Installing a cluster on AWS China

In OKD version 4.14, you can install a cluster to the following Amazon Web Services (AWS) China regions:

• cn-north-1 (Beijing)

• cn-northwest-1 (Ningxia)

Prerequisites

• You have an Internet Content Provider (ICP) license.

• You reviewed details about the OKD installation and update processes.

• You read the documentation on selecting a cluster installation method and preparing it for users.

• You configured an AWS account to host the cluster.

• If you use a firewall, you configured it to allow the sites that your cluster requires access to.

Installation requirements

Red Hat does not publish a Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) Amazon Machine Image (AMI) for the AWS China regions.

Before you can install the cluster, you must:

• Upload a custom FCOS AMI.

• Manually create the installation configuration file (install-config.yaml).

• Specify the AWS region, and the accompanying custom AMI, in the installation configuration file.

You cannot use the OKD installation program to create the installation configuration file. The installer does not list an AWS region without native support for an FCOS AMI.

Private clusters

You can deploy a private OKD cluster that does not expose external endpoints. Private clusters are accessible from only an internal network and are not visible to the internet.

By default, OKD is provisioned to use publicly-accessible DNS and endpoints. A private cluster sets the DNS, Ingress Controller, and API server to private when you deploy your cluster. This means that the cluster resources are only accessible from your internal network and are not visible to the internet.

To deploy a private cluster, you must:

• Use existing networking that meets your requirements. Your cluster resources might be shared between other clusters on the network.

• Deploy from a machine that has access to:

  • The API services for the cloud to which you provision.

  • The hosts on the network that you provision.

  • The internet to obtain installation media.

You can use any machine that meets these access requirements and follows your company’s guidelines. For example, this machine can be a bastion host on your cloud network.

Private clusters in AWS

To create a private cluster on Amazon Web Services (AWS), you must provide an existing private VPC and subnets to host the cluster. The installation program must also be able to resolve the DNS records that the cluster requires. The installation program configures the Ingress Operator and API server for access from only the private network.

The cluster still requires access to internet to access the AWS APIs.

The following items are not required or created when you install a private cluster:

• Public subnets

• Public load balancers, which support public ingress

• A public Route 53 zone that matches the baseDomain for the cluster

The installation program does use the baseDomain that you specify to create a private Route 53 zone and the required records for the cluster. The cluster is configured so that the Operators do not create public records for the cluster and all cluster machines are placed in the private subnets that you specify.

Limitations

The ability to add public functionality to a private cluster is limited.

• You cannot make the Kubernetes API endpoints public after installation without taking additional actions, including creating public subnets in the VPC for each availability zone in use, creating a public load balancer, and configuring the control plane security groups to allow traffic from the internet on 6443 (Kubernetes API port).

• If you use a public Service type load balancer, you must tag a public subnet in each availability zone with kubernetes.io/cluster/<cluster-infra-id>: shared so that AWS can use them to create public load balancers.

About using a custom VPC

In OKD 4.14, you can deploy a cluster into existing subnets in an existing Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) in Amazon Web Services (AWS). By deploying OKD into an existing AWS VPC, you might be able to avoid limit constraints in new accounts or more easily abide by the operational constraints that your company’s guidelines set. If you cannot obtain the infrastructure creation permissions that are required to create the VPC yourself, use this installation option.

Because the installation program cannot know what other components are also in your existing subnets, it cannot choose subnet CIDRs and so forth on your behalf. You must configure networking for the subnets that you install your cluster to yourself.

Requirements for using your VPC

The installation program no longer creates the following components:

• Internet gateways

• NAT gateways

• Subnets

• Route tables

• VPCs

• VPC DHCP options

• VPC endpoints

If you use a custom VPC, you must correctly configure it and its subnets for the installation program and the cluster to use. See Amazon VPC console wizard configurations and Work with VPCs and subnets in the AWS documentation for more information on creating and managing an AWS VPC.

The installation program cannot:

• Subdivide network ranges for the cluster to use.

• Set route tables for the subnets.

• Set VPC options like DHCP.

You must complete these tasks before you install the cluster. See VPC networking components and Route tables for your VPC for more information on configuring networking in an AWS VPC.

Your VPC must meet the following characteristics:

• The VPC must not use the kubernetes.io/cluster/.*: owned, Name, and openshift.io/cluster tags.

  The installation program modifies your subnets to add the kubernetes.io/cluster/.*: shared tag, so your subnets must have at least one free tag slot available for it. See Tag Restrictions in the AWS documentation to confirm that the installation program can add a tag to each subnet that you specify. You cannot use a Name tag, because it overlaps with the EC2 Name field and the installation fails.

• You must enable the enableDnsSupport and enableDnsHostnames attributes in your VPC, so that the cluster can use the Route 53 zones that are attached to the VPC to resolve cluster’s internal DNS records. See DNS Support in Your VPC in the AWS documentation.

  If you prefer to use your own Route 53 hosted private zone, you must associate the existing hosted zone with your VPC prior to installing a cluster. You can define your hosted zone using the platform.aws.hostedZone and platform.aws.hostedZoneRole fields in the install-config.yaml file. You can use a private hosted zone from another account by sharing it with the account where you install the cluster. If you use a private hosted zone from another account, you must use the Passthrough or Manual credentials mode.

If you are working in a disconnected environment, you are unable to reach the public IP addresses for EC2, ELB, and S3 endpoints. Depending on the level to which you want to restrict internet traffic during the installation, the following configuration options are available:

Option 1: Create VPC endpoints

Create a VPC endpoint and attach it to the subnets that the clusters are using. Name the endpoints as follows:

• ec2.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com.cn

• elasticloadbalancing.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

• s3.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

With this option, network traffic remains private between your VPC and the required AWS services.

Option 2: Create a proxy without VPC endpoints

As part of the installation process, you can configure an HTTP or HTTPS proxy. With this option, internet traffic goes through the proxy to reach the required AWS services.

