ls

显示目录内容列表

补充说明

ls命令 用来显示目标列表，在Linux中是使用率较高的命令。ls命令的输出信息可以进行彩色加亮显示，以分区不同类型的文件。

语法

  1. ls（选项）（参数）

选项

  2. -a, --all     不隐藏任何以. 开始的项目
  3. -A, --almost-all    列出除. 及.. 以外的任何项目
  4.     --author      与-l 同时使用时列出每个文件的作者
  5. -b, --escape      以八进制溢出序列表示不可打印的字符
  6.     --block-size=SIZE      scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
  7.                              '--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of
  8.                              1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below
  9. -B, --ignore-backups       do not list implied entries ending with ~
  10. -c                         with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
  11.                              modification of file status information);
  12.                              with -l: show ctime and sort by name;
  13.                              otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
  14. -C                         list entries by columns
  15.     --color[=WHEN]         colorize the output; WHEN can be 'never', 'auto',
  16.                              or 'always' (the default); more info below
  17. -d, --directory            list directories themselves, not their contents
  18. -D, --dired                generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
  19. -f                         do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
  20. -F, --classify             append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
  21.     --file-type            likewise, except do not append '*'
  22.     --format=WORD          across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
  23.                              single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
  24.     --full-time            like -l --time-style=full-iso
  25. -g        类似-l，但不列出所有者
  26.     --group-directories-first
  27.                            group directories before files;
  28.                              can be augmented with a --sort option, but any
  29.                              use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
  30. -G, --no-group    以一个长列表的形式，不输出组名
  31. -h, --human-readable    与-l 一起，以易于阅读的格式输出文件大小
  32.       (例如 1K 234M 2G)
  33.     --si      同上面类似，但是使用1000 为基底而非1024
  34. -H, --dereference-command-line
  35.                            follow symbolic links listed on the command line
  36.     --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
  37.                            follow each command line symbolic link
  38.                              that points to a directory
  39.     --hide=PATTERN         do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
  40.                              (overridden by -a or -A)
  41.     --indicator-style=WORD  append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
  42.                              none (default), slash (-p),
  43.                              file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
  44. -i, --inode                print the index number of each file
  45. -I, --ignore=PATTERN       do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
  46. -k, --kibibytes            default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage
  47. -l        使用较长格式列出信息
  48. -L, --dereference   当显示符号链接的文件信息时，显示符号链接所指示
  49.       的对象而并非符号链接本身的信息
  50. -m        所有项目以逗号分隔，并填满整行行宽
  51. -n, --numeric-uid-gid   类似 -l，但列出UID 及GID 号
  52. -N, --literal     输出未经处理的项目名称 (如不特别处理控制字符)
  53. -o        类似 -l，但不列出有关组的信息
  54. -p,  --indicator-style=slash  对目录加上表示符号"/"
  55. -q, --hide-control-chars   print ? instead of nongraphic characters
  56.     --show-control-chars   show nongraphic characters as-is (the default,
  57.                              unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
  58. -Q, --quote-name           enclose entry names in double quotes
  59.     --quoting-style=WORD   use quoting style WORD for entry names:
  60.                              literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
  61. -r, --reverse     逆序排列
  62. -R, --recursive   递归显示子目录
  63. -s, --size      以块数形式显示每个文件分配的尺寸
  64. -S                         sort by file size
  65.     --sort=WORD            sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S),
  66.                              time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X)
  67.     --time=WORD            with -l, show time as WORD instead of default
  68.                              modification time: atime or access or use (-u)
  69.                              ctime or status (-c); also use specified time
  70.                              as sort key if --sort=time
  71.     --time-style=STYLE     with -l, show times using style STYLE:
  72.                              full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT;
  73.                              FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'; if FORMAT
  74.                              is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies
  75.                              to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
  76.                              if STYLE is prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE
  77.                              takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
  78. -t                         sort by modification time, newest first
  79. -T, --tabsize=COLS         assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
  80. -u                         with -lt: sort by, and show, access time;
  81.                              with -l: show access time and sort by name;
  82.                              otherwise: sort by access time
  83. -U                         do not sort; list entries in directory order
  84. -v                         natural sort of (version) numbers within text
  85. -w, --width=COLS           assume screen width instead of current value
  86. -x                         list entries by lines instead of by columns
  87. -X                         sort alphabetically by entry extension
  88. -1                         list one file per line
  90. SELinux options:
  92. --lcontext                 Display security context.   Enable -l. Lines
  93.                            will probably be too wide for most displays.
  94. -Z, --context              Display security context so it fits on most
  95.                            displays.  Displays only mode, user, group,
  96.                            security context and file name.
  97. --scontext                 Display only security context and file name.
  98.     --help    显示此帮助信息并退出
  99.     --version   显示版本信息并退出

