10. 完整的语法规范

这是完整的Python语法，它被送入解析器生成器，以生成解析Python源文件的解析器：

  1. # Grammar for Python
  3. # NOTE WELL: You should also follow all the steps listed at
  4. # https://devguide.python.org/grammar/
  6. # Start symbols for the grammar:
  7. #       single_input is a single interactive statement;
  8. #       file_input is a module or sequence of commands read from an input file;
  9. #       eval_input is the input for the eval() functions.
  10. # NB: compound_stmt in single_input is followed by extra NEWLINE!
  11. single_input: NEWLINE | simple_stmt | compound_stmt NEWLINE
  12. file_input: (NEWLINE | stmt)* ENDMARKER
  13. eval_input: testlist NEWLINE* ENDMARKER
  15. decorator: '@' dotted_name [ '(' [arglist] ')' ] NEWLINE
  16. decorators: decorator+
  17. decorated: decorators (classdef | funcdef | async_funcdef)
  19. async_funcdef: ASYNC funcdef
  20. funcdef: 'def' NAME parameters ['->' test] ':' suite
  22. parameters: '(' [typedargslist] ')'
  23. typedargslist: (tfpdef ['=' test] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' [
  24.         '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' tfpdef [',']]]
  25.       | '**' tfpdef [',']]]
  26.   | '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' tfpdef [',']]]
  27.   | '**' tfpdef [','])
  28. tfpdef: NAME [':' test]
  29. varargslist: (vfpdef ['=' test] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' [
  30.         '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' vfpdef [',']]]
  31.       | '**' vfpdef [',']]]
  32.   | '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' vfpdef [',']]]
  33.   | '**' vfpdef [',']
  34. )
  35. vfpdef: NAME
  37. stmt: simple_stmt | compound_stmt
  38. simple_stmt: small_stmt (';' small_stmt)* [';'] NEWLINE
  39. small_stmt: (expr_stmt | del_stmt | pass_stmt | flow_stmt |
  40.              import_stmt | global_stmt | nonlocal_stmt | assert_stmt)
  41. expr_stmt: testlist_star_expr (annassign | augassign (yield_expr|testlist) |
  42.                      ('=' (yield_expr|testlist_star_expr))*)
  43. annassign: ':' test ['=' test]
  44. testlist_star_expr: (test|star_expr) (',' (test|star_expr))* [',']
  45. augassign: ('+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '@=' | '/=' | '%=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' |
  46.             '<<=' | '>>=' | '**=' | '//=')
  47. # For normal and annotated assignments, additional restrictions enforced by the interpreter
  48. del_stmt: 'del' exprlist
  49. pass_stmt: 'pass'
  50. flow_stmt: break_stmt | continue_stmt | return_stmt | raise_stmt | yield_stmt
  51. break_stmt: 'break'
  52. continue_stmt: 'continue'
  53. return_stmt: 'return' [testlist]
  54. yield_stmt: yield_expr
  55. raise_stmt: 'raise' [test ['from' test]]
  56. import_stmt: import_name | import_from
  57. import_name: 'import' dotted_as_names
  58. # note below: the ('.' | '...') is necessary because '...' is tokenized as ELLIPSIS
  59. import_from: ('from' (('.' | '...')* dotted_name | ('.' | '...')+)
  60.               'import' ('*' | '(' import_as_names ')' | import_as_names))
  61. import_as_name: NAME ['as' NAME]
  62. dotted_as_name: dotted_name ['as' NAME]
  63. import_as_names: import_as_name (',' import_as_name)* [',']
  64. dotted_as_names: dotted_as_name (',' dotted_as_name)*
  65. dotted_name: NAME ('.' NAME)*
  66. global_stmt: 'global' NAME (',' NAME)*
  67. nonlocal_stmt: 'nonlocal' NAME (',' NAME)*
  68. assert_stmt: 'assert' test [',' test]
  70. compound_stmt: if_stmt | while_stmt | for_stmt | try_stmt | with_stmt | funcdef | classdef | decorated | async_stmt
  71. async_stmt: ASYNC (funcdef | with_stmt | for_stmt)
  72. if_stmt: 'if' test ':' suite ('elif' test ':' suite)* ['else' ':' suite]