Option 3: Create a proxy with VPC endpoints

As part of the installation process, you can configure an HTTP or HTTPS proxy with VPC endpoints. Create a VPC endpoint and attach it to the subnets that the clusters are using. Name the endpoints as follows:

• ec2.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com.cn

• elasticloadbalancing.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

• s3.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

When configuring the proxy in the install-config.yaml file, add these endpoints to the noProxy field. With this option, the proxy prevents the cluster from accessing the internet directly. However, network traffic remains private between your VPC and the required AWS services.

Required VPC components

You must provide a suitable VPC and subnets that allow communication to your machines.

VPC validation

To ensure that the subnets that you provide are suitable, the installation program confirms the following data:

• All the subnets that you specify exist.

• You provide private subnets.

• The subnet CIDRs belong to the machine CIDR that you specified.

• You provide subnets for each availability zone. Each availability zone contains no more than one public and one private subnet. If you use a private cluster, provide only a private subnet for each availability zone. Otherwise, provide exactly one public and private subnet for each availability zone.

• You provide a public subnet for each private subnet availability zone. Machines are not provisioned in availability zones that you do not provide private subnets for.

If you destroy a cluster that uses an existing VPC, the VPC is not deleted. When you remove the OKD cluster from a VPC, the kubernetes.io/cluster/.*: shared tag is removed from the subnets that it used.

Division of permissions

Starting with OKD 4.3, you do not need all of the permissions that are required for an installation program-provisioned infrastructure cluster to deploy a cluster. This change mimics the division of permissions that you might have at your company: some individuals can create different resource in your clouds than others. For example, you might be able to create application-specific items, like instances, buckets, and load balancers, but not networking-related components such as VPCs, subnets, or ingress rules.

The AWS credentials that you use when you create your cluster do not need the networking permissions that are required to make VPCs and core networking components within the VPC, such as subnets, routing tables, internet gateways, NAT, and VPN. You still need permission to make the application resources that the machines within the cluster require, such as ELBs, security groups, S3 buckets, and nodes.

Isolation between clusters

If you deploy OKD to an existing network, the isolation of cluster services is reduced in the following ways:

• You can install multiple OKD clusters in the same VPC.

• ICMP ingress is allowed from the entire network.

• TCP 22 ingress (SSH) is allowed to the entire network.

• Control plane TCP 6443 ingress (Kubernetes API) is allowed to the entire network.

• Control plane TCP 22623 ingress (MCS) is allowed to the entire network.

AWS security groups

By default, the installation program creates and attaches security groups to control plane and compute machines. The rules associated with the default security groups cannot be modified.

However, you can apply additional existing AWS security groups, which are associated with your existing VPC, to control plane and compute machines. Applying custom security groups can help you meet the security needs of your organization, in such cases where you need to control the incoming or outgoing traffic of these machines.

As part of the installation process, you apply custom security groups by modifying the install-config.yaml file before deploying the cluster.

For more information, see “Applying existing AWS security groups to the cluster”.

Generating a key pair for cluster node SSH access

During an OKD installation, you can provide an SSH public key to the installation program. The key is passed to the Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) nodes through their Ignition config files and is used to authenticate SSH access to the nodes. The key is added to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys list for the core user on each node, which enables password-less authentication.

After the key is passed to the nodes, you can use the key pair to SSH in to the FCOS nodes as the user core. To access the nodes through SSH, the private key identity must be managed by SSH for your local user.

If you want to SSH in to your cluster nodes to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, you must provide the SSH public key during the installation process. The ./openshift-install gather command also requires the SSH public key to be in place on the cluster nodes.

Procedure

1. If you do not have an existing SSH key pair on your local machine to use for authentication onto your cluster nodes, create one. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command:

   $ ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> (1)

   1	Specify the path and file name, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519, of the new SSH key. If you have an existing key pair, ensure your public key is in the your ~/.ssh directory.

   If you plan to install an OKD cluster that uses the Fedora cryptographic libraries that have been submitted to NIST for FIPS 140-2/140-3 Validation on only the x86_64, ppc64le, and s390x architectures, do not create a key that uses the ed25519 algorithm. Instead, create a key that uses the rsa or ecdsa algorithm.

2. View the public SSH key:

   $ cat <path>/<file_name>.pub

   For example, run the following to view the ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub public key:

   $ cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub

3. Add the SSH private key identity to the SSH agent for your local user, if it has not already been added. SSH agent management of the key is required for password-less SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes, or if you want to use the ./openshift-install gather command.

   On some distributions, default SSH private key identities such as ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_dsa are managed automatically.

   1. If the ssh-agent process is not already running for your local user, start it as a background task:

      $ eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"

      Example output

      Agent pid 31874

      If your cluster is in FIPS mode, only use FIPS-compliant algorithms to generate the SSH key. The key must be either RSA or ECDSA.

4. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent:

   $ ssh-add <path>/<file_name> (1)

   1	Specify the path and file name for your SSH private key, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519

   Example output

   Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>)

Next steps

• When you install OKD, provide the SSH public key to the installation program.

Uploading a custom FCOS AMI in AWS

If you are deploying to a custom Amazon Web Services (AWS) region, you must upload a custom Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) Amazon Machine Image (AMI) that belongs to that region.

Prerequisites

• You configured an AWS account.

• You created an Amazon S3 bucket with the required IAM service role.

• You uploaded your FCOS VMDK file to Amazon S3.

• You downloaded the AWS CLI and installed it on your computer. See Install the AWS CLI Using the Bundled Installer.

