Object variants

Often an object hierarchy is overkill in certain situations where simple variant types are needed. Object variants are tagged unions discriminated via a enumerated type used for runtime type flexibility, mirroring the concepts of sum types and algebraic data types (ADTs) as found in other languages.

An example:

# This is an example how an abstract syntax tree could be modelled in Nim
type
  NodeKind = enum  # the different node types
    nkInt,          # a leaf with an integer value
    nkFloat,        # a leaf with a float value
    nkString,       # a leaf with a string value
    nkAdd,          # an addition
    nkSub,          # a subtraction
    nkIf            # an if statement
  Node = ref NodeObj
  NodeObj = object
    case kind: NodeKind  # the ``kind`` field is the discriminator
    of nkInt: intVal: int
    of nkFloat: floatVal: float
    of nkString: strVal: string
    of nkAdd, nkSub:
      leftOp, rightOp: Node
    of nkIf:
      condition, thenPart, elsePart: Node
# create a new case object:
var n = Node(kind: nkIf, condition: nil)
# accessing n.thenPart is valid because the ``nkIf`` branch is active:
n.thenPart = Node(kind: nkFloat, floatVal: 2.0)
# the following statement raises an `FieldDefect` exception, because
# n.kind's value does not fit and the ``nkString`` branch is not active:
n.strVal = ""
# invalid: would change the active object branch:
n.kind = nkInt
var x = Node(kind: nkAdd, leftOp: Node(kind: nkInt, intVal: 4),
                          rightOp: Node(kind: nkInt, intVal: 2))
# valid: does not change the active object branch:
x.kind = nkSub

As can been seen from the example, an advantage to an object hierarchy is that no casting between different object types is needed. Yet, access to invalid object fields raises an exception.

The syntax of case in an object declaration follows closely the syntax of the case statement: The branches in a case section may be indented too.

In the example the kind field is called the discriminator: For safety its address cannot be taken and assignments to it are restricted: The new value must not lead to a change of the active object branch. Also, when the fields of a particular branch are specified during object construction, the corresponding discriminator value must be specified as a constant expression.

Instead of changing the active object branch, replace the old object in memory with a new one completely:

var x = Node(kind: nkAdd, leftOp: Node(kind: nkInt, intVal: 4),
                          rightOp: Node(kind: nkInt, intVal: 2))
# change the node's contents:
x[] = NodeObj(kind: nkString, strVal: "abc")

Starting with version 0.20 system.reset cannot be used anymore to support object branch changes as this never was completely memory safe.

As a special rule, the discriminator kind can also be bounded using a case statement. If possible values of the discriminator variable in a case statement branch are a subset of discriminator values for the selected object branch, the initialization is considered valid. This analysis only works for immutable discriminators of an ordinal type and disregards elif branches. For discriminator values with a range type, the compiler checks if the entire range of possible values for the discriminator value is valid for the chosen object branch.

A small example:

let unknownKind = nkSub
# invalid: unsafe initialization because the kind field is not statically known:
var y = Node(kind: unknownKind, strVal: "y")
var z = Node()
case unknownKind
of nkAdd, nkSub:
  # valid: possible values of this branch are a subset of nkAdd/nkSub object branch:
  z = Node(kind: unknownKind, leftOp: Node(), rightOp: Node())
else:
  echo "ignoring: ", unknownKind
# also valid, since unknownKindBounded can only contain the values nkAdd or nkSub
let unknownKindBounded = range[nkAdd..nkSub](unknownKind)
z = Node(kind: unknownKindBounded, leftOp: Node(), rightOp: Node())