference to those datasources in code

• which pool tuning configuration properties are available

This guide is mainly about datasource configuration. If you want more details about how to consume and make use of a reactive datasource, please refer to the Reactive SQL clients guide.

TL;DR

This is a quick introduction to datasource configuration. If you want a better understanding of how all this works, this guide has a lot more information in the subsequent paragraphs.

JDBC datasource

Add the agroal extension plus one of jdbc-db2, jdbc-derby, jdbc-h2, jdbc-mariadb, jdbc-mssql, jdbc-mysql, or jdbc-postgresql.

Then configure your datasource:

quarkus.datasource.db-kind=postgresql
quarkus.datasource.username=<your username>
quarkus.datasource.password=<your password>
quarkus.datasource.jdbc.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/hibernate_orm_test
quarkus.datasource.jdbc.min-size=4
quarkus.datasource.jdbc.max-size=16

Reactive datasource

Add the correct reactive extension for the database you are using: reactive-pg-client, reactive-mysql-client, or reactive-db2-client.

Then configure your reactive datasource:

quarkus.datasource.db-kind=postgresql
quarkus.datasource.username=<your username>
quarkus.datasource.password=<your password>
quarkus.datasource.reactive.url=postgresql:///your_database
quarkus.datasource.reactive.max-size=20

Default datasource

A datasource can be either a JDBC datasource, a reactive one or both. It all depends on how you configure it and which extensions you added to your project.

To define a datasource, start with the following:

quarkus.datasource.db-kind=h2

The database kind defines which type of database you will connect to.

We currently include these built-in database kinds:

• DB2: db2

• Derby: derby

• H2: h2

• MariaDB: mariadb

• Microsoft SQL Server: mssql

• MySQL: mysql

• PostgreSQL: postgresql, pgsql or pg

Giving Quarkus the database kind you are targeting will facilitate configuration. By using a JDBC driver extension and setting the kind in the configuration, Quarkus resolves the JDBC driver automatically, so you don’t need to configure it yourself. If you want to use a database kind that is not part of the built-in ones, use other and define the JDBC driver explicitly.

There is a good chance you will need to define some credentials to access your database.

This is done by configuring the following properties:

quarkus.datasource.username=<your username>
quarkus.datasource.password=<your password>

You can also retrieve the password from Vault by using a credential provider for your datasource.

Once you have defined the database kind and the credentials, you are ready to configure either a JDBC datasource, a reactive one, or both.

JDBC datasource

JDBC is the most common database connection pattern. You typically need a JDBC datasource when using Hibernate ORM.

Install the Maven dependencies

First, you will need to add the quarkus-agroal dependency to your project.

You can add it using a simple Maven command:

./mvnw quarkus:add-extension -Dextensions="agroal"

You will also need to choose, and add, the Quarkus extension for your relational database driver.

Quarkus provides driver extensions for:

• DB2 - jdbc-db2

• Derby - jdbc-derby

• H2 - jdbc-h2

• MariaDB - jdbc-mariadb

• Microsoft SQL Server - jdbc-mssql

• MySQL - jdbc-mysql

• PostgreSQL - jdbc-postgresql

See Use a database with no built-in extension or with a different driver if you want to use a JDBC driver for another database.

As usual, you can install the extension using add-extension.

To install the PostgreSQL driver dependency for instance, run the following command:

./mvnw quarkus:add-extension -Dextensions="jdbc-postgresql"

Configure the JDBC connection

Configuring your JDBC connection is easy, the only mandatory property is the JDBC URL.

quarkus.datasource.jdbc.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/hibernate_orm_test

When using one of the built-in datasource kinds, the JDBC driver is resolved automatically to the following values:

Use a database with no built-in extension or with a different driver

You can use a specific driver if you need to (for instance for using the OpenTracing driver) or if you want to use a database for which Quarkus does not have a built-in JDBC driver extension.

Without an extension, the driver will work fine in any Quarkus app running in JVM mode. It is unlikely that it will work when compiling your application to a native executable though. If you plan to make a native executable, we recommend you use the existing JDBC Quarkus extensions (or contribute one for your driver).

Here is how you would use the OpenTracing driver:

quarkus.datasource.jdbc.driver=io.opentracing.contrib.jdbc.TracingDriver

Here is how you would define access to a database with no built-in support (in JVM mode):

quarkus.datasource.db-kind=other
quarkus.datasource.jdbc.driver=oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver
quarkus.datasource.jdbc.url=jdbc:oracle:thin:@192.168.1.12:1521/ORCL_SVC
quarkus.datasource.username=scott
quarkus.datasource.password=tiger

More configuration

You can configure a lot more things, for instance the size of the connection pool.

Please refer to the JDBC configuration reference for all the details about the JDBC configuration knobs.

Consuming the datasource

If you are using Hibernate ORM, the datasource will be consumed automatically.