Procedure

1. Export your AWS profile as an environment variable:

   $ export AWS_PROFILE=<aws_profile> (1)

   1	The AWS profile name that holds your AWS credentials, like beijingadmin.

2. Export the region to associate with your custom AMI as an environment variable:

   $ export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION=<aws_region> (1)

   1	The AWS region, like cn-north-1.

3. Export the version of FCOS you uploaded to Amazon S3 as an environment variable:

   $ export RHCOS_VERSION=<version> (1)

   1	The FCOS VMDK version, like 4.14.0.

4. Export the Amazon S3 bucket name as an environment variable:

   $ export VMIMPORT_BUCKET_NAME=<s3_bucket_name>

5. Create the containers.json file and define your FCOS VMDK file:

   $ cat <<EOF > containers.json
   {
      "Description": "rhcos-${RHCOS_VERSION}-x86_64-aws.x86_64",
      "Format": "vmdk",
      "UserBucket": {
         "S3Bucket": "${VMIMPORT_BUCKET_NAME}",
         "S3Key": "rhcos-${RHCOS_VERSION}-x86_64-aws.x86_64.vmdk"
      }
   }
   EOF

6. Import the FCOS disk as an Amazon EBS snapshot:

   $ aws ec2 import-snapshot --region ${AWS_DEFAULT_REGION} \
        --description "<description>" \ (1)
        --disk-container "file://<file_path>/containers.json" (2)

   1	The description of your FCOS disk being imported, like rhcos-${RHCOS_VERSION}-x86_64-aws.x86_64.
   2	The file path to the JSON file describing your FCOS disk. The JSON file should contain your Amazon S3 bucket name and key.

7. Check the status of the image import:

   $ watch -n 5 aws ec2 describe-import-snapshot-tasks --region ${AWS_DEFAULT_REGION}

   Example output

   {
       "ImportSnapshotTasks": [
           {
               "Description": "rhcos-4.7.0-x86_64-aws.x86_64",
               "ImportTaskId": "import-snap-fh6i8uil",
               "SnapshotTaskDetail": {
                   "Description": "rhcos-4.7.0-x86_64-aws.x86_64",
                   "DiskImageSize": 819056640.0,
                   "Format": "VMDK",
                   "SnapshotId": "snap-06331325870076318",
                   "Status": "completed",
                   "UserBucket": {
                       "S3Bucket": "external-images",
                       "S3Key": "rhcos-4.7.0-x86_64-aws.x86_64.vmdk"
                   }
               }
           }
       ]
   }

   Copy the SnapshotId to register the image.

8. Create a custom FCOS AMI from the FCOS snapshot:

   $ aws ec2 register-image \
      --region ${AWS_DEFAULT_REGION} \
      --architecture x86_64 \ (1)
      --description "rhcos-${RHCOS_VERSION}-x86_64-aws.x86_64" \ (2)
      --ena-support \
      --name "rhcos-${RHCOS_VERSION}-x86_64-aws.x86_64" \ (3)
      --virtualization-type hvm \
      --root-device-name '/dev/xvda' \
      --block-device-mappings 'DeviceName=/dev/xvda,Ebs={DeleteOnTermination=true,SnapshotId=<snapshot_ID>}' (4)

   1	The FCOS VMDK architecture type, like x86_64, s390x, or ppc64le.
   2	The Description from the imported snapshot.
   3	The name of the FCOS AMI.
   4	The SnapshotID from the imported snapshot.

To learn more about these APIs, see the AWS documentation for importing snapshots and creating EBS-backed AMIs.

Obtaining the installation program

Before you install OKD, download the installation file on the host you are using for installation.

Prerequisites

• You have a computer that runs Linux or macOS, with 500 MB of local disk space.

Procedure

1. Download installer from https://github.com/openshift/okd/releases

   The installation program creates several files on the computer that you use to install your cluster. You must keep the installation program and the files that the installation program creates after you finish installing the cluster. Both files are required to delete the cluster.

   Deleting the files created by the installation program does not remove your cluster, even if the cluster failed during installation. To remove your cluster, complete the OKD uninstallation procedures for your specific cloud provider.

2. Extract the installation program. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command:

   $ tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz

3. Download your installation pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager. This pull secret allows you to authenticate with the services that are provided by the included authorities, including Quay.io, which serves the container images for OKD components.

   Using a pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager is not required. You can use a pull secret for another private registry. Or, if you do not need the cluster to pull images from a private registry, you can use {"auths":{"fake":{"auth":"aWQ6cGFzcwo="}}} as the pull secret when prompted during the installation.

   If you do not use the pull secret from the Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager:

   • Red Hat Operators are not available.

   • The Telemetry and Insights operators do not send data to Red Hat.

   • Content from the Red Hat Container Catalog registry, such as image streams and Operators, are not available.

Manually creating the installation configuration file

Installing the cluster requires that you manually generate the installation configuration file.

Prerequisites

• You have uploaded a custom RHCOS AMI.

• You have an SSH public key on your local machine to provide to the installation program. The key will be used for SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes for debugging and disaster recovery.

• You have obtained the OKD installation program and the pull secret for your cluster.

Procedure

1. Create an installation directory to store your required installation assets in:

   $ mkdir <installation_directory>

   You must create a directory. Some installation assets, like bootstrap X.509 certificates have short expiration intervals, so you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OKD version.

2. Customize the sample install-config.yaml file template that is provided and save it in the <installation_directory>.

   You must name this configuration file install-config.yaml.

   The ImageContentSourcePolicy file is generated as an output of oc mirror after the mirroring process is finished. The oc mirror command generates an ImageContentSourcePolicy file which contains the YAML needed to define ImageContentSourcePolicy. Copy the text from this file and paste it into your install-config.yaml file. You must run the ‘oc mirror’ command twice. The first time you run the oc mirror command, you get a full ImageContentSourcePolicy file. The second time you run the oc mirror command, you only get the difference between the first and second run. Because of this behavior, you must always keep a backup of these files in case you need to merge them into one complete ImageContentSourcePolicy file. Keeping a backup of these two output files ensures that you have a complete ImageContentSourcePolicy file.

3. Back up the install-config.yaml file so that you can use it to install multiple clusters.

   The install-config.yaml file is consumed during the next step of the installation process. You must back it up now.

