8.19 实现状态对象或者状态机
问题
你想实现一个状态机或者是在不同状态下执行操作的对象,但是又不想在代码中出现太多的条件判断语句。
解决方案
在很多程序中,有些对象会根据状态的不同来执行不同的操作。比如考虑如下的一个连接对象:
- class Connection:
- """普通方案,好多个判断语句,效率低下~~"""
- def __init__(self):
- self.state = 'CLOSED'
- def read(self):
- if self.state != 'OPEN':
- raise RuntimeError('Not open')
- print('reading')
- def write(self, data):
- if self.state != 'OPEN':
- raise RuntimeError('Not open')
- print('writing')
- def open(self):
- if self.state == 'OPEN':
- raise RuntimeError('Already open')
- self.state = 'OPEN'
- def close(self):
- if self.state == 'CLOSED':
- raise RuntimeError('Already closed')
- self.state = 'CLOSED'
这样写有很多缺点,首先是代码太复杂了,好多的条件判断。其次是执行效率变低,因为一些常见的操作比如read()、write()每次执行前都需要执行检查。
一个更好的办法是为每个状态定义一个对象:
- class Connection1:
- """新方案——对每个状态定义一个类"""
- def __init__(self):
- self.new_state(ClosedConnectionState)
- def new_state(self, newstate):
- self._state = newstate
- # Delegate to the state class
- def read(self):
- return self._state.read(self)
- def write(self, data):
- return self._state.write(self, data)
- def open(self):
- return self._state.open(self)
- def close(self):
- return self._state.close(self)
- # Connection state base class
- class ConnectionState:
- @staticmethod
- def read(conn):
- raise NotImplementedError()
- @staticmethod
- def write(conn, data):
- raise NotImplementedError()
- @staticmethod
- def open(conn):
- raise NotImplementedError()
- @staticmethod
- def close(conn):
- raise NotImplementedError()
- # Implementation of different states
- class ClosedConnectionState(ConnectionState):
- @staticmethod
- def read(conn):
- raise RuntimeError('Not open')
- @staticmethod
- def write(conn, data):
- raise RuntimeError('Not open')
- @staticmethod
- def open(conn):
- conn.new_state(OpenConnectionState)
- @staticmethod
- def close(conn):
- raise RuntimeError('Already closed')
- class OpenConnectionState(ConnectionState):
- @staticmethod
- def read(conn):
- print('reading')
- @staticmethod
- def write(conn, data):
- print('writing')
- @staticmethod
- def open(conn):
- raise RuntimeError('Already open')
- @staticmethod
- def close(conn):
- conn.new_state(ClosedConnectionState)
下面是使用演示:
- >>> c = Connection()
- >>> c._state
- <class '__main__.ClosedConnectionState'>
- >>> c.read()
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
- File "example.py", line 10, in read
- return self._state.read(self)
- File "example.py", line 43, in read
- raise RuntimeError('Not open')
- RuntimeError: Not open
- >>> c.open()
- >>> c._state
- <class '__main__.OpenConnectionState'>
- >>> c.read()
- reading
- >>> c.write('hello')
- writing
- >>> c.close()
- >>> c._state
- <class '__main__.ClosedConnectionState'>
- >>>
讨论
如果代码中出现太多的条件判断语句的话,代码就会变得难以维护和阅读。这里的解决方案是将每个状态抽取出来定义成一个类。
这里看上去有点奇怪,每个状态对象都只有静态方法,并没有存储任何的实例属性数据。实际上,所有状态信息都只存储在 Connection
实例中。在基类中定义的 NotImplementedError
是为了确保子类实现了相应的方法。这里你或许还想使用8.12小节讲解的抽象基类方式。
设计模式中有一种模式叫状态模式,这一小节算是一个初步入门!
原文: