IDLE

IDLE

IDLE 是 Python 所内置的开发与学习环境。

IDLE 具有以下特性：

编码于 100% 纯正的 Python，使用名为 tkinter 的图形用户界面工具
跨平台：在 Windows、Unix 和 macOS 上工作近似。
提供输入输出高亮和错误信息的 Python 命令行窗口（交互解释器）
提供多次撤销操作、Python 语法高亮、智能缩进、函数调用提示、自动补全等功能的多窗口文本编辑器
在多个窗口中检索，在编辑器中替换文本，以及在多个文件中检索（通过 grep）
提供持久保存的断点调试、单步调试、查看本地和全局命名空间功能的调试器
配置、浏览以及其它对话框

执行检查模块。如果没有错误，重新启动 shell 以清理环境，然后执行模块。输出显示在 shell 窗口中。请注意，输出需要使用 “打印” 或 “写入”。执行完成后，Shell 将保留焦点并显示提示。此时，可以交互地探索执行的结果。这类似于在命令行执行带有 python -i file 的文件。

运行… 定制

与运行模块相同，但使用自定义设置运行该模块。命令行参数 扩展 sys.argv ，就像在命令行上传递一样。该模块可以在命令行管理程序中运行，而无需重新启动。

检查模块

检查 “编辑器” 窗口中当前打开的模块的语法。如果尚未保存该模块，则 IDLE会提示用户保存或自动保存，如在 “空闲设置” 对话框的 “常规” 选项卡中所选择的那样。如果存在语法错误，则会在 “编辑器” 窗口中指示大概位置。

Python Shell

打开或唤醒Python Shell窗口。

Shell 菜单（仅 window 编辑器）

查看最近重启

将Shell窗口滚动到上一次Shell重启。

重启Shell

重启 shell 以清理环境，重置显示和异常处理。

上一条历史记录

循环浏览历史记录中与当前条目匹配的早期命令。

下一条历史记录

循环浏览历史记录中与当前条目匹配的后续命令。

中断执行

停止正在运行的程序。

调试菜单（仅 window 编辑器）

跳转到文件/行

Look on the current line. with the cursor, and the line above for a filename and line number. If found, open the file if not already open, and show the line. Use this to view source lines referenced in an exception traceback and lines found by Find in Files. Also available in the context menu of the Shell window and Output windows.

调试器（切换）

激活后，在Shell中输入的代码或从编辑器中运行的代码将在调试器下运行。在编辑器中，可以使用上下文菜单设置断点。此功能不完整，具有实验性。

堆栈查看器

在树状目录中显示最后一个异常的堆栈回溯，可以访问本地和全局。

自动打开堆栈查看器

在未处理的异常上切换自动打开堆栈查看器。

选项菜单（命令行和编辑器）

配置 IDLE

打开配置对话框并更改以下各项的首选项：字体、缩进、键绑定、文本颜色主题、启动窗口和大小、其他帮助源和扩展名。在MacOS上，通过在应用程序菜单中选择首选项来打开配置对话框。有关详细信息，请参阅：帮助和首选项下的首选项设置。

大多数配置选项适用于所有窗口或将来的所有窗口。以下选项仅适用于活动窗口。

显示/隐藏代码上下文（仅 window 编辑器）

Open a pane at the top of the edit window which shows the block context of the code which has scrolled above the top of the window. See Code Context in the Editing and Navigation section below.

显示/隐藏行号（仅 window 编辑器）

Open a column to the left of the edit window which shows the number of each line of text. The default is off, which may be changed in the preferences (see Setting preferences).

缩放/还原高度

Toggles the window between normal size and maximum height. The initial size defaults to 40 lines by 80 chars unless changed on the General tab of the Configure IDLE dialog. The maximum height for a screen is determined by momentarily maximizing a window the first time one is zoomed on the screen. Changing screen settings may invalidate the saved height. This toggle has no effect when a window is maximized.