Additional resources

• Installation configuration parameters for AWS

Sample customized install-config.yaml file for AWS

You can customize the installation configuration file (install-config.yaml) to specify more details about your OKD cluster’s platform or modify the values of the required parameters.

apiVersion: v1
baseDomain: example.com (1)
credentialsMode: Mint (2)
controlPlane:  (3) (4)
  hyperthreading: Enabled (5)
  name: master
  platform:
    aws:
      zones:
      - cn-north-1a
      - cn-north-1b
      rootVolume:
        iops: 4000
        size: 500
        type: io1 (6)
      metadataService:
        authentication: Optional (7)
      type: m6i.xlarge
  replicas: 3
compute: (3)
- hyperthreading: Enabled (5)
  name: worker
  platform:
    aws:
      rootVolume:
        iops: 2000
        size: 500
        type: io1 (6)
      metadataService:
        authentication: Optional (7)
      type: c5.4xlarge
      zones:
      - cn-north-1a
  replicas: 3
metadata:
  name: test-cluster (1)
networking:
  clusterNetwork:
  - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14
    hostPrefix: 23
  machineNetwork:
  - cidr: 10.0.0.0/16
  networkType: OVNKubernetes (8)
  serviceNetwork:
  - 172.30.0.0/16
platform:
  aws:
    region: cn-north-1 (1)
    propagateUserTags: true (3)
    userTags:
      adminContact: jdoe
      costCenter: 7536
    subnets: (9)
    - subnet-1
    - subnet-2
    - subnet-3
    amiID: ami-96c6f8f7  (1) (10)
    serviceEndpoints: (11)
      - name: ec2
        url: https://vpce-id.ec2.cn-north-1.vpce.amazonaws.com.cn
    hostedZone: Z3URY6TWQ91KVV (12)
sshKey: ssh-ed25519 AAAA... (13)
pullSecret: '{"auths": ...}' (1)
publish: Internal (14)

Minimum resource requirements for cluster installation

Each cluster machine must meet the following minimum requirements:

1. One vCPU is equivalent to one physical core when simultaneous multithreading (SMT), or hyperthreading, is not enabled. When enabled, use the following formula to calculate the corresponding ratio: (threads per core × cores) × sockets = vCPUs.

2. OKD and Kubernetes are sensitive to disk performance, and faster storage is recommended, particularly for etcd on the control plane nodes which require a 10 ms p99 fsync duration. Note that on many cloud platforms, storage size and IOPS scale together, so you might need to over-allocate storage volume to obtain sufficient performance.

3. As with all user-provisioned installations, if you choose to use Fedora compute machines in your cluster, you take responsibility for all operating system life cycle management and maintenance, including performing system updates, applying patches, and completing all other required tasks. Use of Fedora 7 compute machines is deprecated and has been removed in OKD 4.10 and later.

If an instance type for your platform meets the minimum requirements for cluster machines, it is supported to use in OKD.

Additional resources

• Optimizing storage

Tested instance types for AWS

The following Amazon Web Services (AWS) instance types have been tested with OKD.

Machine types based on 64-bit x86 architecture

• c4.*

• c5.*

• c5a.*

• i3.*

• m4.*

• m5.*

• m5a.*

• m6i.*

• r4.*

• r5.*

• r5a.*

• r6i.*

• t3.*

• t3a.*

Tested instance types for AWS on 64-bit ARM infrastructures

The following Amazon Web Services (AWS) 64-bit ARM instance types have been tested with OKD.

Machine types based on 64-bit ARM architecture

• c6g.*

• m6g.*

Configuring the cluster-wide proxy during installation

Production environments can deny direct access to the internet and instead have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available. You can configure a new OKD cluster to use a proxy by configuring the proxy settings in the install-config.yaml file.

Prerequisites

• You have an existing install-config.yaml file.

• You reviewed the sites that your cluster requires access to and determined whether any of them need to bypass the proxy. By default, all cluster egress traffic is proxied, including calls to hosting cloud provider APIs. You added sites to the Proxy object’s spec.noProxy field to bypass the proxy if necessary.

  The Proxy object status.noProxy field is populated with the values of the networking.machineNetwork[].cidr, networking.clusterNetwork[].cidr, and networking.serviceNetwork[] fields from your installation configuration. For installations on Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure, and OpenStack, the Proxy object status.noProxy field is also populated with the instance metadata endpoint (169.254.169.254).

Procedure

1. Edit your install-config.yaml file and add the proxy settings. For example:

   apiVersion: v1
   baseDomain: my.domain.com
   proxy:
     httpProxy: http://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> (1)
     httpsProxy: https://<username>:<pswd>@<ip>:<port> (2)
     noProxy: ec2.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com,elasticloadbalancing.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com,s3.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com (3)
   additionalTrustBundle: | (4)
       -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
       <MY_TRUSTED_CA_CERT>
       -----END CERTIFICATE-----
   additionalTrustBundlePolicy: <policy_to_add_additionalTrustBundle> (5)

   1	A proxy URL to use for creating HTTP connections outside the cluster. The URL scheme must be http.
   2	A proxy URL to use for creating HTTPS connections outside the cluster.
   3	A comma-separated list of destination domain names, IP addresses, or other network CIDRs to exclude from proxying. Preface a domain with . to match subdomains only. For example, .y.com matches x.y.com, but not y.com. Use * to bypass the proxy for all destinations. If you have added the Amazon EC2,Elastic Load Balancing, and S3 VPC endpoints to your VPC, you must add these endpoints to the noProxy field.
   4	If provided, the installation program generates a config map that is named user-ca-bundle in the openshift-config namespace that contains one or more additional CA certificates that are required for proxying HTTPS connections. The Cluster Network Operator then creates a trusted-ca-bundle config map that merges these contents with the Fedora CoreOS (FCOS) trust bundle, and this config map is referenced in the trustedCA field of the Proxy object. The additionalTrustBundle field is required unless the proxy’s identity certificate is signed by an authority from the FCOS trust bundle.
   5	Optional: The policy to determine the configuration of the Proxy object to reference the user-ca-bundle config map in the trustedCA field. The allowed values are Proxyonly and Always. Use Proxyonly to reference the user-ca-bundle config map only when http/https proxy is configured. Use Always to always reference the user-ca-bundle config map. The default value is Proxyonly.

