物料清单(BOM)和部件

使用 BOM

物料清单是制造某产成品所使用的材料清单. 为了说明规范的概念, 你将根据生产规划图来制作一个架子（或柜子） Plan of Construction of a Shelf.

Plan of Construction of a Shelf

The shelf is assembled from raw materials and intermediate assemblies. The Image Code refers to the picture, the Product Reference is the corresponding code in OpenERP.

Change the unit of the Wood Lintel 4m (LIN40) product to m instead of PCE.

小技巧

复制

To create the above products, duplicate existing ones, such as Side Panel and Wood 2mm, from the Purchase or Sales menu Purchases ‣ Products ‣ Products.

To describe how this shelf should be assembled, you define a bill of materials for each intermediate product and for the final shelf assembly. These are shown in the tables below. You can start from the demo data and complete them according to the specifications. To create or change a bill of materials, go to Manufacturing ‣ Master Data ‣ Bill of Materials.

The bills of materials are then used by the software to calculate the raw material needs based on the requirements of the finished products. So if you want to manufacture 10 shelves, the system can calculate the actual products that will be consumed:

小技巧

物料清单

To see the bill of materials in tree view, use the menu Manufacturing ‣ Master Data ‣ Bill of Materials then select the product and click the action BOM Structure.

Bill of Materials structure

Use the menu Manufacturing ‣ Master Data ‣ Bill of Materials and click the New button to define a new bill of materials.

小技巧

The Different Views

To change the view in the bill of materials you can:

• From the list, select a bill of materials name and then click Form View,

• From a product form, use the menu Product BoM Structure to the right.

Defining a Bill of Materials (Extended view)

In the Product field of the bill of materials, you should set the finished product, which will be manufactured or assembled. Once the product has been selected, OpenERP automatically completes the name of the bill of materials and the default Unit of Measure for this product.

The type of BoM (BoM Type : Sets/Phantom or Normal BoM) and the Routing field will be described in more detail later in the chapter.

Now you can select the raw materials (Components) that are used to manufacture the finished product. The quantities are set out based on the quantities of finished product and the quantities needed to produce them from the bill of materials.

The second tab, Revisions, is used to register all the changes made to the bill of materials. On each change, you can specify a revision number and some notes on the modifications you carried out.

注解

Simplified View

The Revisions tab is only visible if the user works in the Extended view mode (which means that the user should belong to the group Useability / Extended View .

Revisions of a Bill of Materials (Extended view)

In the third tab, Properties, you can put a free text reference to a plan, a sequence number that is used to determine the priorities between bills of materials, dates between which a bill of materials is valid, and values for rounding and production efficiency.

Properties of a Bill of Materials

Rounding is used to set the smallest Unit of Measure in which the quantities of the selected product can be expressed. So if you set the rounding to 1.00, you will not be able to manufacture half a piece. The Efficiency of the product lets you indicate the percentage you lose during manufacturing. This loss can be defined for the finished product or for each raw materials (components) line. The impact of this efficiency figure is that OpenERP will reserve more raw materials for manufacturing than you would otherwise use just from the Bill of Materials calculations.

The final part of the third tab lets you set some properties for the product’s manufacturing processes. These will be detailed further on in the chapter in the section about configurable products.

多层次BOM

In OpenERP, each line of a bill of materials may itself be a bill of materials. This allows you to define BoMs with several levels. Instead of defining several BoMs for the shelf in the figure Plan of Construction of a Shelf, you could define the single bill of materials below:

OpenERP behaves differently depending on whether the bill of materials is defined in several small BoMs each on a single level or in one BoM tree-structured on several levels.

If you select a BoM using intermediate products that automatically generates production orders based on calculated requirements, OpenERP will propose to manufacture an intermediate product. To manufacture a shelf according to the different bills of materials defined, you would create 6 production orders:

In the case where a single bill of materials is defined in multiple levels, a single manufacturing order will be generated for each shelf, including all of the sub BoMs. You would then get the following production order:

虚拟件BOM

If a finished product is defined using intermediate products that are themselves defined using other BoMs, OpenERP will propose to manufacture each intermediate product. This will result in several production orders. If you only want a single production order, you can define a single BoM with several levels.

Sometimes, however, it may be useful to define the intermediate product separately and not as part of a multi-level assembly, even if you do not want separate production orders for intermediate products.

In the example, the intermediate product RCK100 is used in the manufacturing of different shelves (SHE100, SHE200, …). So you would prefer to define a unique BoM for it, even though you do not want any instances of this product to be built, nor would you want to rewrite these elements in a series of different multi-level BoMs.

If you only want a single production order for the complete shelf, and not one for the BoM itself, you can define the BoM line corresponding to product RCK100 in the shelf’s BoM as type Sets/Phantom. Then OpenERP will automatically put RCK100’s BoM contents into the shelf’s production order, even though it has been defined as multi-level.

This way of representing the assembly is very useful, because it allows you to define reusable assembly elements and keep them isolated.

If you define the BoM for the SHE100 shelf in the way shown by the table below, you will get two production orders on confirmation of a sales order, as also shown in the tables.

用于套件/套装的BOM

注解

Sales Bills of Materials

In other software, this is sometimes called a Sales Bill of Materials. In OpenERP, the term Kits/Sets is used, because the effect of the bill of materials is visible not only in sales, but also elsewhere, for example, in the intermediate manufactured products.

Kits/Sets bills of materials enable you to define assemblies that will be sold directly. These could also be used in deliveries and stock management rather than just sold separately. For example, if you deliver the shelf in pieces for self-assembly, set the SHE100 BoM to type Sets / Phantom.

When a salesperson creates an order for a SHE100 product, OpenERP automatically changes the SHE100 from a set of components into an identifiable package for sending to a customer. Then it asks the storesperson to pack 2 SIDEPAN, 1 RPAN100, 4 PROFIL, 3 RCK100. This is described as a SHE100, not just the individual products delivered.