Installing a cluster on Azure in a restricted network

In OKD version 4, you can install a cluster on Microsoft Azure in a restricted network by creating an internal mirror of the installation release content on an existing Azure Virtual Network (VNet).

Prerequisites

• You reviewed details about the OKD installation and update processes.

• You read the documentation on selecting a cluster installation method and preparing it for users.

• You configured an Azure account to host the cluster and determined the tested and validated region to deploy the cluster.

• You mirrored the images for a disconnected installation to your registry and obtained the imageContentSources data for your version of OKD.

  Because the installation media is on the mirror host, you can use that computer to complete all installation steps.

• You have an existing VNet in Azure. While installing a cluster in a restricted network that uses installer-provisioned infrastructure, you cannot use the installer-provisioned VNet. You must use a user-provisioned VNet that satisfies one of the following requirements:

  • The VNet contains the mirror registry

  • The VNet has firewall rules or a peering connection to access the mirror registry hosted elsewhere

• If you use a firewall, you configured it to allow the sites that your cluster requires access to.

• If you use customer-managed encryption keys, you prepared your Azure environment for encryption.

About installations in restricted networks

In OKD 4, you can perform an installation that does not require an active connection to the internet to obtain software components. Restricted network installations can be completed using installer-provisioned infrastructure or user-provisioned infrastructure, depending on the cloud platform to which you are installing the cluster.

If you choose to perform a restricted network installation on a cloud platform, you still require access to its cloud APIs. Some cloud functions, like Amazon Web Service’s Route 53 DNS and IAM services, require internet access. Depending on your network, you might require less internet access for an installation on bare metal hardware, Nutanix, or on VMware vSphere.

To complete a restricted network installation, you must create a registry that mirrors the contents of the OpenShift image registry and contains the installation media. You can create this registry on a mirror host, which can access both the internet and your closed network, or by using other methods that meet your restrictions.

Additional limits

Clusters in restricted networks have the following additional limitations and restrictions:

• The ClusterVersion status includes an Unable to retrieve available updates error.

• By default, you cannot use the contents of the Developer Catalog because you cannot access the required image stream tags.

User-defined outbound routing

In OKD, you can choose your own outbound routing for a cluster to connect to the internet. This allows you to skip the creation of public IP addresses and the public load balancer.

You can configure user-defined routing by modifying parameters in the install-config.yaml file before installing your cluster. A pre-existing VNet is required to use outbound routing when installing a cluster; the installation program is not responsible for configuring this.

When configuring a cluster to use user-defined routing, the installation program does not create the following resources:

• Outbound rules for access to the internet.

• Public IPs for the public load balancer.

• Kubernetes Service object to add the cluster machines to the public load balancer for outbound requests.

You must ensure the following items are available before setting user-defined routing:

• Egress to the internet is possible to pull container images, unless using an OpenShift image registry mirror.

• The cluster can access Azure APIs.

• Various allowlist endpoints are configured. You can reference these endpoints in the Configuring your firewall section.

There are several pre-existing networking setups that are supported for internet access using user-defined routing.

Restricted cluster with Azure Firewall

You can use Azure Firewall to restrict the outbound routing for the Virtual Network (VNet) that is used to install the OKD cluster. For more information, see providing user-defined routing with Azure Firewall. You can create a OKD cluster in a restricted network by using VNet with Azure Firewall and configuring the user-defined routing.

About reusing a VNet for your OKD cluster

In OKD 4, you can deploy a cluster into an existing Azure Virtual Network (VNet) in Microsoft Azure. If you do, you must also use existing subnets within the VNet and routing rules.

By deploying OKD into an existing Azure VNet, you might be able to avoid service limit constraints in new accounts or more easily abide by the operational constraints that your company’s guidelines set. This is a good option to use if you cannot obtain the infrastructure creation permissions that are required to create the VNet.

Requirements for using your VNet

When you deploy a cluster by using an existing VNet, you must perform additional network configuration before you install the cluster. In installer-provisioned infrastructure clusters, the installer usually creates the following components, but it does not create them when you install into an existing VNet:

• Subnets

• Route tables

• VNets

• Network Security Groups

If you use a custom VNet, you must correctly configure it and its subnets for the installation program and the cluster to use. The installation program cannot subdivide network ranges for the cluster to use, set route tables for the subnets, or set VNet options like DHCP, so you must do so before you install the cluster.

The cluster must be able to access the resource group that contains the existing VNet and subnets. While all of the resources that the cluster creates are placed in a separate resource group that it creates, some network resources are used from a separate group. Some cluster Operators must be able to access resources in both resource groups. For example, the Machine API controller attaches NICS for the virtual machines that it creates to subnets from the networking resource group.

Your VNet must meet the following characteristics:

• The VNet’s CIDR block must contain the Networking.MachineCIDR range, which is the IP address pool for cluster machines.

• The VNet and its subnets must belong to the same resource group, and the subnets must be configured to use Azure-assigned DHCP IP addresses instead of static IP addresses.

You must provide two subnets within your VNet, one for the control plane machines and one for the compute machines. Because Azure distributes machines in different availability zones within the region that you specify, your cluster will have high availability by default.

To ensure that the subnets that you provide are suitable, the installation program confirms the following data:

• All the specified subnets exist.