   The installation program does not support the proxy readinessEndpoints field.

   If the installer times out, restart and then complete the deployment by using the wait-for command of the installer. For example: $ ./openshift-install wait-for install-complete —log-level debug

2. Save the file and reference it when installing OKD.

The installation program creates a cluster-wide proxy that is named cluster that uses the proxy settings in the provided install-config.yaml file. If no proxy settings are provided, a cluster Proxy object is still created, but it will have a nil spec.

Applying existing AWS security groups to the cluster

Applying existing AWS security groups to your control plane and compute machines can help you meet the security needs of your organization, in such cases where you need to control the incoming or outgoing traffic of these machines.

Prerequisites

• You have created the security groups in AWS. For more information, see the AWS documentation about working with security groups.

• The security groups must be associated with the existing VPC that you are deploying the cluster to. The security groups cannot be associated with another VPC.

• You have an existing install-config.yaml file.

Procedure

1. In the install-config.yaml file, edit the compute.platform.aws.additionalSecurityGroupIDs parameter to specify one or more custom security groups for your compute machines.

2. Edit the controlPlane.platform.aws.additionalSecurityGroupIDs parameter to specify one or more custom security groups for your control plane machines.

3. Save the file and reference it when deploying the cluster.

Sample install-config.yaml file that specifies custom security groups

# ...
compute:
- hyperthreading: Enabled
  name: worker
  platform:
    aws:
      additionalSecurityGroupIDs:
        - sg-1 (1)
        - sg-2
  replicas: 3
controlPlane:
  hyperthreading: Enabled
  name: master
  platform:
    aws:
      additionalSecurityGroupIDs:
        - sg-3
        - sg-4
  replicas: 3
platform:
  aws:
    region: us-east-1
    subnets: (2)
      - subnet-1
      - subnet-2
      - subnet-3

Installing the OpenShift CLI by downloading the binary

You can install the OpenShift CLI (oc) to interact with OKD from a command-line interface. You can install oc on Linux, Windows, or macOS.

Installing the OpenShift CLI on Linux

You can install the OpenShift CLI (oc) binary on Linux by using the following procedure.

Procedure

1. Navigate to https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/oc/latest/ and choose the folder for your operating system and architecture.

2. Download oc.tar.gz.

3. Unpack the archive:

   $ tar xvf <file>

4. Place the oc binary in a directory that is on your PATH.

   To check your PATH, execute the following command:

   $ echo $PATH

After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command:

$ oc <command>

Installing the OpenShift CLI on Windows

You can install the OpenShift CLI (oc) binary on Windows by using the following procedure.

Procedure

1. Navigate to https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/oc/latest/ and choose the folder for your operating system and architecture.

2. Download oc.zip.

3. Unzip the archive with a ZIP program.

4. Move the oc binary to a directory that is on your PATH.

   To check your PATH, open the command prompt and execute the following command:

   C:\> path

After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command:

C:\> oc <command>

Installing the OpenShift CLI on macOS

You can install the OpenShift CLI (oc) binary on macOS by using the following procedure.

Procedure

1. Navigate to https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/oc/latest/ and choose the folder for your operating system and architecture.

2. Download oc.tar.gz.

3. Unpack and unzip the archive.

4. Move the oc binary to a directory on your PATH.

   To check your PATH, open a terminal and execute the following command:

   $ echo $PATH

After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command:

$ oc <command>

Alternatives to storing administrator-level secrets in the kube-system project

By default, administrator secrets are stored in the kube-system project. If you configured the credentialsMode parameter in the install-config.yaml file to Manual, you must use one of the following alternatives:

• To manage long-term cloud credentials manually, follow the procedure in Manually creating long-term credentials.

• To implement short-term credentials that are managed outside the cluster for individual components, follow the procedures in Configuring an AWS cluster to use short-term credentials.

Manually creating long-term credentials

The Cloud Credential Operator (CCO) can be put into manual mode prior to installation in environments where the cloud identity and access management (IAM) APIs are not reachable, or the administrator prefers not to store an administrator-level credential secret in the cluster kube-system namespace.

Procedure

1. If you did not set the credentialsMode parameter in the install-config.yaml configuration file to Manual, modify the value as shown:

   Sample configuration file snippet

   apiVersion: v1
   baseDomain: example.com
   credentialsMode: Manual
   # ...

2. If you have not previously created installation manifest files, do so by running the following command:

   $ openshift-install create manifests

3. Set a $RELEASE_IMAGE variable with the release image from your installation file by running the following command:

   $ RELEASE_IMAGE=$(./openshift-install version | awk '/release image/ {print $3}')

4. Extract the list of CredentialsRequest custom resources (CRs) from the OKD release image by running the following command:

   $ oc adm release extract \
     --from=$RELEASE_IMAGE \
     --credentials-requests \
     --included \(1)
     --install-config=<path_to_directory_with_installation_configuration>/install-config.yaml \(2)
     --to=<path_to_directory_for_credentials_requests> (3)

   1	The —included parameter includes only the manifests that your specific cluster configuration requires.
   2	Specify the location of the install-config.yaml file.
   3	Specify the path to the directory where you want to store the CredentialsRequest objects. If the specified directory does not exist, this command creates it.

   This command creates a YAML file for each CredentialsRequest object.

   Sample CredentialsRequest object

   apiVersion: cloudcredential.openshift.io/v1
   kind: CredentialsRequest
   metadata:
     name: <component_credentials_request>
     namespace: openshift-cloud-credential-operator
     ...
   spec:
     providerSpec:
       apiVersion: cloudcredential.openshift.io/v1
       kind: AWSProviderSpec
       statementEntries:
       - effect: Allow
         action:
         - iam:GetUser
         - iam:GetUserPolicy
         - iam:ListAccessKeys
         resource: "*"
     ...

5. Create YAML files for secrets in the openshift-install manifests directory that you generated previously. The secrets must be stored using the namespace and secret name defined in the spec.secretRef for each CredentialsRequest object.

