异常
try & except 块
写代码的时候,出现错误必不可免,即使代码没有问题,也可能遇到别的问题。
看下面这段代码:
- import math
- while True:
- text = raw_input('> ')
- if text[0] == 'q':
- break
- x = float(text)
- y = math.log10(x)
- print "log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
这段代码接收命令行的输入,当输入为数字时,计算它的对数并输出,直到输入值为 q
为止。
乍看没什么问题,然而当我们输入0或者负数时:
In [1]:
- import math
- while True:
- text = raw_input('> ')
- if text[0] == 'q':
- break
- x = float(text)
- y = math.log10(x)
- print "log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
- > -1
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
- <ipython-input-1-ceb8cf66641b> in <module>()
- 6 break
- 7 x = float(text)
- ----> 8 y = math.log10(x)
- 9 print "log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
- ValueError: math domain error
log10
函数会报错,因为不能接受非正值。
一旦报错,程序就会停止执行,如果不希望程序停止执行,那么我们可以添加一对 try & except
:
- import math
- while True:
- try:
- text = raw_input('> ')
- if text[0] == 'q':
- break
- x = float(text)
- y = math.log10(x)
- print "log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
- except ValueError:
- print "the value must be greater than 0"
一旦 try
块中的内容出现了异常,那么 try
块后面的内容会被忽略,Python会寻找 except
里面有没有对应的内容,如果找到,就执行对应的块,没有则抛出这个异常。
在上面的例子中,try
抛出的是 ValueError
,except
中有对应的内容,所以这个异常被 except
捕捉到,程序可以继续执行:
In [2]:
- import math
- while True:
- try:
- text = raw_input('> ')
- if text[0] == 'q':
- break
- x = float(text)
- y = math.log10(x)
- print "log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
- except ValueError:
- print "the value must be greater than 0"
- > -1
- the value must be greater than 0
- > 0
- the value must be greater than 0
- > 1
- log10(1.0) = 0.0
- > q
捕捉不同的错误类型
- import math
- while True:
- try:
- text = raw_input('> ')
- if text[0] == 'q':
- break
- x = float(text)
- y = 1 / math.log10(x)
- print "log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
- except ValueError:
- print "the value must be greater than 0"
假设我们将这里的 y
更改为 1 / math.log10(x)
,此时输入 1
:
In [3]:
- import math
- while True:
- try:
- text = raw_input('> ')
- if text[0] == 'q':
- break
- x = float(text)
- y = 1 / math.log10(x)
- print "log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
- except ValueError:
- print "the value must be greater than 0"
- > 1
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call last)
- <ipython-input-3-7607f1ae6af9> in <module>()
- 7 break
- 8 x = float(text)
- ----> 9 y = 1 / math.log10(x)
- 10 print "log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
- 11 except ValueError:
- ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero
因为我们的 except
里面并没有 ZeroDivisionError
,所以会抛出这个异常,我们可以通过两种方式解决这个问题:
捕捉所有异常
将except
的值改成 Exception
类,来捕获所有的异常。
In [4]:
- import math
- while True:
- try:
- text = raw_input('> ')
- if text[0] == 'q':
- break
- x = float(text)
- y = 1 / math.log10(x)
- print "1 / log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
- except Exception:
- print "invalid value"
- > 1
- invalid value
- > 0
- invalid value
- > -1
- invalid value
- > 2
- 1 / log10(2.0) = 3.32192809489
- > q
指定特定值
这里,我们把 ZeroDivisionError
加入 except
。
In [5]:
- import math
- while True:
- try:
- text = raw_input('> ')
- if text[0] == 'q':
- break
- x = float(text)
- y = 1 / math.log10(x)
- print "1 / log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
- except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):
- print "invalid value"
- > 1
- invalid value
- > -1
- invalid value
- > 0
- invalid value
- > q
或者另加处理:
In [6]:
- import math
- while True:
- try:
- text = raw_input('> ')
- if text[0] == 'q':
- break
- x = float(text)
- y = 1 / math.log10(x)
- print "1 / log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
- except ValueError:
- print "the value must be greater than 0"
- except ZeroDivisionError:
- print "the value must not be 1"