If for whatever reason, access to the datasource is needed in code, it can be obtained as any other bean in the following manner:

@Inject
AgroalDataSource defaultDataSource;

In the above example, the type is AgroalDataSource which is a subtype of javax.sql.DataSource. Because of this, you can also use javax.sql.DataSource as the injected type.

Reactive datasource

If you prefer using a reactive datasource, Quarkus offers DB2, MySQL/MariaDB, and PostgreSQL reactive clients.

Install the Maven dependencies

Depending on which database you want to use, add the corresponding extension:

• DB2: quarkus-reactive-db2-client

• MySQL/MariaDB: quarkus-reactive-mysql-client

• PostgreSQL: quarkus-reactive-pg-client

The installed extension must be consistent with the quarkus.datasource.db-kind you define in your datasource configuration.

Configure the reactive datasource

Once the driver is there, you just need to configure the connection URL.

Optionally, but highly recommended, you should define a proper size for your connection pool.

quarkus.datasource.reactive.url=postgresql:///your_database
quarkus.datasource.reactive.max-size=20

JDBC and reactive datasources simultaneously

By default, if you include both a JDBC extension (+ Agroal) and a reactive datasource extension handling the given database kind, both will be created.

If you want to disable the JDBC datasource explicitly, use:

quarkus.datasource.jdbc=false

If you want to disable the reactive datasource explicitly, use:

quarkus.datasource.reactive=false

Multiple Datasources

Configuring Multiple Datasources

For now, multiple datasources are only supported for JDBC and the Agroal extension. So it is not currently possible to create multiple reactive datasources.

Defining multiple datasources works exactly the same way as defining a single datasource, with one important change: you define a name.

In the following example, you have 3 different datasources:

• The default one,

• A datasource named users,

• A datasource named inventory,

each with its own configuration.

quarkus.datasource.db-kind=h2
quarkus.datasource.username=username-default
quarkus.datasource.jdbc.url=jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost/mem:default
quarkus.datasource.jdbc.min-size=3
quarkus.datasource.jdbc.max-size=13
quarkus.datasource.users.db-kind=h2
quarkus.datasource.users.username=username1
quarkus.datasource.users.jdbc.url=jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost/mem:users
quarkus.datasource.users.jdbc.min-size=1
quarkus.datasource.users.jdbc.max-size=11
quarkus.datasource.inventory.db-kind=h2
quarkus.datasource.inventory.username=username2
quarkus.datasource.inventory.jdbc.url=jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost/mem:inventory
quarkus.datasource.inventory.jdbc.min-size=2
quarkus.datasource.inventory.jdbc.max-size=12

Notice there is an extra bit in the key. The syntax is as follows: quarkus.datasource.[optional name.][datasource property].

Named Datasource Injection

When using multiple datasources, each DataSource also has the io.quarkus.agroal.DataSource qualifier with the name of the datasource as the value. Using the above properties to configure three different datasources, you can also inject each one as follows:

@Inject
AgroalDataSource defaultDataSource;
@Inject
@DataSource("users")
AgroalDataSource usersDataSource;
@Inject
@DataSource("inventory")
AgroalDataSource inventoryDataSource;

Datasource Health Check

If you are using the quarkus-smallrye-health extension, the quarkus-agroal and reactive client extensions will automatically add a readiness health check to validate the datasource.

So when you access the /health/ready endpoint of your application you will have information about the datasource validation status. If you have multiple datasources, all datasources will be checked and the status will be DOWN as soon as there is one datasource validation failure.

This behavior can be disabled via the property quarkus.datasource.health.enabled.

Datasource Metrics

If you are using the quarkus-smallrye-metrics extension, quarkus-agroal can expose some data source metrics on the /metrics endpoint. This can be turned on by setting the property quarkus.datasource.metrics.enabled to true.

For the exposed metrics to contain any actual values, it is necessary that metric collection is enabled internally by Agroal mechanisms. By default, this metric collection mechanism gets turned on for all data sources if the quarkus-smallrye-metrics is present and metrics for the Agroal extension are enabled. If you want to disable metrics for a particular data source, this can be done by setting quarkus.datasource.jdbc.enable-metrics to false (or quarkus.datasource.<datasource name>.jdbc.enable-metrics for a named datasource). This disables collecting the metrics as well as exposing them in the /metrics endpoint, because it does not make sense to expose metrics if the mechanism to collect them is disabled.

Conversely, setting quarkus.datasource.jdbc.enable-metrics to true (or quarkus.datasource.<datasource name>.jdbc.enable-metrics for a named datasource) explicitly can be used to enable collection of metrics even if the quarkus-smallrye-metrics extension is not in use. This can be useful if you need to access the collected metrics programmatically. They are available after calling dataSource.getMetrics() on an injected AgroalDataSource instance. If collection of metrics is disabled for this data source, all values will be zero.

Narayana Transaction Manager integration

If the Narayana JTA extension is also available, integration is automatic.