   Sample CredentialsRequest object with secrets

   apiVersion: cloudcredential.openshift.io/v1
   kind: CredentialsRequest
   metadata:
     name: <component_credentials_request>
     namespace: openshift-cloud-credential-operator
     ...
   spec:
     providerSpec:
       apiVersion: cloudcredential.openshift.io/v1
       kind: AWSProviderSpec
       statementEntries:
       - effect: Allow
         action:
         - s3:CreateBucket
         - s3:DeleteBucket
         resource: "*"
         ...
     secretRef:
       name: <component_secret>
       namespace: <component_namespace>
     ...

   Sample Secret object

   apiVersion: v1
   kind: Secret
   metadata:
     name: <component_secret>
     namespace: <component_namespace>
   data:
     aws_access_key_id: <base64_encoded_aws_access_key_id>
     aws_secret_access_key: <base64_encoded_aws_secret_access_key>

Configuring an AWS cluster to use short-term credentials

To install a cluster that is configured to use the AWS Security Token Service (STS), you must configure the CCO utility and create the required AWS resources for your cluster.

Configuring the Cloud Credential Operator utility

To create and manage cloud credentials from outside of the cluster when the Cloud Credential Operator (CCO) is operating in manual mode, extract and prepare the CCO utility (ccoctl) binary.

Prerequisites

• You have access to an OKD account with cluster administrator access.

• You have installed the OpenShift CLI (oc).

• You have created an AWS account for the ccoctl utility to use with the following permissions:

  Required AWS permissions

  Required iam permissions

  • iam:CreateOpenIDConnectProvider

  • iam:CreateRole

  • iam:DeleteOpenIDConnectProvider

  • iam:DeleteRole

  • iam:DeleteRolePolicy

  • iam:GetOpenIDConnectProvider

  • iam:GetRole

  • iam:GetUser

  • iam:ListOpenIDConnectProviders

  • iam:ListRolePolicies

  • iam:ListRoles

  • iam:PutRolePolicy

  • iam:TagOpenIDConnectProvider

  • iam:TagRole

  Required s3 permissions

  • s3:CreateBucket

  • s3:DeleteBucket

  • s3:DeleteObject

  • s3:GetBucketAcl

  • s3:GetBucketTagging

  • s3:GetObject

  • s3:GetObjectAcl

  • s3:GetObjectTagging

  • s3:ListBucket

  • s3:PutBucketAcl

  • s3:PutBucketPolicy

  • s3:PutBucketPublicAccessBlock

  • s3:PutBucketTagging

  • s3:PutObject

  • s3:PutObjectAcl

  • s3:PutObjectTagging

  Required cloudfront permissions

  • cloudfront:ListCloudFrontOriginAccessIdentities

  • cloudfront:ListDistributions

  • cloudfront:ListTagsForResource

  If you plan to store the OIDC configuration in a private S3 bucket that is accessed by the IAM identity provider through a public CloudFront distribution URL, the AWS account that runs the ccoctl utility requires the following additional permissions:

  Additional permissions for a private S3 bucket with CloudFront

  • cloudfront:CreateCloudFrontOriginAccessIdentity

  • cloudfront:CreateDistribution

  • cloudfront:DeleteCloudFrontOriginAccessIdentity

  • cloudfront:DeleteDistribution

  • cloudfront:GetCloudFrontOriginAccessIdentity

  • cloudfront:GetCloudFrontOriginAccessIdentityConfig

  • cloudfront:GetDistribution

  • cloudfront:TagResource

  • cloudfront:UpdateDistribution

  These additional permissions support the use of the —create-private-s3-bucket option when processing credentials requests with the ccoctl aws create-all command.

Procedure

1. Obtain the OKD release image by running the following command:

   $ RELEASE_IMAGE=$(./openshift-install version | awk '/release image/ {print $3}')

2. Obtain the CCO container image from the OKD release image by running the following command:

   $ CCO_IMAGE=$(oc adm release info --image-for='cloud-credential-operator' $RELEASE_IMAGE -a ~/.pull-secret)

   Ensure that the architecture of the $RELEASE_IMAGE matches the architecture of the environment in which you will use the ccoctl tool.

3. Extract the ccoctl binary from the CCO container image within the OKD release image by running the following command:

   $ oc image extract $CCO_IMAGE --file="/usr/bin/ccoctl" -a ~/.pull-secret

4. Change the permissions to make ccoctl executable by running the following command:

   $ chmod 775 ccoctl

Verification

• To verify that ccoctl is ready to use, display the help file by running the following command:

  $ ccoctl --help

  Output of ccoctl --help

  OpenShift credentials provisioning tool
  Usage:
    ccoctl [command]
  Available Commands:
    alibabacloud Manage credentials objects for alibaba cloud
    aws          Manage credentials objects for AWS cloud
    azure        Manage credentials objects for Azure
    gcp          Manage credentials objects for Google cloud
    help         Help about any command
    ibmcloud     Manage credentials objects for IBM Cloud
    nutanix      Manage credentials objects for Nutanix
  Flags:
    -h, --help   help for ccoctl
  Use "ccoctl [command] --help" for more information about a command.

Creating AWS resources with the Cloud Credential Operator utility

You have the following options when creating AWS resources:

• You can use the ccoctl aws create-all command to create the AWS resources automatically. This is the quickest way to create the resources. See Creating AWS resources with a single command.

• If you need to review the JSON files that the ccoctl tool creates before modifying AWS resources, or if the process the ccoctl tool uses to create AWS resources automatically does not meet the requirements of your organization, you can create the AWS resources individually. See Creating AWS resources individually.

Creating AWS resources with a single command

If the process the ccoctl tool uses to create AWS resources automatically meets the requirements of your organization, you can use the ccoctl aws create-all command to automate the creation of AWS resources.

Otherwise, you can create the AWS resources individually. For more information, see “Creating AWS resources individually”.

Prerequisites

You must have:

• Extracted and prepared the ccoctl binary.

