开发工具

本章中描述的各模块可帮你编写 Python 程序。例如，pydoc 模块接受一个模块并根据该模块的内容来生成文档。doctest 和 unittest 这两个模块包含了用于编写单元测试的框架，并可用于自动测试所编写的代码，验证预期的输出是否产生。2to3 程序能够将 Python 2.x 源代码翻译成有效的 Python 3.x 源代码。

本章中描述的模块列表是：

• typing —- 类型标注支持
  • 类型别名
  • NewType
  • Callable
  • 泛型(Generic)
  • 用户定义的泛型类型
  • Any 类型
  • 名义性子类型 区别于 结构性子类型
  • 模块内容
    • 特殊类型原语
      • 特殊类型
      • 特殊形式
      • Building generic types
      • Other special directives
    • Generic concrete collections
      • Corresponding to built-in types
      • Corresponding to types in collections
      • Other concrete types
    • Abstract Base Classes
      • Corresponding to collections in collections.abc
      • Corresponding to other types in collections.abc
      • Asynchronous programming
      • Context manager types
    • 协议
    • Functions and decorators
    • Introspection helpers
    • 常数
• pydoc —- 文档生成器和在线帮助系统
• Python Development Mode
• Effects of the Python Development Mode
• ResourceWarning Example
• Bad file descriptor error example
• doctest —- 测试交互性的Python示例
  • 简单用法：检查Docstrings中的示例
  • Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
  • How It Works
    • Which Docstrings Are Examined?
    • How are Docstring Examples Recognized?
    • What’s the Execution Context?
    • What About Exceptions?
    • Option Flags
    • Directives
    • 警告
  • Basic API
  • Unittest API
  • Advanced API
    • DocTest 对象
    • Example Objects
    • DocTestFinder 对象
    • DocTestParser 对象
    • DocTestRunner 对象
    • OutputChecker 对象
  • 调试
  • Soapbox
• unittest —- 单元测试框架
  • 基本实例
  • 命令行界面
    • 命令行选项
  • 探索性测试
  • 组织你的测试代码
  • 复用已有的测试代码
  • 跳过测试与预计的失败
  • Distinguishing test iterations using subtests
  • 类与函数
    • 测试用例
      • Deprecated aliases
    • Grouping tests
    • Loading and running tests
      • load_tests Protocol
  • Class and Module Fixtures
    • setUpClass and tearDownClass
    • setUpModule and tearDownModule
  • Signal Handling
• unittest.mock —- mock对象库
  • 快速上手
  • Mock 类
    • Calling
    • Deleting Attributes
    • Mock names and the name attribute
    • Attaching Mocks as Attributes
  • The patchers
    • patch
    • patch.object
    • patch.dict
    • patch.multiple
    • patch methods: start and stop
    • patch builtins
    • TEST_PREFIX
    • Nesting Patch Decorators
    • Where to patch
    • Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects
  • MagicMock and magic method support
    • Mocking Magic Methods
    • Magic Mock
  • Helpers
    • sentinel
    • DEFAULT
    • call
    • create_autospec
    • ANY
    • FILTER_DIR
    • mock_open
    • Autospeccing
    • Sealing mocks
• unittest.mock 上手指南
  • 使用 mock
    • 模拟方法调用
    • 对象上的方法调用的 mock
    • Mocking Classes
    • Naming your mocks
    • Tracking all Calls
    • Setting Return Values and Attributes
    • Raising exceptions with mocks
    • Side effect functions and iterables
    • Mocking asynchronous iterators
    • Mocking asynchronous context manager
    • Creating a Mock from an Existing Object
  • Patch Decorators
  • Further Examples
    • Mocking chained calls
    • Partial mocking
    • Mocking a Generator Method
    • Applying the same patch to every test method
    • Mocking Unbound Methods
    • Checking multiple calls with mock
    • Coping with mutable arguments
    • Nesting Patches
    • Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock
    • Mock subclasses and their attributes
    • Mocking imports with patch.dict
    • Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions
    • More complex argument matching
• 2to3 - 自动将 Python 2 代码转为 Python 3 代码
  • 使用 2to3
  • 修复器
  • lib2to3 —— 2to3 支持库
• test —- Python回归测试包
  • Writing Unit Tests for the test package
  • Running tests using the command-line interface
• test.support —- Utilities for the Python test suite
• test.support.socket_helper —- Utilities for socket tests
• test.support.script_helper —- Utilities for the Python execution tests
• test.support.bytecode_helper —- Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation