发票

在 OpenERP 中，发票管理包含以下部分：

• 客户发票

• 供应商发票

• 客户信用证或客户退款

• 顾客信用证或供应商退款

这四类发票在系统中是同一对象，仅仅只是发票类型与界面展现方式不一样。

四种类型的发票分别对应四个不同的菜单项。打开的窗体中窗体名称可以区别现在处于什么样类型的发票界面下。

注解

发票类型

多种类型的发票使用同一发票对象，具有以下两种好处：

• 在公司间发票的多公司环境下，公司的顾客的发票同时也是另一间公司的供应商发票。

• This enables you to work and search for all invoices from the same menu. If you are looking for an invoicing history, OpenERP provides both supplier and customer invoices in the same list, as well as credit notes.

注解

凭证

贷方票据就是一份可以凭以取消发票或发票的部分金额的证明文件。

To access customer invoices in OpenERP, use the menu Accounting ‣ Customers ‣ Customer Invoices, and for supplier invoices, use the menu Accounting ‣ Suppliers ‣ Supplier Invoices.

Most of the time, invoices are generated automatically by OpenERP as they are generated from other processes in the system. So it is not usually necessary to create them manually, but simply approve or validate them. OpenERP uses the following different ways of generating invoices:

• from Supplier or Customer Orders,

• 来自收据或配货，

• 来自工作开展（工作时间表，参见 人力资源管理的关键特性），

• 来自完成的任务（参见 驱动项目），

• from fee charges or other rechargeable expenses (see 提供高质量服务).

The different processes generate Draft invoices. These must then be approved by a suitable system user and sent to the customer. The different invoicing methods are detailed in the following sections and chapters.

It is also possible to enter invoices manually. This is usually done for invoices that are not associated with an order (usually purchase orders) or Credit Notes. Also, if the system has not been configured correctly you might need to edit the invoice before sending it to the customer.

For example, if you have not realized that the customer is tax-exempt, the invoice you generate from an order will contain tax at the normal rates. It is then possible to edit this out of the invoice before validating it.

录入客户发票

OpenERP中由发票相关的凭证数据生成原理很简单，不需要财务人员参与便可以生成相关的发票。这样就能保证业务单据以及相关税收信息能及时返馈给财务系统。

同时，财务人员可以根据生成的会计分录结合企业实际做再次的数据调整。

Start by manually entering a customer invoice. Use Accounting ‣ Customers ‣ Customer Invoices and click on New button for this.

按下面图示信息录入一张草稿状态的发票。

录入新发票

文档由三个部分组成：

• 发票的上部是客户信息，

• 发票的主体是发票行的详细信息，

• the bottom of the page, with detail about the taxes, and the totals.

To enter a document in OpenERP, you should always fill in fields in the order they appear on screen. Doing it this way means that some of the later fields are filled in automatically from the selections made in earlier fields. So select the Customer, and the following fields are completed automatically:

• the invoice address corresponds to the customer contact that was given the address type of Invoice in the partner form (or otherwise the address type of Default),

• the partner account corresponds to the account given in the Accounting which is found in a tab of the partner form,

• a specific or a default payment condition can be defined for this partner in the Accounting tab of the partner form. Payment conditions are generated by rules for the payment of the invoice. For example: 50% in 21 days and 50% in 60 days from the end of the month.

注解

属性字段

The Properties fields on the Partner form or the Product form are multi-company fields. The value that the user sees in these fields depends on the company that the user works for.

If you work in a multi-company environment that is using one database, you have several charts of accounts. Asset and liability accounts for a partner depend on the company that the user works for.

小技巧

Seeing Partner Relationships

你能够从这些特定的OpenERP关系字段获得更多信息。

• In the web client in read-only mode, a relation is commonly a hyperlink - it takes you to the main form for that entity, with all of the actions and links.

• In the web client in edit mode you can right-click in the field to get a context menu with links and other options.

• And in the GTK client you can right-click the field to get that same context menu.

So one way or another you can rapidly reach the partner’s:

• 当前销售和采购（信息），

• CRM需求，

• 未结发票，

• 财务记录，

• 应付和应收账户。

You can add more detailed additional information to the invoice and select the currency that you want to invoice in.

Once the invoice heading is saved, you must enter the different invoice lines. You could use either of the two techniques:

• 完全手动输入整个字段。

• use a product to complete the different fields automatically.

小技巧

发票行描述

The invoice line description is more of a title than a comment. If you want to add more detailed comments you can use the field in the second tab Notes.

So select the product Basic PC in the product field in an invoice line. The following fields are then completed automatically:

• Description : this comes from the product, in the language of the partner,

• Account : determined by the purchase or sales account defined in the product properties. If no account is specified in the product form, OpenERP uses the properties of the category that the product is associated with.

• Unit of Measure : this is defined by default in the product form,

• Unit Price : this is given by the sales price in the product form and is expressed without taxes,

• Taxes : provided by the product form and the partner form.

小技巧

管理含税价格

By default, OpenERP invoices and processes the price without taxes – they are managed as a separate amount. OpenERP can manage tax inclusive prices when you check the Tax Included in Price field true when configuring the tax.

注解

Information about the Product

When you are entering invoice data, it can sometimes be useful to get hold of more information about the product you are invoicing. Since you are already in edit mode, you would use a right mouse-click on the Product field (in both the web and the GTK clients). Then select the available reports. OpenERP provides three standard reports about the product:

• forecasts of future stock,

• product cost structure,

• location of the product in your warehouses.

You can enter several invoice lines and modify the values that are automatically completed by OpenERP.

Once the invoice lines have been entered, you can click Compute Taxes on the invoice to get the following information:

• details of tax calculated,

• tax rate,

• total taxes,

• total price.

In the Taxes area at the bottom left of the invoice you will find the details of the totals calculated for different tax rates used in the invoice.

小技巧

Tax Calculations

You can double-click one of the lines in the tax summary areas in the invoice.

OpenERP then shows you the detail of the tax charges which will form your tax declaration at the end of the period.

It shows you the total that will be computed in the different parts of the legal declaration. This enables you to manage the declaration in OpenERP automatically.

Detail of tax charges on an invoice

Before approving the invoice you can modify the date and the accounting period, which are entered by default as today’s date. These fields are found on the second tab Other Info.

注解

Invoice Layout

If you want to make your invoice layout more elaborate you can install the module account_invoice_layout. This enables you to add various elements between the lines such as subtotals, sections, separators and notes.

Click Validate when you want to approve the invoice. It moves from the Draft state to the Open state.

When you have validated an invoice, OpenERP gives it a unique number from a defined sequence. By default it takes the form Journal Code/Year/Sequence Number for example, SAJ/2010/005 . You cannot modify an invoice number, but instead, you should modify the sequence numbers through the menu Administration ‣ Configuration ‣ Sequences ‣ Sequences.

Accounting entries corresponding to this invoice are automatically generated when you approve the invoice. You see the details by clicking the entry in the Journal Entry field and searching there for the account moves generated by that invoice number.

税的管理

Details on the product form determine the selection of applicable taxes for an invoice line. By default, OpenERP takes account of all the taxes defined in the product form.

Take the case of the following product

• Applicable taxes:

  • TVA: 19.6% type TVA

  • DEEE: 5.5, type DEEE

注解

DEEE Tax

The DEEE tax (disposal of electronic and electrical equipment) is an ecological tax that was imposed in France from 2009. It is applied to batteries to finance their recycling and is a fixed sum that is applied to the before-tax amount on the invoice.

If you trade with a company in your own country, and your country has a DEEE-type tax, the applicable taxes for this invoice could be:

• DEEE: 5.5,

• TVA: 19.6%.

If you sell to a customer in another company in the community (intracommunity), instead, then tax is not charged. In the partner form, in the tab Accounting, the field Fiscal Position maintains information whether the customer is within the region or not. When you create an invoice for this customer, OpenERP will calculate the following taxes on the product:

• DEEE: 5.5,

• TVA intracommunity: 0%.

If you have not entered the parameters in the customer form correctly, OpenERP will suggest incorrect taxes in the invoice. That is not a real issue, because you can always modify the information directly in the invoice before approving it.

小技巧

临时发票

When you create an invoice for a product that will only be bought or sold once, you do not have to encode a new product. Instead, you will have to provide quite a bit of information manually on the invoice line:

• sales price,

• applicable taxes,

• account,

• product description.

取消发票

By default, OpenERP will not allow you to cancel an invoice once it has been approved. Since accounting entries have been created, you theoretically cannot go back and delete them. However, in some cases, it is more convenient to cancel an invoice when there is an error than to produce a credit note and reconcile the two entries. Your attitude to this will be influenced by current legislation in your accounting jurisdiction and your adherence to accounting purity.

OpenERP accommodates either approach. Install the account_cancel module. Then allow cancelling an invoice by checking the box Allow Cancelling Entries in the Journal corresponding to this invoice. You will then be allowed to cancel the invoice if the following two conditions are met:

1. The accounting entries have not been reconciled or paid: if they have, then you will have to cancel the reconciliation first.

2. The accounting period or the fiscal year has not already been closed: if it is closed then no modification is possible.

Cancelling an invoice has the effect of automatically modifying the corresponding accounting entries.

To be able to cancel invoices, you should install the module account_cancel. You can cancel an invoice if the Allow Cancelling Entries function has been activated in the journal and the entries have not yet been reconciled. You could then move it from Cancelled to the Draft state to modify it and regenerate it.

小技巧

编号发票（中国大陆可能是叫增值税发票，请熟悉财务的OpenERPer帮忙）

Some countries require you to have contiguously numbered invoices (that is, with no break in the sequence). If, after cancelling an invoice that you are not regenerating, you find yourself with a break in the numbering you would have to go and modify the sequence, redo the invoice and replace the sequence number with its original value.

You can control the sequences using the menu Administration ‣ Configuration ‣ Sequences ‣ Sequences.

Cancelling an invoice will cause a break in the number sequence of your invoices. You are strongly advised to recreate this invoice and re-approve it to fill the hole in the numbering if you can.

小技巧

复制文档

The duplication function can be applied to all the system documents: you can duplicate anything – a product, an order, or a delivery.

注解

复制发票

Instead of entering a new invoice each time, you can base an invoice on a similar preceding one and duplicate it. To do this, first search for a suitable existing invoice. In the web client, show the invoice in read-only (non-editable) form view, then click Duplicate. In the GTK client, select Form ‣ Duplicate from the top menu.

The duplication creates a new invoice in the Draft state. That enables you to modify it before approving it. Duplicating documents in OpenERP is an intelligent function, which enables the duplicated invoice to be given its own sequence number, today’s date, and the draft state, even if the preceding invoice has been paid.

注解

Saving Partner Preferences

OpenERP has many functions to help you enter data quickly. If you invoice the same products frequently for the same partner you can save the last invoice preferences using conditional default values.

To test this functionality, create an invoice for a partner and add some lines (from the GTK client). Then right-click on the Invoice Line field and select Set Default. Check the box that indicates this default should apply only to you.

Then the next time you create an invoice, these invoice lines will be automatically created and you will only have to modify the quantities before confirming the invoice.

For taxes, you could put the default amount in the invoice lines (in France it would be 19.6%, in Belgium 21%, in the UK 17.5% or 15%). Doing this, you will not forget to add tax when you are manually entering invoices.

(The capabilities of the GTK client are more extensive than those of the web client. You can set defaults for multiple lines in the GTK client but only a single line in the web client, so you need to be quite sure what is possible before you use this functionality routinely.)

注解

Getting Information by Navigating to it

As you are creating an invoice you will often find you need extra information about the partner to help you complete the invoice. As described earlier, you can navigate to other information linked to this partner by right-clicking, such as:

• Monthly Turnover

• Benefit Details,

• Most Recent Invoices,

• Latest Orders - Sales Order, Purchase Order.

Do the same to get information about the products you are invoicing. For example: is there enough stock? When will you be getting more stocks in? What are the costs and normal list prices for this product?

By making this information easily accessible while you are invoicing, OpenERP greatly simplifies your work in creating the invoice.

创建供应商发票

The form that manages supplier invoices is very similar to the one for customer invoices. However, it has been adapted to simplify rapid data entry and monitoring of the amounts recorded.

小技巧

录入数据

Many companies do not enter data on supplier invoices, but simply enter accounting data corresponding to the purchase journal.

This particularly applies to users that have focused on the accounting system rather than all the capabilities provided by an ERP system. The two approaches reach the same accounting result: some prefer one and others prefer the other depending on their skills.

However, when you use the Purchase Management functions in OpenERP you should work directly on invoices because they are provided from Purchase Orders or Goods Receipt documents.

创建新的供应商发票，请进菜单项：会计(Accounting) ‣ 供应商(Suppliers) ‣ 供应商发票(Supplier Invoices)。

Everything is similar to the customer invoice, starting with the Journal unless the default is acceptable, and then the Supplier, which will automatically complete the following fields

• Invoice Address,

• 合作伙伴“账户”。

Unlike the customer invoice, you do not have to enter payment conditions – simply a Due Date if you want one. If you do not give a due date, OpenERP assumes that this invoice will be paid in cash. If you want to enter more complete payment conditions than just the due date, you can use the Payment Term field which you can find on the second tab Other Info.

You must also enter the invoice Total with taxes included. OpenERP uses this amount to check whether all invoice lines have been entered correctly before it will let you validate the invoice.

Indicate the Currency if the invoice is not going to use the default currency, then you can enter the Invoice lines.

Just like the customer invoice, you have the choice of entering all the information manually or use a product to complete many of the fields automatically. When you enter a product, all of the following values are completed automatically:

• the product Account is completed from the properties of the product form or the Category of the product if nothing is defined on the product itself,

• the Taxes come from the product form and/or the partner form, based on the same principles as the customer invoice,

• the Quantity is set at 1 by default but can be changed manually,

• set the Unit Price from the total price you are quoted after deducting all the different applicable taxes,

Click Compute Taxes to ensure that the totals correspond to those indicated on the paper invoice from the supplier. When you approve the invoice, OpenERP verifies that the total amount indicated in the header corresponds to the sum of the amounts without tax on the invoice lines and the different applicable taxes.

OpenERP automatically completes the Date Invoiced and the accounting period.

注解

日期和会计期间

Accounting periods are treated as legal period declarations. For example, a tax declaration for an invoice depends on the accounting period and not on the date of invoicing.

Depending on whether your declarations are made monthly or quarterly, the fiscal year contains either twelve or four accounting periods.

The dates are shown in the document you created in the accounting system. They are used for calculating due dates.

The two pieces of information do not have to have the same date. If, for example, you receive an invoice dated 5th January which relates to goods or services supplied before 31st December, the invoice may be coded into the December accounting period and thus be recognized in that period for the tax declaration, while the invoice can remain 5th January which remains the basis of the due date for payment.

You can find that the amounts do not correspond with what your supplier has given you on paper for reasons that can include:

• 供应商造成计算错误（偏差），

• 使用不同方法圆整（近似）金额。

小技巧

圆整（近似）税

It often happens that a supplier adds 1 to the total because the tax calculation has been rounded upwards. Some tax amounts are not valid because of this rounding.

For example, it is impossible to arrive at the amount of 145.50 if you are working to a precision of 2 decimal places and a rate of 19.6%:

• 121.65 x 1.196 = 145.49

• 121.66 x 1.196 = 145.51

In this case you can modify a value in the lines that the total is based on, or the total amount of taxes at the bottom left of the form: both are editable so that you can modify them to adjust the total.

When the totals tally, you can validate the invoice. OpenERP then generates the corresponding accounting entries. You can manage those entries using the Account fields on the invoice and on each of the invoice lines.

欠款单据/ 偿还

Entering a customer credit note is almost identical to entering a customer invoice. You just start from the menu Accounting ‣ Customers ‣ Customer Refunds.

Similarly, entering a supplier credit note is the same as that of the supplier invoice, and so you use the menu Accounting ‣ Suppliers ‣ Supplier Refunds.

It is easy to generate a credit note quickly from an existing invoice. To do this, select a customer or supplier invoice which is in Open or Paid state and click the Refund button. OpenERP opens a new payment invoice form for you in the Draft state so that you can modify it before approval.

小技巧

Crediting Several Invoices

You can credit more than one customer invoice using the menu Accounting ‣ Customers ‣ Customer Payment. You can find the Invoices and outstanding transactions and Credits for the particular customers. Enter the amount in the field Paid Amount and validate it.

支付

An invoice is automatically marked as Paid by OpenERP once invoice entries have been reconciled with payment entries. You yourself do not have to mark the invoices as paid: OpenERP manages that when you reconcile your payments.

小技巧

核销信用证

Generally, you reconcile the invoice’s accounting entries with their payment(s). But you can also reconcile an invoice with the entries from the corresponding credit note instead, to mutually cancel them.

You have seen the Payment button in the invoice form which is in Open state. This lets you enter payments and get entries reconciled very quickly.

You can also manage the payment of invoices when you are entering bank statements and cash transactions. These allow better control of financial transactions and permit greater flexibility in areas such as:

• 发票预付以及部分支付处理，

• payment of several invoices by several payments,

• fine-grained management of different due dates on the same invoices,

• management of adjustments if there are different amounts to those on the invoice.