Procedure

1. Set a $RELEASE_IMAGE variable with the release image from your installation file by running the following command:

   $ RELEASE_IMAGE=$(./openshift-install version | awk '/release image/ {print $3}')

2. Extract the list of CredentialsRequest objects from the OKD release image by running the following command:

   $ oc adm release extract \
     --from=$RELEASE_IMAGE \
     --credentials-requests \
     --included \(1)
     --install-config=<path_to_directory_with_installation_configuration>/install-config.yaml \(2)
     --to=<path_to_directory_for_credentials_requests> (3)

   1	The —included parameter includes only the manifests that your specific cluster configuration requires.
   2	Specify the location of the install-config.yaml file.
   3	Specify the path to the directory where you want to store the CredentialsRequest objects. If the specified directory does not exist, this command creates it.

   This command might take a few moments to run.

3. Use the ccoctl tool to process all CredentialsRequest objects by running the following command:

   $ ccoctl aws create-all \
     --name=<name> \(1)
     --region=<aws_region> \(2)
     --credentials-requests-dir=<path_to_credentials_requests_directory> \(3)
     --output-dir=<path_to_ccoctl_output_dir> \(4)
     --create-private-s3-bucket (5)

   1	Specify the name used to tag any cloud resources that are created for tracking.
   2	Specify the AWS region in which cloud resources will be created.
   3	Specify the directory containing the files for the component CredentialsRequest objects.
   4	Optional: Specify the directory in which you want the ccoctl utility to create objects. By default, the utility creates objects in the directory in which the commands are run.
   5	Optional: By default, the ccoctl utility stores the OpenID Connect (OIDC) configuration files in a public S3 bucket and uses the S3 URL as the public OIDC endpoint. To store the OIDC configuration in a private S3 bucket that is accessed by the IAM identity provider through a public CloudFront distribution URL instead, use the —create-private-s3-bucket parameter.

   If your cluster uses Technology Preview features that are enabled by the TechPreviewNoUpgrade feature set, you must include the —enable-tech-preview parameter.

Verification

• To verify that the OKD secrets are created, list the files in the <path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/manifests directory:

  $ ls <path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/manifests

  Example output

  cluster-authentication-02-config.yaml
  openshift-cloud-credential-operator-cloud-credential-operator-iam-ro-creds-credentials.yaml
  openshift-cluster-csi-drivers-ebs-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml
  openshift-image-registry-installer-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml
  openshift-ingress-operator-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml
  openshift-machine-api-aws-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml

  You can verify that the IAM roles are created by querying AWS. For more information, refer to AWS documentation on listing IAM roles.

Creating AWS resources individually

You can use the ccoctl tool to create AWS resources individually. This option might be useful for an organization that shares the responsibility for creating these resources among different users or departments.

Otherwise, you can use the ccoctl aws create-all command to create the AWS resources automatically. For more information, see “Creating AWS resources with a single command”.

Prerequisites

• Extract and prepare the ccoctl binary.

Procedure

1. Generate the public and private RSA key files that are used to set up the OpenID Connect provider for the cluster by running the following command:

   $ ccoctl aws create-key-pair

   Example output

   2021/04/13 11:01:02 Generating RSA keypair
   2021/04/13 11:01:03 Writing private key to /<path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/serviceaccount-signer.private
   2021/04/13 11:01:03 Writing public key to /<path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/serviceaccount-signer.public
   2021/04/13 11:01:03 Copying signing key for use by installer

   where serviceaccount-signer.private and serviceaccount-signer.public are the generated key files.

   This command also creates a private key that the cluster requires during installation in /<path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/tls/bound-service-account-signing-key.key.

2. Create an OpenID Connect identity provider and S3 bucket on AWS by running the following command:

   $ ccoctl aws create-identity-provider \
     --name=<name> \(1)
     --region=<aws_region> \(2)
     --public-key-file=<path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/serviceaccount-signer.public (3)

   1	<name> is the name used to tag any cloud resources that are created for tracking.
   2	<aws-region> is the AWS region in which cloud resources will be created.
   3	<path_to_ccoctl_output_dir> is the path to the public key file that the ccoctl aws create-key-pair command generated.

   Example output

   2021/04/13 11:16:09 Bucket <name>-oidc created
   2021/04/13 11:16:10 OpenID Connect discovery document in the S3 bucket <name>-oidc at .well-known/openid-configuration updated
   2021/04/13 11:16:10 Reading public key
   2021/04/13 11:16:10 JSON web key set (JWKS) in the S3 bucket <name>-oidc at keys.json updated
   2021/04/13 11:16:18 Identity Provider created with ARN: arn:aws:iam::<aws_account_id>:oidc-provider/<name>-oidc.s3.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

   where openid-configuration is a discovery document and keys.json is a JSON web key set file.

   This command also creates a YAML configuration file in /<path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/manifests/cluster-authentication-02-config.yaml. This file sets the issuer URL field for the service account tokens that the cluster generates, so that the AWS IAM identity provider trusts the tokens.

3. Create IAM roles for each component in the cluster:

   1. Set a $RELEASE_IMAGE variable with the release image from your installation file by running the following command:

      $ RELEASE_IMAGE=$(./openshift-install version | awk '/release image/ {print $3}')

   2. Extract the list of CredentialsRequest objects from the OKD release image:

      $ oc adm release extract \
        --from=$RELEASE_IMAGE \
        --credentials-requests \
        --included \(1)
        --install-config=<path_to_directory_with_installation_configuration>/install-config.yaml \(2)
        --to=<path_to_directory_for_credentials_requests> (3)

      1	The —included parameter includes only the manifests that your specific cluster configuration requires.
      2	Specify the location of the install-config.yaml file.
      3	Specify the path to the directory where you want to store the CredentialsRequest objects. If the specified directory does not exist, this command creates it.