Window 菜单（命令行和编辑器）

列出所有打开的窗口的名称；选择一个将其带到前台（必要时对其进行去符号化）。

帮助菜单（命令行和编辑器）

关于 IDLE

显示版本，版权，许可证，荣誉等。

IDLE 帮助

显示此 IDLE 文档，详细介绍菜单选项，基本编辑和导航以及其他技巧。

Python 文档

访问本地Python文档（如果已安装），或启动Web浏览器并打开docs.python.org显示最新的Python文档。

海龟演示

使用示例 Python 代码运行 turtledemo 模块和海龟绘图

可以在 “常规” 选项卡下的 “配置IDLE” 对话框中添加其他帮助源。有关“帮助”菜单选项的更多信息，请参见下面的帮助源小节。

上下文菜单

Open a context menu by right-clicking in a window (Control-click on macOS). Context menus have the standard clipboard functions also on the Edit menu.

剪切

复制选区至系统剪贴板，然后删除选区。

复制

复制选区至系统剪贴板。

粘贴

插入系统剪贴板的内容至当前窗口。

Editor windows also have breakpoint functions. Lines with a breakpoint set are specially marked. Breakpoints only have an effect when running under the debugger. Breakpoints for a file are saved in the user’s .idlerc directory.

设置断点

在当前行设置断点

清除断点

清除当前行断点

shell 和输出窗口还具有以下内容。

跳转到文件/行

与调试菜单相同。

The Shell window also has an output squeezing facility explained in the Python Shell window subsection below.

压缩

If the cursor is over an output line, squeeze all the output between the code above and the prompt below down to a ‘Squeezed text’ label.

编辑和导航

编辑窗口

IDLE may open editor windows when it starts, depending on settings and how you start IDLE. Thereafter, use the File menu. There can be only one open editor window for a given file.

The title bar contains the name of the file, the full path, and the version of Python and IDLE running the window. The status bar contains the line number (‘Ln’) and column number (‘Col’). Line numbers start with 1; column numbers with 0.

IDLE assumes that files with a known .py* extension contain Python code and that other files do not. Run Python code with the Run menu.

按键绑定

在本节中，’C’ 是指 Windows 和 Unix 上的 Control 键，以及 macOS 上的 Command 键。

Backspace 向左删除; Del 向右删除
C-Backspace 向左删除单词; C-Del 向右删除单词
方向键和 Page Up/Page Down 移动
C-LeftArrow 和 C-RightArrow 按单词移动
Home/End 跳转到行首/尾
C-Home/C-End 跳转到文档首/尾
一些有用的Emacs绑定是从Tcl / Tk继承的：
- C-a 行首
- C-e 行尾
- C-k 删除行（但未将其放入剪贴板）
- C-l center window around the insertion point
- C-b go backward one character without deleting (usually you can also use the cursor key for this)
- C-f go forward one character without deleting (usually you can also use the cursor key for this)
- C-p go up one line (usually you can also use the cursor key for this)
- C-d 删除下一个字符

Standard keybindings (like C-c to copy and C-v to paste) may work. Keybindings are selected in the Configure IDLE dialog.

自动缩进

After a block-opening statement, the next line is indented by 4 spaces (in the Python Shell window by one tab). After certain keywords (break, return etc.) the next line is dedented. In leading indentation, Backspace deletes up to 4 spaces if they are there. Tab inserts spaces (in the Python Shell window one tab), number depends on Indent width. Currently, tabs are restricted to four spaces due to Tcl/Tk limitations.

See also the indent/dedent region commands on the Format menu.

完成

Completions are supplied, when requested and available, for module names, attributes of classes or functions, or filenames. Each request method displays a completion box with existing names. (See tab completions below for an exception.) For any box, change the name being completed and the item highlighted in the box by typing and deleting characters; by hitting Up, Down, PageUp, PageDown, Home, and End keys; and by a single click within the box. Close the box with Escape, Enter, and double Tab keys or clicks outside the box. A double click within the box selects and closes.

One way to open a box is to type a key character and wait for a predefined interval. This defaults to 2 seconds; customize it in the settings dialog. (To prevent auto popups, set the delay to a large number of milliseconds, such as 100000000.) For imported module names or class or function attributes, type ‘.’. For filenames in the root directory, type os.sep or os.altsep immediately after an opening quote. (On Windows, one can specify a drive first.) Move into subdirectories by typing a directory name and a separator.

