在基于规则的路径选择之后,如果存在多个可以选择的路径,那么 OceanBase 数据库会按个计算每个路径的代价,并从中选择代价最小的路径作为最终选择的路径。OceanBase 数据库的代价模型考虑了 CPU 代价(比如处理一个谓词的 CPU 开销)和 IO 代价(比如顺序和随机读取宏块和微块的代价),CPU 代价和 IO 代价最终相加得到一个总的代价。在 OceanBase 数据库中,每个访问路径的代价在计划中都会展示出来。
obclient> create table t1(a int primary key, b int, c int, index k1(b));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec)
-- 主表路径的代价
obclient> explain select/*+index(t1 primary)*/ * from t1 where b < 10;
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Query Plan |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ===================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME|EST. ROWS|COST|
-----------------------------------
|0 |TABLE SCAN|t1 |200 |622 |
===================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([t1.a], [t1.b], [t1.c]), filter([t1.b < 10]),
access([t1.b], [t1.a], [t1.c]), partitions(p0)
-- 所以k1路径的代价
obclient> explain select/*+index(t1 k1)*/ * from t1 where b < 10;
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Query Plan |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| =====================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME |EST. ROWS|COST|
-------------------------------------
|0 |TABLE SCAN|t1(k1)|200 |1114|
=====================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([t1.a], [t1.b], [t1.c]), filter(nil),
access([t1.b], [t1.a], [t1.c]), partitions(p0)
对于一个访问路径,它的代价主要由两部分组成,扫描访问路径的代价和回表的代价。如果一个访问路径不需要回表,那么就没有回表的代价。在 OceanBase 数据库中,访问路径的代价取决于很多因素,比如扫描的行数,回表的行数,投影的列数,谓词的个数等。但是对于访问路径来说,代价在很大程度上取决于行数,所以在下面的分析中,我们从行数这个维度来介绍这两部分的代价。
扫描访问路径的代价: 扫描访问路径的代价跟扫描的行数成正比,理论上来说扫描的行数越多,执行时间就会越久。对于一个访问路径,query range 决定了需要扫描的范围,从而决定了需要扫描的行数。Query range 的扫描是顺序 IO。
回表的代价: 回表的代价跟回表的行数也也是正相关的,回表的行数越多(回表的行数是指满足所有能在索引上执行的谓词的行数),执行时间就会越久。回表的扫描是随机 IO,所以回表一行的代价会比 query range 扫描一行的代价高很多。
当分析一个访问路径的性能的时候,可以从上面两个因素入手,既定位出来通过 query range 扫描的行数以及回表的行数。这两个行数通常我们可以通过执行 sql 语句来获取,如下例所示,对于查询 select * from t1 where c2 > 20 and c2 < 800 and c3 < 200
, 对于索引 k1 这个访问路径,首先通常计划展示来获取用来抽取 query range 的谓词,谓词 c2 > 20 and c2 < 800 用来抽取 query range 了,谓词 c3 < 200 被当成回表前的谓词。那么可以使用如下例所示的两个查询来检查 query range 抽取的行数以及回表之后的行数。
obclient> create table t1(c1 int primary key, c2 int, c3 int, c4 int, c5 int, index k1(c2,c3));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.26 sec)
obclient> explain extended_noaddr select/*+index(t1 k1)*/ * from t1 where c2 > 20 and c2 < 800 and c3 < 200;
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Query Plan |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| =====================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME |EST. ROWS|COST|
-------------------------------------
|0 |TABLE SCAN|t1(k1)|156 |1216|
=====================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([t1.c1], [t1.c2], [t1.c3], [t1.c4], [t1.c5]), filter([t1.c3 < 200]),
access([t1.c2], [t1.c3], [t1.c1], [t1.c4], [t1.c5]), partitions(p0),
is_index_back=true, filter_before_indexback[true],
range_key([t1.c2], [t1.c3], [t1.c1]), range(20,MAX,MAX ; 800,MIN,MIN),
range_cond([t1.c2 > 20], [t1.c2 < 800])
-- query range 扫描的行数
obclient> select/*+index(t1 k1)*/ count(*) from t1 where c2 > 20 and c2 < 800;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 779 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
-- 回表的行数
obclient> select/*+index(t1 k1)*/ count(*) from t1 where c2 > 20 and c2 < 800 and c3 < 200;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 179 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)