• There are two private subnets, one for the control plane machines and one for the compute machines.

• The subnet CIDRs belong to the machine CIDR that you specified. Machines are not provisioned in availability zones that you do not provide private subnets for. If required, the installation program creates public load balancers that manage the control plane and worker nodes, and Azure allocates a public IP address to them.

Network security group requirements

The network security groups for the subnets that host the compute and control plane machines require specific access to ensure that the cluster communication is correct. You must create rules to allow access to the required cluster communication ports.

1. If you are using Azure Firewall to restrict the internet access, then you can configure Azure Firewall to allow the Azure APIs. A network security group rule is not needed.

Because cluster components do not modify the user-provided network security groups, which the Kubernetes controllers update, a pseudo-network security group is created for the Kubernetes controller to modify without impacting the rest of the environment.

Additional resources

• About the OpenShift SDN network plugin

• Configuring your firewall

Division of permissions

Starting with OKD 4.3, you do not need all of the permissions that are required for an installation program-provisioned infrastructure cluster to deploy a cluster. This change mimics the division of permissions that you might have at your company: some individuals can create different resources in your clouds than others. For example, you might be able to create application-specific items, like instances, storage, and load balancers, but not networking-related components such as VNets, subnet, or ingress rules.

The Azure credentials that you use when you create your cluster do not need the networking permissions that are required to make VNets and core networking components within the VNet, such as subnets, routing tables, internet gateways, NAT, and VPN. You still need permission to make the application resources that the machines within the cluster require, such as load balancers, security groups, storage accounts, and nodes.

Isolation between clusters

Because the cluster is unable to modify network security groups in an existing subnet, there is no way to isolate clusters from each other on the VNet.

Generating a key pair for cluster node SSH access

During an OKD installation, you can provide an SSH public key to the installation program. The key is passed to the Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) nodes through their Ignition config files and is used to authenticate SSH access to the nodes. The key is added to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys list for the core user on each node, which enables password-less authentication.

After the key is passed to the nodes, you can use the key pair to SSH in to the FCOS nodes as the user core. To access the nodes through SSH, the private key identity must be managed by SSH for your local user.

If you want to SSH in to your cluster nodes to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, you must provide the SSH public key during the installation process. The ./openshift-install gather command also requires the SSH public key to be in place on the cluster nodes.

Procedure

1. If you do not have an existing SSH key pair on your local machine to use for authentication onto your cluster nodes, create one. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command:

   $ ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> (1)

   1	Specify the path and file name, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519, of the new SSH key. If you have an existing key pair, ensure your public key is in the your ~/.ssh directory.

   If you plan to install an OKD cluster that uses the Fedora cryptographic libraries that have been submitted to NIST for FIPS 140-2/140-3 Validation on only the x86_64, ppc64le, and s390x architectures, do not create a key that uses the ed25519 algorithm. Instead, create a key that uses the rsa or ecdsa algorithm.

2. View the public SSH key:

   $ cat <path>/<file_name>.pub

   For example, run the following to view the ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub public key:

   $ cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub

3. Add the SSH private key identity to the SSH agent for your local user, if it has not already been added. SSH agent management of the key is required for password-less SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes, or if you want to use the ./openshift-install gather command.

   On some distributions, default SSH private key identities such as ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_dsa are managed automatically.

   1. If the ssh-agent process is not already running for your local user, start it as a background task:

      $ eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"

      Example output

      Agent pid 31874

      If your cluster is in FIPS mode, only use FIPS-compliant algorithms to generate the SSH key. The key must be either RSA or ECDSA.

4. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent:

   $ ssh-add <path>/<file_name> (1)

   1	Specify the path and file name for your SSH private key, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519

   Example output

   Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>)

Next steps

• When you install OKD, provide the SSH public key to the installation program.

Creating the installation configuration file

You can customize the OKD cluster you install on Microsoft Azure.

Prerequisites

• You have the OKD installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. For a restricted network installation, these files are on your mirror host.

• You have the imageContentSources values that were generated during mirror registry creation.

• You have obtained the contents of the certificate for your mirror registry.

• You have retrieved a Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) image and uploaded it to an accessible location.

• You have an Azure subscription ID and tenant ID.

• If you are installing the cluster using a service principal, you have its application ID and password.

• If you are installing the cluster using a system-assigned managed identity, you have enabled it on the virtual machine that you will run the installation program from.

• If you are installing the cluster using a user-assigned managed identity, you have met these prerequisites:

  • You have its client ID.

  • You have assigned it to the virtual machine that you will run the installation program from.

Procedure

1. Optional: If you have run the installation program on this computer before, and want to use an alternative service principal or managed identity, go to the ~/.azure/ directory and delete the osServicePrincipal.json configuration file.

   Deleting this file prevents the installation program from automatically reusing subscription and authentication values from a previous installation.

2. Create the install-config.yaml file.

   1. Change to the directory that contains the installation program and run the following command:

      $ ./openshift-install create install-config --dir <installation_directory> (1)

      1	For <installation_directory>, specify the directory name to store the files that the installation program creates.

      When specifying the directory:

      • Verify that the directory has the execute permission. This permission is required to run Terraform binaries under the installation directory.

