灵活的价格体系

灵活的价格体系

Some companies are notorious for their complicated pricelists. Many forms of price variation are used, such as end-of-year refunds, discounts, change of terms and conditions with time, various prepayments, cascaded rebates, seasonal promotions, and progressive price reductions.

注解

Rebate, Refund, Reduction

In some accounting jurisdictions you have to differentiate between the three following terms:

Rebate: reimbursement to the client, usually at the end of the year, that depends on the quantity of goods purchased over a period.
Refund: reduction on the order line or invoice line if a certain quantity of goods is purchased at one time or is sold in a framework of a promotional activity.
Reduction: a one-off reduction resulting from a quality defect or a variation in a product’s conformance to a specification.

Intelligent price management is difficult, because it requires you to integrate several conditions from clients and suppliers to create estimates quickly or to invoice automatically. But if you have an efficient price management mechanism you can often keep margins raised and respond quickly to changes in market conditions. A good price management system gives you scope for varying any and all of the relevant factors when you are negotiating a contract.

To help you work most effectively, OpenERP’s pricelist principles are extremely powerful yet are based on simple and generic rules. You can develop both sales pricelists and purchase pricelists for products capable of accommodating conditions such as the date period, the quantity requested and the type of product.

小技巧

Do not confuse the Different Price Specifications

Do not confuse the sales price with the basic price of the product. In OpenERP’s basic configuration, the sales price is the list price specified in the product form, but a customer can have a different sales price depending on the conditions.

The same applies to the purchase price and standard cost. Purchase price is your suppliers’ selling price, which changes in response to different criteria such as quantities, dates, and supplier. This is automatically set by the accounting system. You will find that the two prices have been set by default to the same for all products with the demonstration data, which can be a source of confusion. You are free to set the standard cost to something different.

Each pricelist is calculated from defined policies, so you will have as many sales pricelists as active sales policies in the company. For example, a company that sells products through three sales channels could create the following price lists:

Main distribution:

pricelist for Walbury,

pricelist for TesMart,

Postal Sales.

Walk-in customers.

A single pricelist can exist in several versions, only one of which is permitted to be active at a given time. These versions let you set different prices at different points in time. So the pricelist for walk-in customers could have five different versions, for example: Autumn, Summer, Summer Sales, Winter, Spring. Direct customers will see prices that change with the seasons.

Each pricelist is expressed in a single currency. If your company sells products in several currencies, you will have to create as many pricelists as you have currencies.

The prices on a pricelist can depend on another list, which means that you do not have to repeat the definition of all conditions for each product. So a pricelist in USD can be based on a pricelist in EUR. If the currency conversion rates between EUR and USD change, or the EUR prices change, the USD rates can be automatically adjusted.

创建价格表

You can define a pricelist from the menu Sales ‣ Configuration ‣ Pricelists ‣ Pricelists.

For each list you should define:

a Name for the list,
a Type of list: Sale for customers or Purchase for suppliers,
the Currency in which the prices are expressed.

价格表版本

Once the pricelist is defined you have to link at least one version. You can create a new version directly from the pricelist or from the Sales ‣ Configuration ‣ Pricelists ‣ Pricelist Versions menu. The version contains all of the rules that enable you to calculate a price for a product and a given quantity.

Start by setting the Name of this associated version. If the list only has a single version, you can use the same name for the pricelist and the version. In the Price List field, select the pricelist you created (this is not necessary if you create the version directly from the pricelist).

Then set the Start Date and End Date of this version. The fields are both optional: if you do not set any dates the version will be permanently active. Only one version may be active at any one point, so bear this in mind when creating them. Use the Active field in the versions to activate or disable a pricelist version.

注解

Automatically Updating the Sales Pricelist

Any sales pricelist can be set to depend on one of the other pricelists. So you could create your sales pricelist based on the supplier’s purchase pricelist, to which you add a margin. The prices are automatically calculated as a function of the purchase price and need no further manual adjustment.

定价规则

A pricelist version is made up of a set of rules that apply to the basic product prices.

Rule in a Pricelist Version

You define the conditions for a rule in the first part of the screen labelled Rules Test Match. The rule applies to the Product or Product Template and/or the named Product Category. If a rule is applied to a category, then it is automatically applied to all of its subcategories too (using the tree structure for product categories).

If you set a minimum quantity in Min. Quantity, the rule will only apply to a quantity equal to or larger than the quantity set. This way, you can define reduced rates in steps according to the quantities ordered.

Several rules can be applied to an order. OpenERP evaluates these rules by sequence number, to determine which rule(s) to apply to the specified price calculation. If several rules are valid, only the first in sequence is used for the calculation. The Sequence field determines the order, starting with the lowest number and working up.

Once a rule has been selected, the system has to determine how to calculate the price from the rule. This operation is based on the criteria set out in the lower part of the form, labelled Price Computation.

The first field to complete is Based on. Set the way in which the partner price will be calculated, choosing between:

the Public Price set in the product file,
the Cost Price set in the product file,
an Other Pricelist given in the field If Other Pricelist,
the price that varies as a function of a supplier defined in the Partner section of the product form.

Several other criteria can be considered and added to the list, as you will see in the following section.

Next, various operations can be applied to the basic price to calculate the sales or purchase price for the partner, according to the specified quantities. To calculate it, you apply the formula shown on the form: Price = Base Price x (1 + Field1) + Field2 .

The first field, Field1, defines a discount or a supplement. Set it to -0.20 for a discount of 20% from the basic price. If your price is based on standard cost, you can set 0.15 to get a 15% price uplift compared to the standard costs.

Field2 sets a fixed supplement to the price, expressed in the currency of the pricelist. This amount is just added (or subtracted, if negative) to the amount calculated with the Field1 discount.