参数

目录：指定要显示列表的目录，也可以是具体的文件。

实例

  1. $ ls       # 仅列出当前目录可见文件
  2. $ ls -l    # 列出当前目录可见文件详细信息
  3. $ ls -hl   # 列出详细信息并以可读大小显示文件大小
  4. $ ls -al   # 列出所有文件（包括隐藏）的详细信息

显示当前目录下包括影藏文件在内的所有文件列表

  1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -a
  2. .   anaconda-ks.cfg  .bash_logout   .bashrc  install.log         .mysql_history  satools  .tcshrc   .vimrc
  3. ..  .bash_history    .bash_profile  .cshrc   install.log.syslog  .rnd            .ssh     .viminfo

输出长格式列表

  1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -1
  3. anaconda-ks.cfg
  4. install.log
  5. install.log.syslog
  6. satools

显示文件的inode信息

索引节点（index inode简称为“inode”）是Linux中一个特殊的概念，具有相同的索引节点号的两个文本本质上是同一个文件（除文件名不同外）。

  1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -i -l anaconda-ks.cfg install.log
  2. 2345481 -rw------- 1 root root   859 Jun 11 22:49 anaconda-ks.cfg
  3. 2345474 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13837 Jun 11 22:49 install.log

水平输出文件列表

  1. [root@localhost /]# ls -m
  3. bin, boot, data, dev, etc, home, lib, lost+found, media, misc, mnt, opt, proc, root, sbin, selinux, srv, sys, tmp, usr, var

修改最后一次编辑的文件

最近修改的文件显示在最上面。

  1. [root@localhost /]# ls -t
  3. tmp  root  etc  dev  lib  boot  sys  proc  data  home  bin  sbin  usr  var  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  selinux  srv  misc

显示递归文件

  1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -R
  2. .:
  3. anaconda-ks.cfg  install.log  install.log.syslog  satools
  5. ./satools:
  6. black.txt  freemem.sh  iptables.sh  lnmp.sh  mysql  php502_check.sh  ssh_safe.sh

打印文件的UID和GID

  1. [root@localhost /]# ls -n
  3. total 254
  4. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
  5. drwxr-xr-x   4 0 0  1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
  6. drwxr-xr-x   6 0 0  4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
  7. drwxr-xr-x  10 0 0  3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
  8. drwxr-xr-x  75 0 0  4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
  9. drwxr-xr-x   4 0 0  4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
  10. drwxr-xr-x  14 0 0 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
  11. drwx------   2 0 0 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
  12. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 May 11  2011 media
  13. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 Nov  8  2010 misc
  14. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 May 11  2011 mnt
  15. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 May 11  2011 opt
  16. dr-xr-xr-x 232 0 0     0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
  17. drwxr-x---   4 0 0  4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
  18. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
  19. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 May 11  2011 selinux
  20. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 May 11  2011 srv
  21. drwxr-xr-x  11 0 0     0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
  22. drwxrwxrwt   3 0 0 98304 Oct 16 08:45 tmp
  23. drwxr-xr-x  13 0 0  4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
  24. drwxr-xr-x  19 0 0  4096 Jun 11 23:38 var