      • Use an empty directory. Some installation assets, such as bootstrap X.509 certificates, have short expiration intervals, therefore you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OKD version.

        Always delete the ~/.powervs directory to avoid reusing a stale configuration. Run the following command: $ rm -rf ~/.powervs

   2. At the prompts, provide the configuration details for your cloud:

      1. Optional: Select an SSH key to use to access your cluster machines.

         For production OKD clusters on which you want to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, specify an SSH key that your ssh-agent process uses.

      2. Select azure as the platform to target.

         If the installation program cannot locate the osServicePrincipal.json configuration file from a previous installation, you are prompted for Azure subscription and authentication values.

      3. Enter the following Azure parameter values for your subscription:

         • azure subscription id: Enter the subscription ID to use for the cluster.

         • azure tenant id: Enter the tenant ID.

      4. Depending on the Azure identity you are using to deploy the cluster, do one of the following when prompted for the azure service principal client id:

         • If you are using a service principal, enter its application ID.

         • If you are using a system-assigned managed identity, leave this value blank.

         • If you are using a user-assigned managed identity, specify its client ID.

      5. Depending on the Azure identity you are using to deploy the cluster, do one of the following when prompted for the azure service principal client secret:

         • If you are using a service principal, enter its password.

         • If you are using a system-assigned managed identity, leave this value blank.

         • If you are using a user-assigned managed identity, leave this value blank.

      6. Select the region to deploy the cluster to.

      7. Select the base domain to deploy the cluster to. The base domain corresponds to the Azure DNS Zone that you created for your cluster.

      8. Enter a descriptive name for your cluster.

         All Azure resources that are available through public endpoints are subject to resource name restrictions, and you cannot create resources that use certain terms. For a list of terms that Azure restricts, see Resolve reserved resource name errors in the Azure documentation.

      9. Paste the pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager.

1. Edit the install-config.yaml file to give the additional information that is required for an installation in a restricted network.

   1. Update the pullSecret value to contain the authentication information for your registry:

      pullSecret: '{"auths":{"<mirror_host_name>:5000": {"auth": "<credentials>","email": "you@example.com"}}}'

      For <mirror_host_name>, specify the registry domain name that you specified in the certificate for your mirror registry, and for <credentials>, specify the base64-encoded user name and password for your mirror registry.

   2. Add the additionalTrustBundle parameter and value.

      additionalTrustBundle: |
        -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
        ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
        -----END CERTIFICATE-----

      The value must be the contents of the certificate file that you used for your mirror registry. The certificate file can be an existing, trusted certificate authority, or the self-signed certificate that you generated for the mirror registry.

   3. Define the network and subnets for the VNet to install the cluster under the platform.azure field:

      networkResourceGroupName: <vnet_resource_group> (1)
      virtualNetwork: <vnet> (2)
      controlPlaneSubnet: <control_plane_subnet> (3)
      computeSubnet: <compute_subnet> (4)

      1	Replace <vnet_resource_group> with the resource group name that contains the existing virtual network (VNet).
      2	Replace <vnet> with the existing virtual network name.
      3	Replace <control_plane_subnet> with the existing subnet name to deploy the control plane machines.
      4	Replace <compute_subnet> with the existing subnet name to deploy compute machines.

   4. Add the image content resources, which resemble the following YAML excerpt:

      imageContentSources:
      - mirrors:
        - <mirror_host_name>:5000/<repo_name>/release
        source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-release
      - mirrors:
        - <mirror_host_name>:5000/<repo_name>/release
        source: registry.redhat.io/ocp/release

      For these values, use the imageContentSources that you recorded during mirror registry creation.

   5. Optional: Set the publishing strategy to Internal:

      publish: Internal

      By setting this option, you create an internal Ingress Controller and a private load balancer.

      Azure Firewall does not work seamlessly with Azure Public Load balancers. Thus, when using Azure Firewall for restricting internet access, the publish field in install-config.yaml should be set to Internal.

2. Make any other modifications to the install-config.yaml file that you require. You can find more information about the available parameters in the Installation configuration parameters section.

3. Back up the install-config.yaml file so that you can use it to install multiple clusters.

   The install-config.yaml file is consumed during the installation process. If you want to reuse the file, you must back it up now.

If previously not detected, the installation program creates an osServicePrincipal.json configuration file and stores this file in the ~/.azure/ directory on your computer. This ensures that the installation program can load the profile when it is creating an OKD cluster on the target platform.

Additional resources

• Installation configuration parameters for Azure

Minimum resource requirements for cluster installation

Each cluster machine must meet the following minimum requirements:

1. One vCPU is equivalent to one physical core when simultaneous multithreading (SMT), or hyperthreading, is not enabled. When enabled, use the following formula to calculate the corresponding ratio: (threads per core × cores) × sockets = vCPUs.

2. OKD and Kubernetes are sensitive to disk performance, and faster storage is recommended, particularly for etcd on the control plane nodes which require a 10 ms p99 fsync duration. Note that on many cloud platforms, storage size and IOPS scale together, so you might need to over-allocate storage volume to obtain sufficient performance.

3. As with all user-provisioned installations, if you choose to use Fedora compute machines in your cluster, you take responsibility for all operating system life cycle management and maintenance, including performing system updates, applying patches, and completing all other required tasks. Use of Fedora 7 compute machines is deprecated and has been removed in OKD 4.10 and later.

If an instance type for your platform meets the minimum requirements for cluster machines, it is supported to use in OKD.

Tested instance types for Azure

The following Microsoft Azure instance types have been tested with OKD.

Machine types based on 64-bit x86 architecture

• standardBSFamily

• standardBsv2Family

• standardDADSv5Family

• standardDASv4Family

• standardDASv5Family

• standardDCACCV5Family

• standardDCADCCV5Family

• standardDCADSv5Family

• standardDCASv5Family

• standardDCSv3Family

• standardDCSv2Family

• standardDDCSv3Family

• standardDDSv4Family

• standardDDSv5Family

• standardDLDSv5Family

• standardDLSv5Family

• standardDSFamily

• standardDSv2Family

• standardDSv2PromoFamily

• standardDSv3Family

• standardDSv4Family

• standardDSv5Family

• standardEADSv5Family

• standardEASv4Family

• standardEASv5Family

• standardEBDSv5Family

• standardEBSv5Family

• standardECACCV5Family

• standardECADCCV5Family

• standardECADSv5Family

• standardECASv5Family

• standardEDSv4Family

• standardEDSv5Family

• standardEIADSv5Family

• standardEIASv4Family

• standardEIASv5Family

• standardEIBDSv5Family

• standardEIBSv5Family

• standardEIDSv5Family

• standardEISv3Family

• standardEISv5Family

• standardESv3Family

• standardESv4Family

• standardESv5Family

• standardFXMDVSFamily

• standardFSFamily

• standardFSv2Family

• standardGSFamily

• standardHBrsv2Family

• standardHBSFamily

• standardHCSFamily

• standardHXFamily

• standardLASv3Family

• standardLSFamily

• standardLSv2Family

• standardLSv3Family

• standardMDSMediumMemoryv2Family

• standardMIDSMediumMemoryv2Family

• standardMISMediumMemoryv2Family

• standardMSFamily

• standardMSMediumMemoryv2Family

• StandardNCADSA100v4Family

• Standard NCASv3_T4 Family

• standardNCSv3Family

• standardNDSv2Family

• standardNPSFamily

• StandardNVADSA10v5Family

• standardNVSv3Family

• standardXEISv4Family

Tested instance types for Azure on 64-bit ARM infrastructures

The following Microsoft Azure ARM64 instance types have been tested with OKD.

Machine types based on 64-bit ARM architecture

• standardDPSv5Family

• standardDPDSv5Family

• standardDPLDSv5Family

• standardDPLSv5Family

• standardEPSv5Family

• standardEPDSv5Family

Enabling trusted launch for Azure VMs

You can enable two trusted launch features when installing your cluster on Azure: secure boot and virtualized Trusted Platform Modules.

See the Azure documentation about virtual machine sizes to learn what sizes of virtual machines support these features.

Prerequisites

• You have created an install-config.yaml file.

Procedure

• Use a text editor to edit the install-config.yaml file prior to deploying your cluster and add the following stanza:

  controlPlane: (1)
    platform:
      azure:
        settings:
          securityType: TrustedLaunch (2)
          trustedLaunch:
            uefiSettings:
              secureBoot: Enabled (3)
              virtualizedTrustedPlatformModule: Enabled (4)

  1	Specify controlPlane.platform.azure or compute.platform.azure to enable trusted launch on only control plane or compute nodes respectively. Specify platform.azure.defaultMachinePlatform to enable trusted launch on all nodes.
  2	Enable trusted launch features.
  3	Enable secure boot. For more information, see the Azure documentation about secure boot.
  4	Enable the virtualized Trusted Platform Module. For more information, see the Azure documentation about virtualized Trusted Platform Modules.

Enabling confidential VMs

You can enable confidential VMs when installing your cluster. You can enable confidential VMs for compute nodes, control plane nodes, or all nodes.

You can use confidential VMs with the following VM sizes:

• DCasv5-series

• DCadsv5-series

• ECasv5-series

• ECadsv5-series

Prerequisites

• You have created an install-config.yaml file.

Procedure

• Use a text editor to edit the install-config.yaml file prior to deploying your cluster and add the following stanza:

  controlPlane: (1)
    platform:
      azure:
        settings:
          securityType: ConfidentialVM (2)
          confidentialVM:
            uefiSettings:
              secureBoot: Enabled (3)
              virtualizedTrustedPlatformModule: Enabled (4)
        osDisk:
          securityProfile:
            securityEncryptionType: VMGuestStateOnly (5)

  1	Specify controlPlane.platform.azure or compute.platform.azure to deploy confidential VMs on only control plane or compute nodes respectively. Specify platform.azure.defaultMachinePlatform to deploy confidential VMs on all nodes.
  2	Enable confidential VMs.
  3	Enable secure boot. For more information, see the Azure documentation about secure boot.
  4	Enable the virtualized Trusted Platform Module. For more information, see the Azure documentation about virtualized Trusted Platform Modules.
  5	Specify VMGuestStateOnly to encrypt the VM guest state.

Sample customized install-config.yaml file for Azure

You can customize the install-config.yaml file to specify more details about your OKD cluster’s platform or modify the values of the required parameters.

apiVersion: v1
baseDomain: example.com (1)
controlPlane: (2)
  hyperthreading: Enabled  (3) (4)
  name: master
  platform:
    azure:
      encryptionAtHost: true
      ultraSSDCapability: Enabled
      osDisk:
        diskSizeGB: 1024 (5)
        diskType: Premium_LRS
        diskEncryptionSet:
          resourceGroup: disk_encryption_set_resource_group
          name: disk_encryption_set_name
          subscriptionId: secondary_subscription_id
      osImage:
        publisher: example_publisher_name
        offer: example_image_offer
        sku: example_offer_sku
        version: example_image_version
      type: Standard_D8s_v3
  replicas: 3
compute: (2)
- hyperthreading: Enabled (3)
  name: worker
  platform:
    azure:
      ultraSSDCapability: Enabled
      type: Standard_D2s_v3
      encryptionAtHost: true
      osDisk:
        diskSizeGB: 512 (5)
        diskType: Standard_LRS
        diskEncryptionSet:
          resourceGroup: disk_encryption_set_resource_group
          name: disk_encryption_set_name
          subscriptionId: secondary_subscription_id
      osImage:
        publisher: example_publisher_name
        offer: example_image_offer
        sku: example_offer_sku
        version: example_image_version
      zones: (6)
      - "1"
      - "2"
      - "3"
  replicas: 5
metadata:
  name: test-cluster (1)
networking:
  clusterNetwork:
  - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14
    hostPrefix: 23
  machineNetwork:
  - cidr: 10.0.0.0/16
  networkType: OVNKubernetes (7)
  serviceNetwork:
  - 172.30.0.0/16
platform:
  azure:
    defaultMachinePlatform:
      osImage: (8)
        publisher: example_publisher_name
        offer: example_image_offer
        sku: example_offer_sku
        version: example_image_version
      ultraSSDCapability: Enabled
    baseDomainResourceGroupName: resource_group (9)
    region: centralus (1)
    resourceGroupName: existing_resource_group (10)
    networkResourceGroupName: vnet_resource_group (11)
    virtualNetwork: vnet (12)
    controlPlaneSubnet: control_plane_subnet (13)
    computeSubnet: compute_subnet (14)
    outboundType: UserDefinedRouting (15)
    cloudName: AzurePublicCloud
pullSecret: '{"auths": ...}' (1)
fips: false (16)
sshKey: ssh-ed25519 AAAA... (17)
additionalTrustBundle: | (18)
    -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
    <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT>
    -----END CERTIFICATE-----
imageContentSources: (19)
- mirrors:
  - <local_registry>/<local_repository_name>/release
  source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-release
- mirrors:
  - <local_registry>/<local_repository_name>/release
  source: quay.io/openshift-release-dev/ocp-v4.0-art-dev
publish: Internal (20)
sshKey: ssh-ed25519 AAAA... (11)

Configuring the cluster-wide proxy during installation

Production environments can deny direct access to the internet and instead have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available. You can configure a new OKD cluster to use a proxy by configuring the proxy settings in the install-config.yaml file.

Prerequisites

• You have an existing install-config.yaml file.

• You reviewed the sites that your cluster requires access to and determined whether any of them need to bypass the proxy. By default, all cluster egress traffic is proxied, including calls to hosting cloud provider APIs. You added sites to the Proxy object’s spec.noProxy field to bypass the proxy if necessary.

  The Proxy object status.noProxy field is populated with the values of the networking.machineNetwork[].cidr, networking.clusterNetwork[].cidr, and networking.serviceNetwork[] fields from your installation configuration. For installations on Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure, and OpenStack, the Proxy object status.noProxy field is also populated with the instance metadata endpoint (169.254.169.254).

Procedure

1. Edit your install-config.yaml file and add the proxy settings. For example:

   apiVersion: v1
   baseDomain: my.domain.com
   proxy:
     httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> (1)
     httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> (2)
     noProxy: example.com (3)
   additionalTrustBundle: | (4)
       -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
       <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT>
       -----END CERTIFICATE-----
   additionalTrustBundlePolicy: <policy_to_add_additionalTrustBundle> (5)

   1	A proxy URL to use for creating HTTP connections outside the cluster. The URL scheme must be http.
   2	A proxy URL to use for creating HTTPS connections outside the cluster.
   3	A comma-separated list of destination domain names, IP addresses, or other network CIDRs to exclude from proxying. Preface a domain with . to match subdomains only. For example, .y.com matches x.y.com, but not y.com. Use * to bypass the proxy for all destinations.
   4	If provided, the installation program generates a config map that is named user-ca-bundle in the openshift-config namespace to hold the additional CA certificates. If you provide additionalTrustBundle and at least one proxy setting, the Proxy object is configured to reference the user-ca-bundle config map in the trustedCA field. The Cluster Network Operator then creates a trusted-ca-bundle config map that merges the contents specified for the trustedCA parameter with the FCOS trust bundle. The additionalTrustBundle field is required unless the proxy’s identity certificate is signed by an authority from the FCOS trust bundle.
   5	Optional: The policy to determine the configuration of the Proxy object to reference the user-ca-bundle config map in the trustedCA field. The allowed values are Proxyonly and Always. Use Proxyonly to reference the user-ca-bundle config map only when http/https proxy is configured. Use Always to always reference the user-ca-bundle config map. The default value is Proxyonly.

   The installation program does not support the proxy readinessEndpoints field.

   If the installer times out, restart and then complete the deployment by using the wait-for command of the installer. For example: $ ./openshift-install wait-for install-complete —log-level debug

2. Save the file and reference it when installing OKD.

The installation program creates a cluster-wide proxy that is named cluster that uses the proxy settings in the provided install-config.yaml file. If no proxy settings are provided, a cluster Proxy object is still created, but it will have a nil spec.

Installing the OpenShift CLI by downloading the binary

You can install the OpenShift CLI (oc) to interact with OKD from a command-line interface. You can install oc on Linux, Windows, or macOS.

Installing the OpenShift CLI on Linux

You can install the OpenShift CLI (oc) binary on Linux by using the following procedure.

Procedure

1. Navigate to https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/oc/latest/ and choose the folder for your operating system and architecture.

2. Download oc.tar.gz.

3. Unpack the archive:

   $ tar xvf <file>

4. Place the oc binary in a directory that is on your PATH.

   To check your PATH, execute the following command:

   $ echo $PATH

Verification

• After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command:

  $ oc <command>

Installing the OpenShift CLI on Windows

You can install the OpenShift CLI (oc) binary on Windows by using the following procedure.

Procedure

1. Navigate to https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/oc/latest/ and choose the folder for your operating system and architecture.

2. Download oc.zip.

3. Unzip the archive with a ZIP program.

4. Move the oc binary to a directory that is on your PATH.

   To check your PATH, open the command prompt and execute the following command:

   C:\> path

Verification

• After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command:

  C:\> oc <command>

Installing the OpenShift CLI on macOS

You can install the OpenShift CLI (oc) binary on macOS by using the following procedure.

Procedure

1. Navigate to https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/oc/latest/ and choose the folder for your operating system and architecture.

2. Download oc.tar.gz.

3. Unpack and unzip the archive.

4. Move the oc binary to a directory on your PATH.

   To check your PATH, open a terminal and execute the following command:

   $ echo $PATH

Verification

• After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command:

  $ oc <command>

Alternatives to storing administrator-level secrets in the kube-system project

By default, administrator secrets are stored in the kube-system project. If you configured the credentialsMode parameter in the install-config.yaml file to Manual, you must use one of the following alternatives:

• To manage long-term cloud credentials manually, follow the procedure in Manually creating long-term credentials.

• To implement short-term credentials that are managed outside the cluster for individual components, follow the procedures in Configuring an Azure cluster to use short-term credentials.

Manually creating long-term credentials

The Cloud Credential Operator (CCO) can be put into manual mode prior to installation in environments where the cloud identity and access management (IAM) APIs are not reachable, or the administrator prefers not to store an administrator-level credential secret in the cluster kube-system namespace.

Procedure

1. If you did not set the credentialsMode parameter in the install-config.yaml configuration file to Manual, modify the value as shown:

   Sample configuration file snippet

   apiVersion: v1
   baseDomain: example.com
   credentialsMode: Manual
   # ...

2. If you have not previously created installation manifest files, do so by running the following command:

   $ openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory>

   where <installation_directory> is the directory in which the installation program creates files.

3. Set a $RELEASE_IMAGE variable with the release image from your installation file by running the following command:

   $ RELEASE_IMAGE=$(./openshift-install version | awk '/release image/ {print $3}')

4. Extract the list of CredentialsRequest custom resources (CRs) from the OKD release image by running the following command:

   $ oc adm release extract \
     --from=$RELEASE_IMAGE \
     --credentials-requests \
     --included \(1)
     --install-config=<path_to_directory_with_installation_configuration>/install-config.yaml \(2)
     --to=<path_to_directory_for_credentials_requests> (3)

   1	The —included parameter includes only the manifests that your specific cluster configuration requires.
   2	Specify the location of the install-config.yaml file.
   3	Specify the path to the directory where you want to store the CredentialsRequest objects. If the specified directory does not exist, this command creates it.

   This command creates a YAML file for each CredentialsRequest object.

   Sample CredentialsRequest object

   apiVersion: cloudcredential.openshift.io/v1
   kind: CredentialsRequest
   metadata:
     name: <component_credentials_request>
     namespace: openshift-cloud-credential-operator
     ...
   spec:
     providerSpec:
       apiVersion: cloudcredential.openshift.io/v1
       kind: AzureProviderSpec
       roleBindings:
       - role: Contributor
     ...

5. Create YAML files for secrets in the openshift-install manifests directory that you generated previously. The secrets must be stored using the namespace and secret name defined in the spec.secretRef for each CredentialsRequest object.

   Sample CredentialsRequest object with secrets

   apiVersion: cloudcredential.openshift.io/v1
   kind: CredentialsRequest
   metadata:
     name: <component_credentials_request>
     namespace: openshift-cloud-credential-operator
     ...
   spec:
     providerSpec:
       apiVersion: cloudcredential.openshift.io/v1
       kind: AzureProviderSpec
       roleBindings:
       - role: Contributor
         ...
     secretRef:
       name: <component_secret>
       namespace: <component_namespace>
     ...