Then you can specify a rounding method. The rounding calculation is carried out to the nearest number. For example if you set 0.05 in this example, a price of 45.66 will be rounded to 45.65, and 14,567 rounded to 100 will give a price of 14,600.

注解

Swiss Special Situation

In Switzerland, the smallest monetary unit is 5 cents. There are not any 1 or 2 cent coins. So you set OpenERP’s rounding to 0.05 to round everything in a Swiss franc pricelist.

The supplement from Field2 is applied before the rounding calculation, which enables some interesting effects. For example, if you want all your prices to end in 9.99, set your rounding to 10 and your supplement to -0.01 in Field2.

Minimum and Maximum margins enable you to guarantee a given margin over the base price. A margin of 10 USD enables you to stop the discount from returning less than that margin. If you put 0 into this field, no effect is taken into account.

Once the pricelist is defined, you can assign it to a partner. Go to the Partner form and select its Sales & Purchases tab. You can then change the Purchase Pricelist and the Sale Pricelist that is loaded by default for the partner.

小数精度

There are several configuration settings related to the decimal accuracy of prices, or the number of decimal places to hold with each price field. To change the accuracy of a field, follow these steps:

Make sure you have the Extended user interface. The setting is in your user preferences.
Go to Administration ‣ Customization ‣ Database Structure ‣ Decimal Accuracy. This list contains a number of predefined elements.
Open the entry you want to change. Purchase Price and Sale Price are the most common ones related to prices, but some fields are controlled by the Account entry.
Type a new value in the digits field, and save the entry. Do not change the description in the Usage field, or it will stop working.
Close the screen where you were editing prices and reopen it. The price field should now have the number of digits you asked for.

价格表应用示例

Take the case of an IT systems trading company, for which the following product categories have been configured:

所有产品

配件

打印机

扫描仪

键鼠与耳麦

台式电脑

笔记本

一体机

台式电脑

办公用台式机

专业台式机

In addition, the products presented in the table below are defined in the currency of the installed chart of accounts.

表格

Examples of products with their different prices
产品	销售价	成本价	采购价
Acclo 笔记本	1,200	887	893
Toshibishi 笔记本	1,340	920	920
Berrel 键盘	100	50	50
办公台式机	1,400	1,000	1,000

默认价格表

OpenERP 默认的价格表

When you install the software, two pricelists are created by default: one for sales and one for purchases. Each of them contains only one pricelist version and only one line in that version.

The price for sales defined in the Default Public Pricelist is set by default to the Public Price of the product, which is the Sales Price in the Product form.

The price for purchases defined in the Default Purchase Pricelist is set by default in the same way to the Cost Price of the product.

商贸类公司

Take the case of a trading company, where the sales price for resellers can be defined like this:

For portable computers, the sale price is calculated from the list price of the supplier Acclo, with a supplement of 23% on the cost of purchase.
For all other products the sales price is given by the standard cost in the product file, to which 31% is added. The price should end in .99 .
The sales price of Berrel keyboards is fixed at 60 for a minimum quantity of 5 keyboards purchased. Otherwise it uses the rule above.
Assume that the Acclo pricelist is defined in OpenERP. The pricelist for resellers and the pricelist version then contains three lines:
1. Acclo line:
  - Product Category : Portables ,
  - Based on : Other pricelist ,
  - Pricelist if other : Acclo pricelist ,
  - Field1 : 0.23 ,
  - Priority : 1 .
2. Berrel Keyboard line:
  - Product Template : Berrel Keyboard ,
  - Min. Quantity : 5 ,
  - Field1 : 1.0 ,
  - Field2 : 60 ,
  - Priority : 2 .
3. Other products line:
  - Based on: Standard Price ,
  - Field1 : 0.31 ,
  - Field2 : -0.01 ,
  - Rounding : 1.0 .
  - Priority : 3.

It is important that the priority of the second rule is set below the priority of the third in this example. If it were the other way around, the third rule would always be applied, because a quantity of 5 is always greater than a quantity of 1 for all products.

Also note that to fix a price of 60 for the 5 Berrel Keyboards, the formula Price = Base Price x (1 + 1.0) + 60 has been used.

建立客户合同条件

The trading company can now set specific conditions to a customer, such as the company TinAtwo, who might have signed a valid contract with the following conditions:

For Toshibishi portables, TinAtwo benefits from a discount of 5% of resale price.
For all other products, the resale conditions are unchanged.

The sales price for TinAtwo, called TinAtwo contract, contains two rules:

Toshibishi portable :

Product : Toshibishi Portable ,

Based on : Other pricelist ,

Pricelist if other : Reseller pricelist ,

Field1 : 0.05 ,

Priority : 1 .

Other Products:

Product :

Based on : Other pricelist ,

Pricelist if other : Reseller pricelist ,

Priority : 2 .

Once this list has been entered, you should look up the partner form of TinAtwo again. Click the Sales & Purchases tab to set the Sale Pricelist field to TinAtwo Contract. If the contract is only valid for one year, do not forget to set the Start Date and End Date fields in the Pricelist Version.

Then when salespeople prepare an estimate for TinAtwo, the prices proposed will automatically be calculated from the contract conditions.

价格表和币种管理

If your trading company wants to start a product catalog in a new currency you can handle this several ways:

Enter the prices in a new independent pricelist and maintain the lists in the two currencies separately,
Create a field in the product form for this new currency and make the new pricelist depend on this field: prices are then maintained separately, but in the product file,
Create a new pricelist for the second currency and make it depend on another pricelist or on the product price: the conversion between the currencies will then be done automatically at the prevailing currency conversion rate.