列出文件和文件夹的详细信息

  1. [root@localhost /]# ls -l
  3. total 254
  4. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
  5. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
  6. drwxr-xr-x   6 root root  4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
  7. drwxr-xr-x  10 root root  3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
  8. drwxr-xr-x  75 root root  4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
  9. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
  10. drwxr-xr-x  14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
  11. drwx------   2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
  12. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 media
  13. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Nov  8  2010 misc
  14. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 mnt
  15. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 opt
  16. dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root     0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
  17. drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
  18. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
  19. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 selinux
  20. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 srv
  21. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
  22. drwxrwxrwt   3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:48 tmp
  23. drwxr-xr-x  13 root root  4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
  24. drwxr-xr-x  19 root root  4096 Jun 11 23:38 var

列出可读文件和文件夹详细信息

  1. [root@localhost /]# ls -lh
  3. total 254K
  4. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K Jun 12 04:03 bin
  5. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root 1.0K Jun 15 14:45 boot
  6. drwxr-xr-x   6 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 data
  7. drwxr-xr-x  10 root root 3.5K Sep 26 15:38 dev
  8. drwxr-xr-x  75 root root 4.0K Oct 16 04:02 etc
  9. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 home
  10. drwxr-xr-x  14 root root  12K Jun 16 04:02 lib
  11. drwx------   2 root root  16K Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
  12. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K May 11  2011 media
  13. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K Nov  8  2010 misc
  14. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K May 11  2011 mnt
  15. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K May 11  2011 opt
  16. dr-xr-xr-x 235 root root    0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
  17. drwxr-x---   4 root root 4.0K Oct 15 14:43 root
  18. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  12K Jun 12 04:03 sbin
  19. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K May 11  2011 selinux
  20. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K May 11  2011 srv
  21. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root    0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
  22. drwxrwxrwt   3 root root  96K Oct 16 08:49 tmp
  23. drwxr-xr-x  13 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 usr
  24. drwxr-xr-x  19 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 var

显示文件夹信息

  1. [root@localhost /]# ls -ld /etc/
  3. drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 /etc/

按时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息

  1. [root@localhost /]# ls -lt
  3. total 254
  4. drwxrwxrwt   3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:53 tmp
  5. drwxr-xr-x  75 root root  4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
  6. drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
  7. drwxr-xr-x  10 root root  3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
  8. drwxr-xr-x  14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
  9. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
  10. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
  11. dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root     0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
  12. drwxr-xr-x   6 root root  4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
  13. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
  14. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
  15. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
  16. drwxr-xr-x  13 root root  4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
  17. drwxr-xr-x  19 root root  4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
  18. drwx------   2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
  19. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 media
  20. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 mnt
  21. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 opt
  22. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 selinux
  23. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 srv
  24. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Nov  8  2010 misc

按修改时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息

  1. [root@localhost /]# ls -ltr
  3. total 254
  4. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Nov  8  2010 misc
  5. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 srv
  6. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 selinux
  7. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 opt
  8. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 mnt
  9. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 media
  10. drwx------   2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
  11. drwxr-xr-x  19 root root  4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
  12. drwxr-xr-x  13 root root  4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
  13. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
  14. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
  15. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
  16. drwxr-xr-x   6 root root  4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
  17. dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root     0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
  18. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
  19. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
  20. drwxr-xr-x  14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
  21. drwxr-xr-x  10 root root  3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
  22. drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
  23. drwxr-xr-x  75 root root  4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
  24. drwxrwxrwt   3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:54 tmp

按照特殊字符对文件进行分类

  1. [root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls -F
  3. auto/  CHANGES  CHANGES.ru  conf/  configure*  contrib/  html/  LICENSE  Makefile  man/  objs/  README  src/

列出文件并标记颜色分类

  1. [root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls --color=auto
  3. auto  CHANGES  CHANGES.ru  conf  configure  contrib  html  LICENSE  Makefile  man  objs  README  src