Quad
- Remark
- Algebra and Containment Checks

Quad

Represents a four-sided mathematical shape (also called “quadrilateral” or “tetragon”) in the plane, defined as a sequence of four Point objects ul, ur, ll, lr (conveniently called upper left, upper right, lower left, lower right).

Quads can be obtained as results of text search methods (Page.search_for()), and they are used to define text marker annotations (see e.g. Page.add_squiggly_annot() and friends), and in several draw methods (like Page.draw_quad() / Shape.draw_quad(), Page.draw_oval()/ Shape.draw_quad()).

Note

If the corners of a rectangle are transformed with a rotation, scale or translation Matrix, then the resulting quad is rectangular (= congruent to a rectangle), i.e. all of its corners again enclose angles of 90 degrees. Property Quad.is_rectangular checks whether a quad can be thought of being the result of such an operation.
This is not true for all matrices: e.g. shear matrices produce parallelograms, and non-invertible matrices deliver “degenerate” tetragons like triangles or lines.
Attribute Quad.rect obtains the envelopping rectangle. Vice versa, rectangles now have attributes Rect.quad, resp. IRect.quad to obtain their respective tetragon versions.

Methods / Attributes	Short Description
Quad.transform()	transform with a matrix
Quad.morph()	transform with a point and matrix
Quad.ul	upper left point
Quad.ur	upper right point
Quad.ll	lower left point
Quad.lr	lower right point
Quad.is_convex	true if quad is a convex set
Quad.is_empty	true if quad is an empty set
Quad.is_rectangular	true if quad is congruent to a rectangle
Quad.rect	smallest containing Rect
Quad.width	the longest width value
Quad.height	the longest height value

Class API

class Quad

__init__(self)
__init__(self, ul, ur, ll, lr)
__init__(self, quad)
__init__(self, sequence)

Overloaded constructors: “ul”, “ur”, “ll”, “lr” stand for point_like objects (the four corners), “sequence” is a Python sequence with four point_like objects.

If “quad” is specified, the constructor creates a new copy of it.

Without parameters, a quad consisting of 4 copies of Point(0, 0) is created.
transform(matrix)

Modify the quadrilateral by transforming each of its corners with a matrix.
- Parameters
  
  matrix (matrix_like) – the matrix.
morph(fixpoint, matrix)

(New in version 1.17.0) “Morph” the quad with a matrix-like using a point-like as fixed point.
- Parameters
  - fixpoint (point_like) – the point.
  - matrix (matrix_like) – the matrix.
  Returns
  
  a new quad (no operation if this is the infinite quad).
rect

The smallest rectangle containing the quad, represented by the blue area in the following picture.

- Type
```
[Rect]($b48b06fa83bf6d26.md#rect)
```
ul

Upper left point.
- Type
  
  Point
ur

Upper right point.
- Type
  
  Point
ll

Lower left point.
- Type
  
  Point
lr

Lower right point.
- Type
  
  Point
is_convex
- New in version 1.16.1
Checks if for any two points of the quad, all points on their connecting line also belong to the quad.
- Type
  
  bool
is_empty

True if enclosed area is zero, which means that at least three of the four corners are on the same line. If this is false, the quad may still be degenerate or not look like a tetragon at all (triangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, …).
- Type
  
  bool
is_rectangular

True if all corner angles are 90 degrees. This implies that the quad is convex and not empty.
- Type
  
  bool
width

The maximum length of the top and the bottom side.
- Type
  
  float
height

The maximum length of the left and the right side.
- Type
  
  float

Remark

This class adheres to the sequence protocol, so components can be dealt with via their indices, too. Also refer to Using Python Sequences as Arguments in PyMuPDF.

Algebra and Containment Checks

Starting with v1.19.6, quads can be used in algebraic expressions like the other geometry object – the respective restrictions have been lifted. In particular, all the following combinations of containment checking are now possible:

{Point | IRect | Rect | Quad} in {IRect | Rect | Quad}

Please note the following interesting detail:

For a rectangle, only its top-left point belongs to it. Since v1.19.0, rectangles are defined to be “open”, such that its bottom and its right edge do not belong to it – including the respective corners. But for quads there exists no such notion like “openness”, so we have the following somewhat surprising implication:

>>> rect.br in rect
False
>>> # but:
>>> rect.br in rect.quad
True