  73. while_stmt: 'while' test ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
  74. for_stmt: 'for' exprlist 'in' testlist ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
  75. try_stmt: ('try' ':' suite
  76.            ((except_clause ':' suite)+
  77.             ['else' ':' suite]
  78.             ['finally' ':' suite] |
  79.            'finally' ':' suite))
  80. with_stmt: 'with' with_item (',' with_item)*  ':' suite
  81. with_item: test ['as' expr]
  82. # NB compile.c makes sure that the default except clause is last
  83. except_clause: 'except' [test ['as' NAME]]
  84. suite: simple_stmt | NEWLINE INDENT stmt+ DEDENT
  86. test: or_test ['if' or_test 'else' test] | lambdef
  87. test_nocond: or_test | lambdef_nocond
  88. lambdef: 'lambda' [varargslist] ':' test
  89. lambdef_nocond: 'lambda' [varargslist] ':' test_nocond
  90. or_test: and_test ('or' and_test)*
  91. and_test: not_test ('and' not_test)*
  92. not_test: 'not' not_test | comparison
  93. comparison: expr (comp_op expr)*
  94. # <> isn't actually a valid comparison operator in Python. It's here for the
  95. # sake of a __future__ import described in PEP 401 (which really works :-)
  96. comp_op: '<'|'>'|'=='|'>='|'<='|'<>'|'!='|'in'|'not' 'in'|'is'|'is' 'not'
  97. star_expr: '*' expr
  98. expr: xor_expr ('|' xor_expr)*
  99. xor_expr: and_expr ('^' and_expr)*
  100. and_expr: shift_expr ('&' shift_expr)*
  101. shift_expr: arith_expr (('<<'|'>>') arith_expr)*
  102. arith_expr: term (('+'|'-') term)*
  103. term: factor (('*'|'@'|'/'|'%'|'//') factor)*
  104. factor: ('+'|'-'|'~') factor | power
  105. power: atom_expr ['**' factor]
  106. atom_expr: [AWAIT] atom trailer*
  107. atom: ('(' [yield_expr|testlist_comp] ')' |
  108.        '[' [testlist_comp] ']' |
  109.        '{' [dictorsetmaker] '}' |
  110.        NAME | NUMBER | STRING+ | '...' | 'None' | 'True' | 'False')
  111. testlist_comp: (test|star_expr) ( comp_for | (',' (test|star_expr))* [','] )
  112. trailer: '(' [arglist] ')' | '[' subscriptlist ']' | '.' NAME
  113. subscriptlist: subscript (',' subscript)* [',']
  114. subscript: test | [test] ':' [test] [sliceop]
  115. sliceop: ':' [test]
  116. exprlist: (expr|star_expr) (',' (expr|star_expr))* [',']
  117. testlist: test (',' test)* [',']
  118. dictorsetmaker: ( ((test ':' test | '**' expr)
  119.                    (comp_for | (',' (test ':' test | '**' expr))* [','])) |
  120.                   ((test | star_expr)
  121.                    (comp_for | (',' (test | star_expr))* [','])) )
  123. classdef: 'class' NAME ['(' [arglist] ')'] ':' suite
  125. arglist: argument (',' argument)*  [',']
  127. # The reason that keywords are test nodes instead of NAME is that using NAME
  128. # results in an ambiguity. ast.c makes sure it's a NAME.
  129. # "test '=' test" is really "keyword '=' test", but we have no such token.
  130. # These need to be in a single rule to avoid grammar that is ambiguous
  131. # to our LL(1) parser. Even though 'test' includes '*expr' in star_expr,
  132. # we explicitly match '*' here, too, to give it proper precedence.
  133. # Illegal combinations and orderings are blocked in ast.c:
  134. # multiple (test comp_for) arguments are blocked; keyword unpackings
  135. # that precede iterable unpackings are blocked; etc.
  136. argument: ( test [comp_for] |
  137.             test '=' test |
  138.             '**' test |
  139.             '*' test )
  141. comp_iter: comp_for | comp_if
  142. comp_for: [ASYNC] 'for' exprlist 'in' or_test [comp_iter]
  143. comp_if: 'if' test_nocond [comp_iter]
  145. # not used in grammar, but may appear in "node" passed from Parser to Compiler
  146. encoding_decl: NAME
  148. yield_expr: 'yield' [yield_arg]
  149. yield_arg: 'from' test | testlist