Instead of waiting, or after a box is closed, open a completion box immediately with Show Completions on the Edit menu. The default hot key is C-space. If one types a prefix for the desired name before opening the box, the first match or near miss is made visible. The result is the same as if one enters a prefix after the box is displayed. Show Completions after a quote completes filenames in the current directory instead of a root directory.

Hitting Tab after a prefix usually has the same effect as Show Completions. (With no prefix, it indents.) However, if there is only one match to the prefix, that match is immediately added to the editor text without opening a box.

Invoking ‘Show Completions’, or hitting Tab after a prefix, outside of a string and without a preceding ‘.’ opens a box with keywords, builtin names, and available module-level names.

When editing code in an editor (as oppose to Shell), increase the available module-level names by running your code and not restarting the Shell thereafter. This is especially useful after adding imports at the top of a file. This also increases possible attribute completions.

Completion boxes intially exclude names beginning with ‘_‘ or, for modules, not included in ‘__all__‘. The hidden names can be accessed by typing ‘_‘ after ‘.’, either before or after the box is opened.

提示

A calltip is shown automatically when one types ( after the name of an accessible function. A function name expression may include dots and subscripts. A calltip remains until it is clicked, the cursor is moved out of the argument area, or ) is typed. Whenever the cursor is in the argument part of a definition, select Edit and “Show Call Tip” on the menu or enter its shortcut to display a calltip.

The calltip consists of the function’s signature and docstring up to the latter’s first blank line or the fifth non-blank line. (Some builtin functions lack an accessible signature.) A ‘/‘ or ‘*‘ in the signature indicates that the preceding or following arguments are passed by position or name (keyword) only. Details are subject to change.

In Shell, the accessible functions depends on what modules have been imported into the user process, including those imported by Idle itself, and which definitions have been run, all since the last restart.

For example, restart the Shell and enter itertools.count(. A calltip appears because Idle imports itertools into the user process for its own use. (This could change.) Enter turtle.write( and nothing appears. Idle does not itself import turtle. The menu entry and shortcut also do nothing. Enter import turtle. Thereafter, turtle.write( will display a calltip.

In an editor, import statements have no effect until one runs the file. One might want to run a file after writing import statements, after adding function definitions, or after opening an existing file.

代码上下文

Within an editor window containing Python code, code context can be toggled in order to show or hide a pane at the top of the window. When shown, this pane freezes the opening lines for block code, such as those beginning with class, def, or if keywords, that would have otherwise scrolled out of view. The size of the pane will be expanded and contracted as needed to show the all current levels of context, up to the maximum number of lines defined in the Configure IDLE dialog (which defaults to 15). If there are no current context lines and the feature is toggled on, a single blank line will display. Clicking on a line in the context pane will move that line to the top of the editor.

The text and background colors for the context pane can be configured under the Highlights tab in the Configure IDLE dialog.

Python Shell 窗口

With IDLE’s Shell, one enters, edits, and recalls complete statements. Most consoles and terminals only work with a single physical line at a time.

When one pastes code into Shell, it is not compiled and possibly executed until one hits Return. One may edit pasted code first. If one pastes more that one statement into Shell, the result will be a SyntaxError when multiple statements are compiled as if they were one.

The editing features described in previous subsections work when entering code interactively. IDLE’s Shell window also responds to the following keys.

C-c 中断执行命令
C-d sends end-of-file; closes window if typed at a >>> prompt
Alt-/ (Expand word) is also useful to reduce typing

历史命令
- Alt-p retrieves previous command matching what you have typed. On macOS use C-p.
- Alt-n retrieves next. On macOS use C-n.
- Return while on any previous command retrieves that command

文本颜色

Idle defaults to black on white text, but colors text with special meanings. For the shell, these are shell output, shell error, user output, and user error. For Python code, at the shell prompt or in an editor, these are keywords, builtin class and function names, names following class and def, strings, and comments. For any text window, these are the cursor (when present), found text (when possible), and selected text.

Text coloring is done in the background, so uncolorized text is occasionally visible. To change the color scheme, use the Configure IDLE dialog Highlighting tab. The marking of debugger breakpoint lines in the editor and text in popups and dialogs is not user-configurable.

