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Type system reference

 来源:Mypy 浏览 410 扫码 分享 2020-04-13 20:20:38
  • Built-in types
  • Type inference and type annotations
  • Kinds of types
  • Class basics
  • Protocols and structural subtyping
  • Type checking Python 2 code
  • Dynamically typed code
  • Casts and type assertions
  • Duck type compatibility
  • Stub files
  • Generics
  • More types
  • Literal types
  • Final names, methods and classes
  • Metaclasses
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  • Menu
  • First steps
    • Introduction
    • Getting started
      • Installing and running mypy
      • Function signatures and dynamic vs static typing
      • More function signatures
      • The typing module
      • Local type inference
      • Library stubs and typeshed
      • Configuring mypy
      • Next steps
    • Using mypy with an existing codebase
      • Start small
      • Mypy runner script
      • Continuous Integration
      • Annotate widely imported modules
      • Write annotations as you go
      • Automate annotation of legacy code
      • Speed up mypy runs
      • Introduce stricter options
  • Cheat sheets
    • Type hints cheat sheet (Python 3)
      • Variables
      • Built-in types
      • Functions
      • When you’re puzzled or when things are complicated
      • Standard “duck types”
      • Classes
      • Coroutines and asyncio
      • Miscellaneous
      • Decorators
    • Type hints cheat sheet (Python 2)
      • Built-in types
      • Functions
      • When you’re puzzled or when things are complicated
      • Standard “duck types”
      • Classes
      • Miscellaneous
      • Decorators
  • Type system reference
    • Built-in types
    • Type inference and type annotations
      • Type inference
      • Explicit types for variables
      • Explicit types for collections
      • Compatibility of container types
      • Context in type inference
      • Declaring multiple variable types at a time
      • Starred expressions
    • Kinds of types
      • Class types
      • The Any type
      • Tuple types
      • Callable types (and lambdas)
      • Union types
      • Optional types and the None type
      • Disabling strict optional checking
      • Class name forward references
      • Type aliases
      • Named tuples
      • The type of class objects
      • Text and AnyStr
      • Generators
    • Class basics
      • Instance and class attributes
      • Annotating init methods
      • Class attribute annotations
      • Overriding statically typed methods
      • Abstract base classes and multiple inheritance
    • Protocols and structural subtyping
      • Predefined protocols
      • Simple user-defined protocols
      • Defining subprotocols and subclassing protocols
      • Recursive protocols
      • Using isinstance() with protocols
      • Callback protocols
    • Type checking Python 2 code
      • Multi-line Python 2 function annotations
      • Additional notes
    • Dynamically typed code
      • Operations on Any values
      • Any vs. object
    • Casts and type assertions
    • Duck type compatibility
    • Stub files
      • Creating a stub
      • Stub file syntax
      • Using stub file syntax at runtime
    • Generics
      • Defining generic classes
      • Generic class internals
      • Defining sub-classes of generic classes
      • Generic functions
      • Generic methods and generic self
      • Variance of generic types
      • Type variables with value restriction
      • Type variables with upper bounds
      • Declaring decorators
      • Generic protocols
      • Generic type aliases
    • More types
      • The NoReturn type
      • NewTypes
      • Function overloading
      • Advanced uses of self-types
      • Typing async/await
      • TypedDict
    • Literal types
      • Parameterizing Literals
      • Declaring literal variables
      • Intelligent indexing
      • Tagged unions
      • Limitations
    • Final names, methods and classes
      • Final names
      • Final methods
      • Final classes
    • Metaclasses
      • Defining a metaclass
      • Metaclass usage example
      • Gotchas and limitations of metaclass support
  • Configuring and running mypy
    • Running mypy and managing imports
      • Specifying code to be checked
      • Reading a list of files from a file
      • How mypy handles imports
      • Missing imports
      • Following imports
      • Mapping file paths to modules
      • How imports are found
      • Other advice and best practices
    • The mypy command line
      • Specifying what to type check
      • Optional arguments
      • Config file
      • Import discovery
      • Platform configuration
      • Disallow dynamic typing
      • Untyped definitions and calls
      • None and Optional handling
      • Configuring warnings
      • Miscellaneous strictness flags
      • Configuring error messages
      • Incremental mode
      • Advanced options
      • Report generation
      • Miscellaneous
    • The mypy configuration file
      • Config file format
      • Per-module and global options
      • Inverting option values
      • Examples
      • Import discovery
      • Platform configuration
      • Disallow dynamic typing
      • Untyped definitions and calls
      • None and Optional handling
      • Configuring warnings
      • Suppressing errors
      • Miscellaneous strictness flags
      • Configuring error messages
      • Incremental mode
      • Advanced options
      • Report generation
      • Miscellaneous
    • Inline configuration
      • Configuration comment format
    • Mypy daemon (mypy server)
      • Basic usage
      • Daemon client commands
      • Additional daemon flags
      • Static inference of annotations
      • Limitations
    • Using installed packages
      • Using PEP 561 compatible packages with mypy
      • Making PEP 561 compatible packages
    • Extending and integrating mypy
      • Integrating mypy into another Python application
      • Extending mypy using plugins
      • Configuring mypy to use plugins
      • High-level overview
      • Current list of plugin hooks
      • Notes about the semantic analyzer
    • Automatic stub generation (stubgen)
      • Specifying what to stub
      • Specifying how to generate stubs
      • Additional flags
  • Miscellaneous
    • Common issues and solutions
      • Can’t install mypy using pip
      • No errors reported for obviously wrong code
      • Spurious errors and locally silencing the checker
      • Ignoring a whole file
      • Unexpected errors about ‘None’ and/or ‘Optional’ types
      • Mypy runs are slow
      • Types of empty collections
      • Redefinitions with incompatible types
      • Invariance vs covariance
      • Declaring a supertype as variable type
      • Complex type tests
      • Python version and system platform checks
      • Displaying the type of an expression
      • Import cycles
      • Using classes that are generic in stubs but not at runtime
      • Silencing linters
      • Covariant subtyping of mutable protocol members is rejected
      • Dealing with conflicting names
      • Using a development mypy build
      • Variables vs type aliases
      • Incompatible overrides
    • Supported Python features
    • Error codes
      • Displaying error codes
      • Silencing errors based on error codes
    • Error codes enabled by default
      • Check that attribute exists [attr-defined]
      • Check that attribute exists in each union item [union-attr]
      • Check that name is defined [name-defined]
      • Check arguments in calls [call-arg]
      • Check argument types [arg-type]
      • Check calls to overloaded functions [call-overload]
      • Check validity of types [valid-type]
      • Require annotation if variable type is unclear [var-annotated]
      • Check validity of overrides [override]
      • Check that function returns a value [return]
      • Check that return value is compatible [return-value]
      • Check types in assignment statement [assignment]
      • Check type variable values [type-var]
      • Check uses of various operators [operator]
      • Check indexing operations [index]
      • Check list items [list-item]
      • Check dict items [dict-item]
      • Check TypedDict items [typeddict-item]
      • Check that type of target is known [has-type]
      • Check that import target can be found [import]
      • Check that each name is defined once [no-redef]
      • Check that called function returns a value [func-returns-value]
      • Check instantiation of abstract classes [abstract]
      • Check the target of NewType [valid-newtype]
      • Check the return type of exit [exit-return]
      • Report syntax errors [syntax]
      • Miscellaneous checks [misc]
    • Error codes for optional checks
      • Check that type arguments exist [type-arg]
      • Check that every function has an annotation [no-untyped-def]
      • Check that cast is not redundant [redundant-cast]
      • Check that comparisons are overlapping [comparison-overlap]
      • Check that no untyped functions are called [no-untyped-call]
      • Check that function does not return Any value [no-any-return]
      • Check that types have no Any components due to missing imports [no-any-unimported]
      • Check that statement or expression is unreachable [unreachable]
    • New features in Python 3.6
      • Syntax for variable annotations (PEP 526)
      • Asynchronous generators (PEP 525) and comprehensions (PEP 530)
      • New named tuple syntax
    • Additional features
      • Dataclasses
      • The attrs package
      • Using a remote cache to speed up mypy runs
      • Extended Callable types
    • Frequently Asked Questions
      • Why have both dynamic and static typing?
      • Would my project benefit from static typing?
      • Can I use mypy to type check my existing Python code?
      • Will static typing make my programs run faster?
      • How do I type check my Python 2 code?
      • Is mypy free?
      • Can I use duck typing with mypy?
      • I like Python and I have no need for static typing
      • How are mypy programs different from normal Python?
      • How is mypy different from Cython?
      • Mypy is a cool project. Can I help?
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