You can override this by setting the transactions configuration property - see the Configuration Reference below.

Testing with in-memory databases

Some databases like H2 and Derby are commonly used in “embedded mode” as a facility to run quick integration tests.

Our suggestion is to use the real database you intend to use in production; container technologies made this simple enough so you no longer have an excuse. Still, there are sometimes good reasons to also want the ability to run quick integration tests using the JVM powered databases, so this is possible as well.

It is important to remember that when configuring H2 (or Derby) to use the embedded engine, this will work as usual in JVM mode but such an application will not compile into a native executable, as the Quarkus extensions only cover for making the JDBC client code compatible with the native compilation step: embedding the whole database engine into a native executable is currently not implemented.

If you plan to run such integration tests in the JVM exclusively, it will of course work as usual.

If you want the ability to run such integration test in both JVM and/or native executables, we have some cool helpers for you: just add either @QuarkusTestResource(H2DatabaseTestResource.class) or @QuarkusTestResource(DerbyDatabaseTestResource.class) on any class in your integration tests, this will make sure the test suite starts (and stops) the embedded database into a separate process as necessary to run your tests.

These additional helpers are provided by the artifacts having Maven coordinates io.quarkus:quarkus-test-h2 and io.quarkus:quarkus-test-derby, respectively for H2 and Derby.

Follows an example for H2:

package my.app.integrationtests.db;
import io.quarkus.test.common.QuarkusTestResource;
import io.quarkus.test.h2.H2DatabaseTestResource;
@QuarkusTestResource(H2DatabaseTestResource.class)
public class TestResources {
}

This will allow you to test your application even when it’s compiled into a native executable, while the database will run in the JVM as usual.

Connect to it using:

quarkus.datasource.db-kind=h2
quarkus.datasource.jdbc.url=jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost/mem:test

Common Datasource Configuration Reference

JDBC Configuration Reference

JDBC URL Reference

Each of the supported databases contains different JDBC URL configuration options. Going into each of those options is beyond the scope of this document, but the following section gives an overview of each database URL and a link to the official documentation.

H2

jdbc:h2:{ {.|mem:}[name] | [file:]fileName | {tcp|ssl}:[//]server[:port][,server2[:port]]/name }[;key=value…​]

Example

jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost/~/test, jdbc:h2:mem:myDB

H2 is an embedded database. It can run as a server, based on a file, or live completely in memory. All of these options are available as listed above. You can find more information at the official documentation.

PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL only runs as a server, as do the rest of the databases below. As such, you must specify connection details, or use the defaults.

jdbc:postgresql:[//][host][:port][/database][?key=value…​]

Example

jdbc:postgresql://localhost/test

Defaults for the different parts are as follows:

host

localhost

port

5432

database

same name as the username

The official documentation go into more detail and list optional parameters as well.

DB2

jdbc:db2://<serverName>[:<portNumber>]/<databaseName>[:<key1>=<value>;[<key2>=<value2>;]]

Example

jdbc:db2://localhost:50000/MYDB:user=dbadm;password=dbadm;

See the official documentation for more detail on URL syntax and additional supported options.

MariaDB

jdbc:mariadb:[replication:|failover:|sequential:|aurora:]//<hostDescription>[,<hostDescription>…​]/[database][?<key1>=<value1>[&<key2>=<value2>]] hostDescription:: <host>[:<portnumber>] or address=(host=<host>)[(port=<portnumber>)][(type=(master|slave))]

Example

jdbc:mariadb://localhost:3306/test

You can find more information about this feature and others detailed in the official documentation.

MySQL

jdbc:mysql:[replication:|failover:|sequential:|aurora:]//<hostDescription>[,<hostDescription>…​]/[database][?<key1>=<value1>[&<key2>=<value2>]] hostDescription:: <host>[:<portnumber>] or address=(host=<host>)[(port=<portnumber>)][(type=(master|slave))]

Example

jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test

You can find more information about this feature and others detailed in the official documentation.

Microsoft SQL Server

Microsoft SQL Server takes a connection URL in the following form:

jdbc:sqlserver://[serverName[\instanceName][:portNumber]][;property=value[;property=value]]

Example

jdbc:sqlserver://localhost:1433;databaseName=AdventureWorks

The Microsoft SQL Server JDBC driver works essentially the same as the others. More details can be found in the official documentation.

Derby

jdbc:derby:[//serverName[:portNumber]/][memory:]databaseName[;property=value[;property=value]]

Example

jdbc:derby://localhost:1527/myDB, jdbc:derby:memory:myDB;create=true

Derby is an embedded database. It can run as a server, based on a file, or live completely in memory. All of these options are available as listed above. You can find more information at the official documentation.

Reactive Datasource Configuration Reference

Reactive DB2 Configuration

Reactive MariaDB/MySQL Specific Configuration

Reactive PostgreSQL Specific Configuration