启动和代码执行

Upon startup with the -s option, IDLE will execute the file referenced by the environment variables IDLESTARTUP or PYTHONSTARTUP. IDLE first checks for IDLESTARTUP; if IDLESTARTUP is present the file referenced is run. If IDLESTARTUP is not present, IDLE checks for PYTHONSTARTUP. Files referenced by these environment variables are convenient places to store functions that are used frequently from the IDLE shell, or for executing import statements to import common modules.

In addition, Tk also loads a startup file if it is present. Note that the Tk file is loaded unconditionally. This additional file is .Idle.py and is looked for in the user’s home directory. Statements in this file will be executed in the Tk namespace, so this file is not useful for importing functions to be used from IDLE’s Python shell.

命令行语法

idle.py [-c command] [-d] [-e] [-h] [-i] [-r file] [-s] [-t title] [-] [arg] ...
-c command  run command in the shell window
-d          enable debugger and open shell window
-e          open editor window
-h          print help message with legal combinations and exit
-i          open shell window
-r file     run file in shell window
-s          run $IDLESTARTUP or $PYTHONSTARTUP first, in shell window
-t title    set title of shell window
-           run stdin in shell (- must be last option before args)

如果有参数：

If -, -c, or r is used, all arguments are placed in sys.argv[1:...] and sys.argv[0] is set to '', '-c', or '-r'. No editor window is opened, even if that is the default set in the Options dialog.
Otherwise, arguments are files opened for editing and sys.argv reflects the arguments passed to IDLE itself.

启动失败

IDLE uses a socket to communicate between the IDLE GUI process and the user code execution process. A connection must be established whenever the Shell starts or restarts. (The latter is indicated by a divider line that says ‘RESTART’). If the user process fails to connect to the GUI process, it usually displays a Tk error box with a ‘cannot connect’ message that directs the user here. It then exits.

One specific connection failure on Unix systems results from misconfigured masquerading rules somewhere in a system’s network setup. When IDLE is started from a terminal, one will see a message starting with ** Invalid host:. The valid value is 127.0.0.1 (idlelib.rpc.LOCALHOST). One can diagnose with tcpconnect -irv 127.0.0.1 6543 in one terminal window and tcplisten <same args> in another.

A common cause of failure is a user-written file with the same name as a standard library module, such as random.py and tkinter.py. When such a file is located in the same directory as a file that is about to be run, IDLE cannot import the stdlib file. The current fix is to rename the user file.

Though less common than in the past, an antivirus or firewall program may stop the connection. If the program cannot be taught to allow the connection, then it must be turned off for IDLE to work. It is safe to allow this internal connection because no data is visible on external ports. A similar problem is a network mis-configuration that blocks connections.

Python installation issues occasionally stop IDLE: multiple versions can clash, or a single installation might need admin access. If one undo the clash, or cannot or does not want to run as admin, it might be easiest to completely remove Python and start over.

A zombie pythonw.exe process could be a problem. On Windows, use Task Manager to check for one and stop it if there is. Sometimes a restart initiated by a program crash or Keyboard Interrupt (control-C) may fail to connect. Dismissing the error box or using Restart Shell on the Shell menu may fix a temporary problem.

When IDLE first starts, it attempts to read user configuration files in ~/.idlerc/ (~ is one’s home directory). If there is a problem, an error message should be displayed. Leaving aside random disk glitches, this can be prevented by never editing the files by hand. Instead, use the configuration dialog, under Options. Once there is an error in a user configuration file, the best solution may be to delete it and start over with the settings dialog.

If IDLE quits with no message, and it was not started from a console, try starting it from a console or terminal (python -m idlelib) and see if this results in an error message.

On Unix-based systems with tcl/tk older than 8.6.11 (see About IDLE) certain characters of certain fonts can cause a tk failure with a message to the terminal. This can happen either if one starts IDLE to edit a file with such a character or later when entering such a character. If one cannot upgrade tcl/tk, then re-configure IDLE to use a font that works better.