   3. Use the ccoctl tool to process all CredentialsRequest objects by running the following command:

      $ ccoctl aws create-iam-roles \
        --name=<name> \
        --region=<aws_region> \
        --credentials-requests-dir=<path_to_credentials_requests_directory> \
        --identity-provider-arn=arn:aws:iam::<aws_account_id>:oidc-provider/<name>-oidc.s3.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com

      For AWS environments that use alternative IAM API endpoints, such as GovCloud, you must also specify your region with the —region parameter. If your cluster uses Technology Preview features that are enabled by the TechPreviewNoUpgrade feature set, you must include the —enable-tech-preview parameter.

      For each CredentialsRequest object, ccoctl creates an IAM role with a trust policy that is tied to the specified OIDC identity provider, and a permissions policy as defined in each CredentialsRequest object from the OKD release image.

Verification

• To verify that the OKD secrets are created, list the files in the <path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/manifests directory:

  $ ll <path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/manifests

  Example output

  total 24
  -rw-------. 1 <user> <user> 161 Apr 13 11:42 cluster-authentication-02-config.yaml
  -rw-------. 1 <user> <user> 379 Apr 13 11:59 openshift-cloud-credential-operator-cloud-credential-operator-iam-ro-creds-credentials.yaml
  -rw-------. 1 <user> <user> 353 Apr 13 11:59 openshift-cluster-csi-drivers-ebs-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml
  -rw-------. 1 <user> <user> 355 Apr 13 11:59 openshift-image-registry-installer-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml
  -rw-------. 1 <user> <user> 339 Apr 13 11:59 openshift-ingress-operator-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml
  -rw-------. 1 <user> <user> 337 Apr 13 11:59 openshift-machine-api-aws-cloud-credentials-credentials.yaml

You can verify that the IAM roles are created by querying AWS. For more information, refer to AWS documentation on listing IAM roles.

Incorporating the Cloud Credential Operator utility manifests

To implement short-term security credentials managed outside the cluster for individual components, you must move the manifest files that the Cloud Credential Operator utility (ccoctl) created to the correct directories for the installation program.

Prerequisites

• You have configured an account with the cloud platform that hosts your cluster.

• You have configured the Cloud Credential Operator utility (ccoctl).

• You have created the cloud provider resources that are required for your cluster with the ccoctl utility.

Procedure

1. If you did not set the credentialsMode parameter in the install-config.yaml configuration file to Manual, modify the value as shown:

   Sample configuration file snippet

   apiVersion: v1
   baseDomain: example.com
   credentialsMode: Manual
   # ...

2. If you have not previously created installation manifest files, do so by running the following command:

   $ openshift-install create manifests

3. Copy the manifests that the ccoctl utility generated to the manifests directory that the installation program created by running the following command:

   $ cp /<path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/manifests/* ./manifests/

4. Copy the private key that the ccoctl utility generated in the tls directory to the installation directory by running the following command:

   $ cp -a /<path_to_ccoctl_output_dir>/tls .

Deploying the cluster

You can install OKD on a compatible cloud platform.

Prerequisites

• You have configured an account with the cloud platform that hosts your cluster.

• You have the OKD installation program and the pull secret for your cluster.

• You have verified that the cloud provider account on your host has the correct permissions to deploy the cluster. An account with incorrect permissions causes the installation process to fail with an error message that displays the missing permissions.

Procedure

1. Change to the directory that contains the installation program and initialize the cluster deployment:

   $ ./openshift-install create cluster --dir <installation_directory> \ (1)
       --log-level=info (2)

   1	For <installation_directory>, specify the location of your customized ./install-config.yaml file.
   2	To view different installation details, specify warn, debug, or error instead of info.

2. Optional: Remove or disable the AdministratorAccess policy from the IAM account that you used to install the cluster.

   The elevated permissions provided by the AdministratorAccess policy are required only during installation.

Verification

When the cluster deployment completes successfully:

• The terminal displays directions for accessing your cluster, including a link to the web console and credentials for the kubeadmin user.

• Credential information also outputs to <installation_directory>/.openshift_install.log.

Example output

...
INFO Install complete!
INFO To access the cluster as the system:admin user when using 'oc', run 'export KUBECONFIG=/home/myuser/install_dir/auth/kubeconfig'
INFO Access the OpenShift web-console here: https://console-openshift-console.apps.mycluster.example.com
INFO Login to the console with user: "kubeadmin", and password: "password"
INFO Time elapsed: 36m22s

Logging in to the cluster by using the CLI

You can log in to your cluster as a default system user by exporting the cluster kubeconfig file. The kubeconfig file contains information about the cluster that is used by the CLI to connect a client to the correct cluster and API server. The file is specific to a cluster and is created during OKD installation.

Prerequisites

• You deployed an OKD cluster.

• You installed the oc CLI.

Procedure

1. Export the kubeadmin credentials:

   $ export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig (1)

   1	For <installation_directory>, specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in.

2. Verify you can run oc commands successfully using the exported configuration:

   $ oc whoami

   Example output

   system:admin

Logging in to the cluster by using the web console

The kubeadmin user exists by default after an OKD installation. You can log in to your cluster as the kubeadmin user by using the OKD web console.

Prerequisites

• You have access to the installation host.

• You completed a cluster installation and all cluster Operators are available.

Procedure

1. Obtain the password for the kubeadmin user from the kubeadmin-password file on the installation host:

   $ cat <installation_directory>/auth/kubeadmin-password

   Alternatively, you can obtain the kubeadmin password from the <installation_directory>/.openshift_install.log log file on the installation host.

2. List the OKD web console route:

   $ oc get routes -n openshift-console | grep 'console-openshift'

   Alternatively, you can obtain the OKD route from the <installation_directory>/.openshift_install.log log file on the installation host.

   Example output

   console     console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>            console     https   reencrypt/Redirect   None

3. Navigate to the route detailed in the output of the preceding command in a web browser and log in as the kubeadmin user.

Additional resources

• See Accessing the web console for more details about accessing and understanding the OKD web console.

• See About remote health monitoring for more information about the Telemetry service.

Next steps

• Validating an installation.

• Customize your cluster.

• If necessary, you can opt out of remote health reporting.

• If necessary, you can remove cloud provider credentials.