   Sample Secret object

   apiVersion: v1
   kind: Secret
   metadata:
     name: <component_secret>
     namespace: <component_namespace>
   data:
     azure_subscription_id: <base64_encoded_azure_subscription_id>
     azure_client_id: <base64_encoded_azure_client_id>
     azure_client_secret: <base64_encoded_azure_client_secret>
     azure_tenant_id: <base64_encoded_azure_tenant_id>
     azure_resource_prefix: <base64_encoded_azure_resource_prefix>
     azure_resourcegroup: <base64_encoded_azure_resourcegroup>
     azure_region: <base64_encoded_azure_region>

Configuring an Azure cluster to use short-term credentials

To install a cluster that uses Azure AD Workload Identity, you must configure the Cloud Credential Operator utility and create the required Azure resources for your cluster.

Configuring the Cloud Credential Operator utility

To create and manage cloud credentials from outside of the cluster when the Cloud Credential Operator (CCO) is operating in manual mode, extract and prepare the CCO utility (ccoctl) binary.

Prerequisites

• You have access to an OKD account with cluster administrator access.

• You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

• You have created a global Microsoft Azure account for the ccoctl utility to use with the following permissions:

  Required Azure permissions

  • Microsoft.Resources/subscriptions/resourceGroups/read

  • Microsoft.Resources/subscriptions/resourceGroups/write

  • Microsoft.Resources/subscriptions/resourceGroups/delete

  • Microsoft.Authorization/roleAssignments/read

  • Microsoft.Authorization/roleAssignments/delete

  • Microsoft.Authorization/roleAssignments/write

  • Microsoft.Authorization/roleDefinitions/read

  • Microsoft.Authorization/roleDefinitions/write

  • Microsoft.Authorization/roleDefinitions/delete

  • Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/listkeys/action

  • Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/delete

  • Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/read

  • Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/write

  • Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/blobServices/containers/write

  • Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/blobServices/containers/delete

  • Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts/blobServices/containers/read

  • Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities/delete

  • Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities/read

  • Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities/write

  • Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities/federatedIdentityCredentials/read

  • Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities/federatedIdentityCredentials/write

  • Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities/federatedIdentityCredentials/delete

  • Microsoft.Storage/register/action

  • Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/register/action

Procedure

1. Obtain the OKD release image by running the following command:

   $ RELEASE_IMAGE=$(./openshift-install version | awk '/release image/ {print $3}')

2. Obtain the CCO container image from the OKD release image by running the following command:

   $ CCO_IMAGE=$(oc adm release info --image-for='cloud-credential-operator' $RELEASE_IMAGE -a ~/.pull-secret)

   Ensure that the architecture of the $RELEASE_IMAGE matches the architecture of the environment in which you will use the ccoctl tool.

3. Extract the ccoctl binary from the CCO container image within the OKD release image by running the following command:

   $ oc image extract $CCO_IMAGE --file="/usr/bin/ccoctl" -a ~/.pull-secret

4. Change the permissions to make ccoctl executable by running the following command:

   $ chmod 775 ccoctl

Verification

• To verify that ccoctl is ready to use, display the help file by running the following command:

  $ ccoctl --help

  Output of ccoctl --help

  OpenShift credentials provisioning tool
  Usage:
    ccoctl [command]
  Available Commands:
    alibabacloud Manage credentials objects for alibaba cloud
    aws          Manage credentials objects for AWS cloud
    azure        Manage credentials objects for Azure
    gcp          Manage credentials objects for Google cloud
    help         Help about any command
    ibmcloud     Manage credentials objects for IBM Cloud
    nutanix      Manage credentials objects for Nutanix
  Flags:
    -h, --help   help for ccoctl
  Use "ccoctl [command] --help" for more information about a command.

Creating Azure resources with the Cloud Credential Operator utility

You can use the ccoctl azure create-all command to automate the creation of Azure resources.

Prerequisites

You must have:

• Extracted and prepared the ccoctl binary.

• Access to your Microsoft Azure account by using the Azure CLI.

Procedure

1. Set a $RELEASE_IMAGE variable with the release image from your installation file by running the following command:

   $ RELEASE_IMAGE=$(./openshift-install version | awk '/release image/ {print $3}')

2. Extract the list of CredentialsRequest objects from the OKD release image by running the following command:

   $ oc adm release extract \
     --from=$RELEASE_IMAGE \
     --credentials-requests \
     --included \(1)
     --install-config=<path_to_directory_with_installation_configuration>/install-config.yaml \(2)
     --to=<path_to_directory_for_credentials_requests> (3)

   1	The —included parameter includes only the manifests that your specific cluster configuration requires.
   2	Specify the location of the install-config.yaml file.
   3	Specify the path to the directory where you want to store the CredentialsRequest objects. If the specified directory does not exist, this command creates it.

   This command might take a few moments to run.