运行用户代码

With rare exceptions, the result of executing Python code with IDLE is intended to be the same as executing the same code by the default method, directly with Python in a text-mode system console or terminal window. However, the different interface and operation occasionally affect visible results. For instance, sys.modules starts with more entries, and threading.active_count() returns 2 instead of 1.

By default, IDLE runs user code in a separate OS process rather than in the user interface process that runs the shell and editor. In the execution process, it replaces sys.stdin, sys.stdout, and sys.stderr with objects that get input from and send output to the Shell window. The original values stored in sys.__stdin__, sys.__stdout__, and sys.__stderr__ are not touched, but may be None.

Sending print output from one process to a text widget in another is slower than printing to a system terminal in the same process. This has the most effect when printing multiple arguments, as the string for each argument, each separator, the newline are sent separately. For development, this is usually not a problem, but if one wants to print faster in IDLE, format and join together everything one wants displayed together and then print a single string. Both format strings and str.join() can help combine fields and lines.

IDLE’s standard stream replacements are not inherited by subprocesses created in the execution process, whether directly by user code or by modules such as multiprocessing. If such subprocess use input from sys.stdin or print or write to sys.stdout or sys.stderr, IDLE should be started in a command line window. The secondary subprocess will then be attached to that window for input and output.

If sys is reset by user code, such as with importlib.reload(sys), IDLE’s changes are lost and input from the keyboard and output to the screen will not work correctly.

When Shell has the focus, it controls the keyboard and screen. This is normally transparent, but functions that directly access the keyboard and screen will not work. These include system-specific functions that determine whether a key has been pressed and if so, which.

The IDLE code running in the execution process adds frames to the call stack that would not be there otherwise. IDLE wraps sys.getrecursionlimit and sys.setrecursionlimit to reduce the effect of the additional stack frames.

When user code raises SystemExit either directly or by calling sys.exit, IDLE returns to a Shell prompt instead of exiting.

Shell中的用户输出

When a program outputs text, the result is determined by the corresponding output device. When IDLE executes user code, sys.stdout and sys.stderr are connected to the display area of IDLE’s Shell. Some of its features are inherited from the underlying Tk Text widget. Others are programmed additions. Where it matters, Shell is designed for development rather than production runs.

For instance, Shell never throws away output. A program that sends unlimited output to Shell will eventually fill memory, resulting in a memory error. In contrast, some system text windows only keep the last n lines of output. A Windows console, for instance, keeps a user-settable 1 to 9999 lines, with 300 the default.

A Tk Text widget, and hence IDLE’s Shell, displays characters (codepoints) in the BMP (Basic Multilingual Plane) subset of Unicode. Which characters are displayed with a proper glyph and which with a replacement box depends on the operating system and installed fonts. Tab characters cause the following text to begin after the next tab stop. (They occur every 8 ‘characters’). Newline characters cause following text to appear on a new line. Other control characters are ignored or displayed as a space, box, or something else, depending on the operating system and font. (Moving the text cursor through such output with arrow keys may exhibit some surprising spacing behavior.)

>>> s = 'a\tb\a<\x02><\r>\bc\nd'  # Enter 22 chars.
>>> len(s)
14
>>> s  # Display repr(s)
'a\tb\x07<\x02><\r>\x08c\nd'
>>> print(s, end='')  # Display s as is.
# Result varies by OS and font.  Try it.

The repr function is used for interactive echo of expression values. It returns an altered version of the input string in which control codes, some BMP codepoints, and all non-BMP codepoints are replaced with escape codes. As demonstrated above, it allows one to identify the characters in a string, regardless of how they are displayed.

Normal and error output are generally kept separate (on separate lines) from code input and each other. They each get different highlight colors.

For SyntaxError tracebacks, the normal ‘^’ marking where the error was detected is replaced by coloring the text with an error highlight. When code run from a file causes other exceptions, one may right click on a traceback line to jump to the corresponding line in an IDLE editor. The file will be opened if necessary.

Shell has a special facility for squeezing output lines down to a ‘Squeezed text’ label. This is done automatically for output over N lines (N = 50 by default). N can be changed in the PyShell section of the General page of the Settings dialog. Output with fewer lines can be squeezed by right clicking on the output. This can be useful lines long enough to slow down scrolling.

