Hive Security Configuration

Authentication

The default security configuration of the Hive Connector does not use authentication when connecting to a Hadoop cluster. All queries are executed as the user who runs the Presto process, regardless of which user submits the query.

The Hive connector provides additional security options to support Hadoop clusters that have been configured to use Kerberos.

When accessing HDFS, Presto can impersonate the end user who is running the query. This can be used with HDFS permissions and ACLs to provide additional security for data.

Warning

Access to the Presto coordinator should be secured using Kerberos when using Kerberos authentication to Hadoop services. Failure to secure access to the Presto coordinator could result in unauthorized access to sensitive data on the Hadoop cluster.

See Coordinator Kerberos Authentication and CLI Kerberos Authentication for information on setting up Kerberos authentication.

Kerberos Support

In order to use the Hive connector with a Hadoop cluster that uses kerberos authentication, you will need to configure the connector to work with two services on the Hadoop cluster:

• The Hive metastore Thrift service

• The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)

Access to these services by the Hive connector is configured in the properties file that contains the general Hive connector configuration.

Note

If your krb5.conf location is different from /etc/krb5.conf you must set it explicitly using the java.security.krb5.conf JVM property in jvm.config file.

Example: -Djava.security.krb5.conf=/example/path/krb5.conf.

Hive Metastore Thrift Service Authentication

In a Kerberized Hadoop cluster, Presto connects to the Hive metastore Thrift service using SASL and authenticates using Kerberos. Kerberos authentication for the metastore is configured in the connector’s properties file using the following properties:

hive.metastore.authentication.type

One of NONE or KERBEROS. When using the default value of NONE, Kerberos authentication is disabled and no other properties need to be configured.

When set to KERBEROS the Hive connector will connect to the Hive metastore Thrift service using SASL and authenticate using Kerberos.

This property is optional; the default is NONE.

hive.metastore.service.principal

The Kerberos principal of the Hive metastore service. The Presto coordinator will use this to authenticate the Hive metastore.

The _HOST placeholder can be used in this property value. When connecting to the Hive metastore, the Hive connector will substitute in the hostname of the metastore server it is connecting to. This is useful if the metastore runs on multiple hosts.

Example: hive/hive-server-host@EXAMPLE.COM or hive/_HOST@EXAMPLE.COM.

This property is optional; no default value.

hive.metastore.client.principal

The Kerberos principal that Presto will use when connecting to the Hive metastore.

The _HOST placeholder can be used in this property value. When connecting to the Hive metastore, the Hive connector will substitute in the hostname of the worker node Presto is running on. This is useful if each worker node has its own Kerberos principal.

Example: presto/presto-server-node@EXAMPLE.COM or presto/_HOST@EXAMPLE.COM.

This property is optional; no default value.

Warning

The principal specified by hive.metastore.client.principal must have sufficient privileges to remove files and directories within the hive/warehouse directory. If the principal does not, only the metadata will be removed, and the data will continue to consume disk space.

This occurs because the Hive metastore is responsible for deleting the internal table data. When the metastore is configured to use Kerberos authentication, all of the HDFS operations performed by the metastore are impersonated. Errors deleting data are silently ignored.

hive.metastore.client.keytab

The path to the keytab file that contains a key for the principal specified by hive.metastore.client.principal. This file must be readable by the operating system user running Presto.

This property is optional; no default value.

Example configuration with NONE authentication

hive.metastore.authentication.type=NONE

The default authentication type for the Hive metastore is NONE. When the authentication type is NONE, Presto connects to an unsecured Hive metastore. Kerberos is not used.

Example configuration with KERBEROS authentication

hive.metastore.authentication.type=KERBEROS
hive.metastore.service.principal=hive/hive-metastore-host.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM
hive.metastore.client.principal=presto@EXAMPLE.COM
hive.metastore.client.keytab=/etc/presto/hive.keytab

When the authentication type for the Hive metastore Thrift service is KERBEROS, Presto will connect as the Kerberos principal specified by the property hive.metastore.client.principal. Presto will authenticate this principal using the keytab specified by the hive.metastore.client.keytab property, and will verify that the identity of the metastore matches hive.metastore.service.principal.

Keytab files must be distributed to every node in the cluster that runs Presto.

Additional Information About Keytab Files.

HDFS Authentication

In a Kerberized Hadoop cluster, Presto authenticates to HDFS using Kerberos. Kerberos authentication for HDFS is configured in the connector’s properties file using the following properties:

hive.hdfs.authentication.type

One of NONE or KERBEROS. When using the default value of NONE, Kerberos authentication is disabled and no other properties need to be configured.