- > 1
- the value must not be 1
- > -1
- the value must be greater than 0
- > 0
- the value must be greater than 0
- > 2
- 1 / log10(2.0) = 3.32192809489
- > q
事实上,我们还可以将这两种方式结合起来,用 Exception
来捕捉其他的错误:
In [7]:
- import math
- while True:
- try:
- text = raw_input('> ')
- if text[0] == 'q':
- break
- x = float(text)
- y = 1 / math.log10(x)
- print "1 / log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
- except ValueError:
- print "the value must be greater than 0"
- except ZeroDivisionError:
- print "the value must not be 1"
- except Exception:
- print "unexpected error"
- > 1
- the value must not be 1
- > -1
- the value must be greater than 0
- > 0
- the value must be greater than 0
- > q
得到异常的具体信息
在上面的例子中,当我们输入不能转换为浮点数的字符串时,它输出的是 the value must be greater than 0
,这并没有反映出实际情况。
In [8]:
- float('a')
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
- <ipython-input-8-99859da4e72c> in <module>()
- ----> 1 float('a')
- ValueError: could not convert string to float: a
为了得到异常的具体信息,我们将这个 ValueError
具现化:
In [9]:
- import math
- while True:
- try:
- text = raw_input('> ')
- if text[0] == 'q':
- break
- x = float(text)
- y = 1 / math.log10(x)
- print "1 / log10({0}) = {1}".format(x, y)
- except ValueError as exc:
- if exc.message == "math domain error":
- print "the value must be greater than 0"
- else:
- print "could not convert '%s' to float" % text
- except ZeroDivisionError:
- print "the value must not be 1"
- except Exception as exc:
- print "unexpected error:", exc.message
- > 1
- the value must not be 1
- > -1
- the value must be greater than 0
- > aa
- could not convert 'aa' to float
- > q
同时,我们也将捕获的其他异常的信息显示出来。
这里,exc.message
显示的内容是异常对应的说明,例如
ValueError: could not convert string to float: a
对应的 message
是
could not convert string to float: a
当我们使用 except Exception
时,会捕获所有的 Exception
和它派生出来的子类,但不是所有的异常都是从 Exception
类派生出来的,可能会出现一些不能捕获的情况,因此,更加一般的做法是使用这样的形式:
- try:
- pass
- except:
- pass
这样不指定异常的类型会捕获所有的异常,但是这样的形式并不推荐。
自定义异常
异常是标准库中的类,这意味着我们可以自定义异常类:
In [10]:
- class CommandError(ValueError):
- pass
这里我们定义了一个继承自 ValueError
的异常类,异常类一般接收一个字符串作为输入,并把这个字符串当作异常信息,例如:
In [11]:
- valid_commands = {'start', 'stop', 'pause'}
- while True:
- command = raw_input('> ')
- if command.lower() not in valid_commands:
- raise CommandError('Invalid commmand: %s' % command)
- > bad command
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- CommandError Traceback (most recent call last)
- <ipython-input-11-0e1f81a1136d> in <module>()
- 4 command = raw_input('> ')
- 5 if command.lower() not in valid_commands:
- ----> 6 raise CommandError('Invalid commmand: %s' % command)
- CommandError: Invalid commmand: bad command
我们使用 raise
关键词来抛出异常。
我们可以使用 try/except
块来捕捉这个异常:
- valid_commands = {'start', 'stop', 'pause'}
- while True:
- command = raw_input('> ')
- try:
- if command.lower() not in valid_commands:
- raise CommandError('Invalid commmand: %s' % command)
- except CommandError:
- print 'Bad command string: "%s"' % command
由于 CommandError
继承自 ValueError
,我们也可以使用 except ValueError
来捕获这个异常。
finally
try/catch 块还有一个可选的关键词 finally。
不管 try 块有没有异常, finally 块的内容总是会被执行,而且会在抛出异常前执行,因此可以用来作为安全保证,比如确保打开的文件被关闭。。
In [12]:
- try:
- print 1
- finally:
- print 'finally was called.'
- 1
- finally was called.
在抛出异常前执行:
In [13]:
- try:
- print 1 / 0
- finally:
- print 'finally was called.'
- finally was called.
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call last)
- <ipython-input-13-87ecdf8b9265> in <module>()
- 1 try:
- ----> 2 print 1 / 0
- 3 finally:
- 4 print 'finally was called.'
- ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
如果异常被捕获了,在最后执行:
In [14]:
- try:
- print 1 / 0
- except ZeroDivisionError:
- print 'divide by 0.'
- finally:
- print 'finally was called.'
- divide by 0.
- finally was called.