Supported field types

You can specify data types for your fields when creating a mapping. The following table lists all data field types that OpenSearch supports.

Category	Field types and descriptions
Alias	alias: An additional name for an existing field.
Binary	binary: A binary value in Base64 encoding.
Numeric	A numeric value (`byte`, `double`, `float`, `half_float`, `integer`, `long`, unsigned_long, `scaled_float`, `short`).
Boolean	boolean: A Boolean value.
Date	date: A date stored in milliseconds. date_nanos: A date stored in nanoseconds.
IP	ip: An IP address in IPv4 or IPv6 format.
Range	A range of values (`integer_range`, `long_range`, `double_range`, `float_range`, `date_range`, `ip_range`).
Object	object: A JSON object. nested: Used when objects in an array need to be indexed independently as separate documents. flat_object: A JSON object treated as a string. join: Establishes a parent-child relationship between documents in the same index.
String	keyword: Contains a string that is not analyzed. text: Contains a string that is analyzed. token_count: Stores the number of analyzed tokens in a string.
Autocomplete	completion: Provides autocomplete functionality through a completion suggester. search_as_you_type: Provides search-as-you-type functionality using both prefix and infix completion.
Geographic	geo_point: A geographic point. geo_shape: A geographic shape.
Rank	Boosts or decreases the relevance score of documents (`rank_feature`, `rank_features`).
k-NN vector	Allows indexing a k-NN vector into OpenSearch and performing different kinds of k-NN search.
Percolator	percolator: Specifies to treat this field as a query.

Arrays

There is no dedicated array field type in OpenSearch. Instead, you can pass an array of values into any field. All values in the array must have the same field type.

PUT testindex1/_doc/1
{
  "number": 1 
}
PUT testindex1/_doc/2
{
  "number": [1, 2, 3] 
}

Multifields

Multifields are used to index the same field differently. Strings are often mapped as text for full-text queries and keyword for exact-value queries.

Multifields can be created using the fields parameter. For example, you can map a book title to be of type text and keep a title.raw subfield of type keyword.

PUT books
{
  "mappings" : {
    "properties" : {
      "title" : {
        "type" : "text",
        "fields" : {
          "raw" : {
            "type" : "keyword"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Null value

Setting a field’s value to null, an empty array, or an array of null values makes this field equivalent to an empty field. Therefore, you cannot search for documents that have null in this field.

To make a field searchable for null values, you can specify its null_value parameter in the index’s mappings. Then, all null values passed to this field will be replaced with the specified null_value.

The null_value parameter must be of the same type as the field. For example, if your field is a string, the null_value for this field must also be a string.

Example

Create a mapping to replace null values in the emergency_phone field with the string “NONE”:

PUT testindex
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "name": {
        "type": "keyword"
      },
      "emergency_phone": {
        "type": "keyword",
        "null_value": "NONE" 
      }
    }
  }
}

Index three documents into testindex. The emergency_phone fields of documents 1 and 3 contain null, while the emergency_phone field of document 2 has an empty array:

PUT testindex/_doc/1
{
  "name": "Akua Mansa",
  "emergency_phone": null
}

PUT testindex/_doc/2
{
  "name": "Diego Ramirez",
  "emergency_phone" : []
}

PUT testindex/_doc/3 
{
  "name": "Jane Doe",
  "emergency_phone": [null, null]
}

Search for people who do not have an emergency phone:

GET testindex/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "emergency_phone": "NONE"
    }
  }
}

The response contains documents 1 and 3 but not document 2 because only explicit null values are replaced with the string “NONE”:

{
  "took" : 1,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 2,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : 0.18232156,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "testindex",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "1",
        "_score" : 0.18232156,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "Akua Mansa",
          "emergency_phone" : null
        }
      },
      {
        "_index" : "testindex",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "3",
        "_score" : 0.18232156,
        "_source" : {
          "name" : "Jane Doe",
          "emergency_phone" : [
            null,
            null
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

The _source field still contains explicit null values because it is not affected by the null_value.