属性
只读属性
只读属性,顾名思义,指的是只可读不可写的属性,之前我们定义的属性都是可读可写的,对于只读属性,我们需要使用 @property
修饰符来得到:
In [1]:
- class Leaf(object):
- def __init__(self, mass_mg):
- self.mass_mg = mass_mg
- # 这样 mass_oz 就变成属性了
- @property
- def mass_oz(self):
- return self.mass_mg * 3.53e-5
这里 mass_oz
就是一个只读不写的属性(注意是属性不是方法),而 mass_mg
是可读写的属性:
In [2]:
- leaf = Leaf(200)
- print leaf.mass_oz
- 0.00706
可以修改 mass_mg
属性来改变 mass_oz
:
In [3]:
- leaf.mass_mg = 150
- print leaf.mass_oz
- 0.005295
是属性不是方法:
In [4]:
- leaf.mass_oz()
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
- <ipython-input-4-aac6717ebc82> in <module>()
- ----> 1 leaf.mass_oz()
- TypeError: 'float' object is not callable
而且是只读属性,不可写:
In [5]:
- leaf.mass_oz = 0.001
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
- <ipython-input-5-d232052cd2dc> in <module>()
- ----> 1 leaf.mass_oz = 0.001
- AttributeError: can't set attribute
回到 forest
的例子,我们希望加入几个只读属性:
In [6]:
- import numpy as np
- class Forest(object):
- """ Forest can grow trees which eventually die."""
- def __init__(self, size=(150,150)):
- self.size = size
- self.trees = np.zeros(self.size, dtype=bool)
- self.fires = np.zeros((self.size), dtype=bool)
- def __repr__(self):
- my_repr = "{}(size={})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.size)
- return my_repr
- def __str__(self):
- return self.__class__.__name__
- @property
- def num_cells(self):
- """Number of cells available for growing trees"""
- return np.prod(self.size)
- @property
- def tree_fraction(self):
- """
- Fraction of trees
- """
- num_trees = self.trees.sum()
- return float(num_trees) / self.num_cells
- @property
- def fire_fraction(self):
- """
- Fraction of fires
- """
- num_fires = self.fires.sum()
- return float(num_fires) / self.num_cells
查看属性:
In [7]:
- forest = Forest()
- forest.num_cells
Out[7]:
- 22500
生成一个较小的森林:
In [8]:
- small_forest = Forest((10, 10))
- small_forest.num_cells
Out[8]:
- 100
初始状态下,树和火灾的比例都是 0:
In [9]:
- small_forest.tree_fraction
Out[9]:
- 0.0
In [10]:
- small_forest.fire_fraction
Out[10]:
- 0.0
可读写的属性
对于 @property
生成的只读属性,我们可以使用相应的 @attr.setter
修饰符来使得这个属性变成可写的:
In [11]:
- class Leaf(object):
- def __init__(self, mass_mg):
- self.mass_mg = mass_mg
- # 这样 mass_oz 就变成属性了
- @property
- def mass_oz(self):
- return self.mass_mg * 3.53e-5
- # 使用 mass_oz.setter 修饰符
- @mass_oz.setter
- def mass_oz(self, m_oz):
- self.mass_mg = m_oz / 3.53e-5
测试:
In [12]:
- leaf = Leaf(200)
- print leaf.mass_oz
- leaf.mass_mg = 150
- print leaf.mass_oz
- 0.00706
- 0.005295
修改 mass_oz
属性:
In [13]:
- leaf.mass_oz = 0.01
- print leaf.mass_mg
- 283.28611898
一个等价的替代如下:
- class Leaf(object):
- def __init__(self, mass_mg):
- self.mass_mg = mass_mg
- def get_mass_oz(self):
- return self.mass_mg * 3.53e-5
- def set_mass_oz(self, m_oz):
- self.mass_mg = m_oz / 3.53e-5
- mass_oz = property(get_mass_oz, set_mass_oz)