Squeezed output is expanded in place by double-clicking the label. It can also be sent to the clipboard or a separate view window by right-clicking the label.

开发 tkinter 应用程序

IDLE is intentionally different from standard Python in order to facilitate development of tkinter programs. Enter import tkinter as tk; root = tk.Tk() in standard Python and nothing appears. Enter the same in IDLE and a tk window appears. In standard Python, one must also enter root.update() to see the window. IDLE does the equivalent in the background, about 20 times a second, which is about every 50 milliseconds. Next enter b = tk.Button(root, text='button'); b.pack(). Again, nothing visibly changes in standard Python until one enters root.update().

Most tkinter programs run root.mainloop(), which usually does not return until the tk app is destroyed. If the program is run with python -i or from an IDLE editor, a >>> shell prompt does not appear until mainloop() returns, at which time there is nothing left to interact with.

When running a tkinter program from an IDLE editor, one can comment out the mainloop call. One then gets a shell prompt immediately and can interact with the live application. One just has to remember to re-enable the mainloop call when running in standard Python.

在没有子进程的情况下运行

By default, IDLE executes user code in a separate subprocess via a socket, which uses the internal loopback interface. This connection is not externally visible and no data is sent to or received from the Internet. If firewall software complains anyway, you can ignore it.

If the attempt to make the socket connection fails, Idle will notify you. Such failures are sometimes transient, but if persistent, the problem may be either a firewall blocking the connection or misconfiguration of a particular system. Until the problem is fixed, one can run Idle with the -n command line switch.

If IDLE is started with the -n command line switch it will run in a single process and will not create the subprocess which runs the RPC Python execution server. This can be useful if Python cannot create the subprocess or the RPC socket interface on your platform. However, in this mode user code is not isolated from IDLE itself. Also, the environment is not restarted when Run/Run Module (F5) is selected. If your code has been modified, you must reload() the affected modules and re-import any specific items (e.g. from foo import baz) if the changes are to take effect. For these reasons, it is preferable to run IDLE with the default subprocess if at all possible.

3.4 版后已移除.

帮助和偏好

帮助源

Help menu entry “IDLE Help” displays a formatted html version of the IDLE chapter of the Library Reference. The result, in a read-only tkinter text window, is close to what one sees in a web browser. Navigate through the text with a mousewheel, the scrollbar, or up and down arrow keys held down. Or click the TOC (Table of Contents) button and select a section header in the opened box.

Help menu entry “Python Docs” opens the extensive sources of help, including tutorials, available at docs.python.org/x.y, where ‘x.y’ is the currently running Python version. If your system has an off-line copy of the docs (this may be an installation option), that will be opened instead.

Selected URLs can be added or removed from the help menu at any time using the General tab of the Configure IDLE dialog.

首选项设置

The font preferences, highlighting, keys, and general preferences can be changed via Configure IDLE on the Option menu. Non-default user settings are saved in a .idlerc directory in the user’s home directory. Problems caused by bad user configuration files are solved by editing or deleting one or more of the files in .idlerc.

On the Font tab, see the text sample for the effect of font face and size on multiple characters in multiple languages. Edit the sample to add other characters of personal interest. Use the sample to select monospaced fonts. If particular characters have problems in Shell or an editor, add them to the top of the sample and try changing first size and then font.

On the Highlights and Keys tab, select a built-in or custom color theme and key set. To use a newer built-in color theme or key set with older IDLEs, save it as a new custom theme or key set and it well be accessible to older IDLEs.

macOS 上的IDLE

Under System Preferences: Dock, one can set “Prefer tabs when opening documents” to “Always”. This setting is not compatible with the tk/tkinter GUI framework used by IDLE, and it breaks a few IDLE features.

扩展

IDLE contains an extension facility. Preferences for extensions can be changed with the Extensions tab of the preferences dialog. See the beginning of config-extensions.def in the idlelib directory for further information. The only current default extension is zzdummy, an example also used for testing.

IDLE

IDLE

目录

文件菜单（命令行和编辑器）

编辑菜单（命令行和编辑器）

格式菜单（仅 window 编辑器）