3. To enable the ccoctl utility to detect your Azure credentials automatically, log in to the Azure CLI by running the following command:

   $ az login

4. Use the ccoctl tool to process all CredentialsRequest objects by running the following command:

   $ ccoctl azure create-all \
     --name=<azure_infra_name> \(1)
     --output-dir=<ccoctl_output_dir> \(2)
     --region=<azure_region> \(3)
     --subscription-id=<azure_subscription_id> \(4)
     --credentials-requests-dir=<path_to_credentials_requests_directory> \(5)
     --dnszone-resource-group-name=<azure_dns_zone_resource_group_name> \(6)
     --tenant-id=<azure_tenant_id> (7)

   1	Specify the user-defined name for all created Azure resources used for tracking.
   2	Optional: Specify the directory in which you want the ccoctl utility to create objects. By default, the utility creates objects in the directory in which the commands are run.
   3	Specify the Azure region in which cloud resources will be created.
   4	Specify the Azure subscription ID to use.
   5	Specify the directory containing the files for the component CredentialsRequest objects.
   6	Specify the name of the resource group containing the cluster’s base domain Azure DNS zone.
   7	Specify the Azure tenant ID to use.

   If your cluster uses Technology Preview features that are enabled by the TechPreviewNoUpgrade feature set, you must include the —enable-tech-preview parameter. To see additional optional parameters and explanations of how to use them, run the azure create-all —help command.

Verification

• To verify that the OKD secrets are created, list the files in the <path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/manifests directory:

  $ ls <path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/manifests

  Example output

  azure-ad-pod-identity-webhook-config.yaml
  cluster-authentication-02-config.yaml
  openshift-cloud-controller-manager-azure-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml
  openshift-cloud-network-config-controller-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml
  openshift-cluster-api-capz-manager-bootstrap-credentials-credentials.yaml
  openshift-cluster-csi-drivers-azure-disk-credentials-credentials.yaml
  openshift-cluster-csi-drivers-azure-file-credentials-credentials.yaml
  openshift-image-registry-installer-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml
  openshift-ingress-operator-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml
  openshift-machine-api-azure-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml

  You can verify that the Azure AD service accounts are created by querying Azure. For more information, refer to Azure documentation on listing AD service accounts.

Incorporating the Cloud Credential Operator utility manifests

To implement short-term security credentials managed outside the cluster for individual components, you must move the manifest files that the Cloud Credential Operator utility (ccoctl) created to the correct directories for the installation program.

Prerequisites

• You have configured an account with the cloud platform that hosts your cluster.

• You have configured the Cloud Credential Operator utility (ccoctl).

• You have created the cloud provider resources that are required for your cluster with the ccoctl utility.

Procedure

1. If you did not set the credentialsMode parameter in the install-config.yaml configuration file to Manual, modify the value as shown:

   Sample configuration file snippet

   apiVersion: v1
   baseDomain: example.com
   credentialsMode: Manual
   # ...

2. If you used the ccoctl utility to create a new Azure resource group instead of using an existing resource group, modify the resourceGroupName parameter in the install-config.yaml as shown:

   Sample configuration file snippet

   apiVersion: v1
   baseDomain: example.com
   # ...
   platform:
     azure:
       resourceGroupName: <azure_infra_name> (1)
   # ...

   1	This value must match the user-defined name for Azure resources that was specified with the —name argument of the ccoctl azure create-all command.

3. If you have not previously created installation manifest files, do so by running the following command:

   $ openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory>

   where <installation_directory> is the directory in which the installation program creates files.

4. Copy the manifests that the ccoctl utility generated to the manifests directory that the installation program created by running the following command:

   $ cp /<path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/manifests/* ./manifests/

5. Copy the private key that the ccoctl utility generated in the tls directory to the installation directory by running the following command:

   $ cp -a /<path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/tls .

Deploying the cluster

You can install OKD on a compatible cloud platform.

Prerequisites

• You have configured an account with the cloud platform that hosts your cluster.

• You have the OKD installation program and the pull secret for your cluster.

• You have an Azure subscription ID and tenant ID.

Procedure

• Change to the directory that contains the installation program and initialize the cluster deployment:

  $ ./openshift-install create cluster --dir <installation_directory> \ (1)
      --log-level=info (2)

  1	For <installation_directory>, specify the location of your customized ./install-config.yaml file.
  2	To view different installation details, specify warn, debug, or error instead of info.

Verification

When the cluster deployment completes successfully:

• The terminal displays directions for accessing your cluster, including a link to the web console and credentials for the kubeadmin user.

• Credential information also outputs to <installation_directory>/.openshift_install.log.

Example output

...
INFO Install complete!
INFO To access the cluster as the system:admin user when using 'oc', run 'export KUBECONFIG=/home/myuser/install_dir/auth/kubeconfig'
INFO Access the OpenShift web-console here: https://console-openshift-console.apps.mycluster.example.com
INFO Login to the console with user: "kubeadmin", and password: "password"
INFO Time elapsed: 36m22s

Logging in to the cluster by using the CLI

You can log in to your cluster as a default system user by exporting the cluster kubeconfig file. The kubeconfig file contains information about the cluster that is used by the CLI to connect a client to the correct cluster and API server. The file is specific to a cluster and is created during OKD installation.

Prerequisites

• You deployed an OKD cluster.

• You installed the oc CLI.

Procedure

1. Export the kubeadmin credentials:

   $ export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig (1)

   1	For <installation_directory>, specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in.

2. Verify you can run oc commands successfully using the exported configuration:

   $ oc whoami

   Example output

   system:admin

Additional resources

• See About remote health monitoring for more information about the Telemetry service

Next steps

• Customize your cluster.

• If necessary, you can opt out of remote health reporting.