When set to KERBEROS, the Hive connector authenticates to HDFS using Kerberos.

This property is optional; the default is NONE.

hive.hdfs.impersonation.enabled

Enable end-user HDFS impersonation.

The section End User Impersonation gives an in-depth explanation of HDFS impersonation.

This property is optional; the default is false.

hive.hdfs.presto.principal

The Kerberos principal that Presto will use when connecting to HDFS.

The _HOST placeholder can be used in this property value. When connecting to HDFS, the Hive connector will substitute in the hostname of the worker node Presto is running on. This is useful if each worker node has its own Kerberos principal.

Example: presto-hdfs-superuser/presto-server-node@EXAMPLE.COM or presto-hdfs-superuser/_HOST@EXAMPLE.COM.

This property is optional; no default value.

hive.hdfs.presto.keytab

The path to the keytab file that contains a key for the principal specified by hive.hdfs.presto.principal. This file must be readable by the operating system user running Presto.

This property is optional; no default value.

Example configuration with NONE authentication

hive.hdfs.authentication.type=NONE

The default authentication type for HDFS is NONE. When the authentication type is NONE, Presto connects to HDFS using Hadoop’s simple authentication mechanism. Kerberos is not used.

Example configuration with KERBEROS authentication

hive.hdfs.authentication.type=KERBEROS
hive.hdfs.presto.principal=hdfs@EXAMPLE.COM
hive.hdfs.presto.keytab=/etc/presto/hdfs.keytab

When the authentication type is KERBEROS, Presto accesses HDFS as the principal specified by the hive.hdfs.presto.principal property. Presto will authenticate this principal using the keytab specified by the hive.hdfs.presto.keytab keytab.

Keytab files must be distributed to every node in the cluster that runs Presto.

Additional Information About Keytab Files.

HDFS wire encryption

In a Kerberized Hadoop cluster with enabled HDFS wire encryption you can enable Presto to access HDFS by using the hive.hdfs.wire-encryption.enabled property.

Note

Depending on Presto installation configuration, using wire encryption may impact query execution performance.

End User Impersonation

Impersonation Accessing HDFS

Presto can impersonate the end user who is running a query. In the case of a user running a query from the command line interface, the end user is the username associated with the Presto CLI process or argument to the optional --user option. Impersonating the end user can provide additional security when accessing HDFS if HDFS permissions or ACLs are used.

HDFS Permissions and ACLs are explained in the HDFS Permissions Guide.

NONE authentication with HDFS impersonation

hive.hdfs.authentication.type=NONE
hive.hdfs.impersonation.enabled=true

When using NONE authentication with impersonation, Presto impersonates the user who is running the query when accessing HDFS. The user Presto is running as must be allowed to impersonate this user, as discussed in the section Impersonation in Hadoop. Kerberos is not used.

KERBEROS Authentication With HDFS Impersonation

hive.hdfs.authentication.type=KERBEROS
hive.hdfs.impersonation.enabled=true
hive.hdfs.presto.principal=presto@EXAMPLE.COM
hive.hdfs.presto.keytab=/etc/presto/hdfs.keytab

When using KERBEROS authentication with impersonation, Presto impersonates the user who is running the query when accessing HDFS. The principal specified by the hive.hdfs.presto.principal property must be allowed to impersonate this user, as discussed in the section Impersonation in Hadoop. Presto authenticates hive.hdfs.presto.principal using the keytab specified by hive.hdfs.presto.keytab.

Keytab files must be distributed to every node in the cluster that runs Presto.

Additional Information About Keytab Files.

Impersonation Accessing the Hive Metastore

Presto does not currently support impersonating the end user when accessing the Hive metastore.

Impersonation in Hadoop

In order to use NONE authentication with HDFS impersonation or KERBEROS Authentication With HDFS Impersonation, the Hadoop cluster must be configured to allow the user or principal that Presto is running as to impersonate the users who log in to Presto. Impersonation in Hadoop is configured in the file core-site.xml. A complete description of the configuration options can be found in the Hadoop documentation.

Additional Information About Keytab Files

Keytab files contain encryption keys that are used to authenticate principals to the Kerberos KDC. These encryption keys must be stored securely; you should take the same precautions to protect them that you would to protect ssh private keys.

In particular, access to keytab files should be limited to the accounts that actually need to use them to authenticate. In practice, this is the user that the Presto process runs as. The ownership and permissions on keytab files should be set to prevent other users from reading or modifying the files.

Keytab files need to be distributed to every node running Presto. Under common deployment situations, the Hive connector configuration will be the same on all nodes. This means that the keytab needs to be in the same location on every node.

You should ensure that the keytab files have the correct permissions on every node after distributing them.

Authorization

Enable authorization checks for the Hive Connector by setting the hive.security property in the Hive catalog properties file. This property must be one of the following values:

SQL Standard Based Authorization

When sql-standard security is enabled, Presto enforces the same SQL standard based authorization as Hive does.

Because Presto’s ROLE syntax support matches the SQL standard, and Hive does not exactly follow the SQL standard, there are the following limitations and differences:

• CREATE ROLE role WITH ADMIN is not supported.

• The admin role must be enabled to execute CREATE ROLE or DROP ROLE.

• GRANT role TO user GRANTED BY someone is not supported.

• REVOKE role FROM user GRANTED BY someone is not supported.

• By default, all a user’s roles except admin are enabled in a new user session.

• One particular role can be selected by executing SET ROLE role.

• SET ROLE ALL enables all of a user’s roles except admin.

• The admin role must be enabled explicitly by executing SET ROLE admin.

File Based Authorization

The config file is specified using JSON and is composed of three sections, each of which is a list of rules that are matched in the order specified in the config file. The user is granted the privileges from the first matching rule. All regexes default to .* if not specified.

Schema Rules

These rules govern who is considered an owner of a schema.

• user (optional): regex to match against user name.

• schema (optional): regex to match against schema name.

• owner (required): boolean indicating ownership.

Table Rules

These rules govern the privileges granted on specific tables.

• user (optional): regex to match against user name.

• schema (optional): regex to match against schema name.

• table (optional): regex to match against table name.

• privileges (required): zero or more of SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, OWNERSHIP, GRANT_SELECT.

Session Property Rules

These rules govern who may set session properties.

• user (optional): regex to match against user name.

• property (optional): regex to match against session property name.

• allowed (required): boolean indicating whether this session property may be set.

See below for an example.

{
  "schemas": [
    {
      "user": "admin",
      "schema": ".*",
      "owner": true
    },
    {
      "user": "guest",
      "owner": false
    },
    {
      "schema": "default",
      "owner": true
    }
  ],
  "tables": [
    {
      "user": "admin",
      "privileges": ["SELECT", "INSERT", "DELETE", "OWNERSHIP"]
    },
    {
      "user": "banned_user",
      "privileges": []
    },
    {
      "schema": "default",
      "table": ".*",
      "privileges": ["SELECT"]
    }
  ],
  "sessionProperties": [
    {
      "property": "force_local_scheduling",
      "allow": true
    },
    {
      "user": "admin",
      "property": "max_split_size",
      "allow": true
    }
  ]
}

Ranger Based Authorization

Apache Ranger is a widely used framework for providing centralized security administration and management. Ranger supports various components plugin to allow authorization policy management and verification by integrating with components. Ranger Hive plugin is used to extend authorization for Hive clients such as Beeline. Presto ranger plugin for Hive connector can be integrated with Ranger as a access control system to perform authorization for presto hive connector queries configure with polices defined Ranger Hive component . When a query is submitted to Presto, Presto parses and analyzes the query to understand the privileges required by the user to access objects such as schemas and tables. Once a list of these objects is created, Presto communicates with the Ranger service to determine if the request is valid. If the request is valid, the query continues to execute. If the request is invalid, because the user does not have the necessary privileges to query an object, an error is returned. Ranger policies are cached in Presto to improve performance.

Authentication is handled outside of Ranger, for example using LDAP, and Ranger uses the authenticated user and user groups to associate with the policy definition.

Requirements

Before you configure Presto for any integration with Apache Ranger, verify the following prerequisites:

Presto coordinator and workers have the appropriate network access to communicate with the Ranger service. Typically this is port 6080.

Apache Ranger 2.1.0 or higher must be used

Policies

A policy is a combination of set of resources and the associated privileges. Ranger provides a user interface, or optionally a REST API, to create and manage these access control policies.

Users, groups, and roles

Apache Ranger has UserGroups sync mechanism by which Users, groups, and roles are sourced from your configured authentication system with Apache Ranger.

Supported authorizations

Ranger Hive service allows to configure privileges at schema, table, column level. Note to restrict access to specific user and groups ranger policies needs to configure with explict deny conditions.

Access for listing schema, show tables metadata & configuring session properties are enabled by default.

Configuration properties