通过ingress暴露内部服务
在kubernetes集群中,有一个常见的需求:如何将内部服务暴露出来,供外部访问?
在快速入门Kubernetes一节中,我们使用了Service(Load Balancer)的方式,对外暴露了nginx服务。试想:如果我们有100个内部Deployment,能够使用LB的方式,对外暴露么?
如果你还有印象,LB的对外暴露,要占用一个独立的端口,当需要暴露的服务增多时,光是端口的占用和分配,就已经是一个头疼的问题了。
实际上,Kubernetes为我们提供了三种暴露内部服务的机制:
NodePort:在Kubernetes的所有节点上,开放一个端口,转发到内部具体的service上,与LoadBalancer相比,它不会绑定外网IP,多用于临时用途(如debug)
LoadBalancer:每个服务可以绑定一个外网IP、端口,当需要暴露的服务不多时,这是官方推荐的选择。
Ingress:像一个“智能路由器”,对外只暴露一个IP/端口,可以根据路径、头信息等变量,自动转发到内部的多个不同服务上。
本节,我们将介绍两种不同的Ingress,来实现“暴露内部多组服务这个需求”。
七层ingress
首先,我们来看一下Nginx Ingress Controller,这是一款较早退出的Ingress方案,基于Nginx实现了应用层(http)协议的暴露。
我们在上一节的基础上,添加另一组deployment:
kubectl create deployment my-httpd --image=httpd:2.4
kubectl scale deployment my-httpd --replicas=3
同时,我们将之前创建的ngxin,也缩容为3:
kubectl scale deployment my-nginx --replicas=3
kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
my-httpd-84bdf5b4d9-jjvwv 1/1 Running 0 46s
my-httpd-84bdf5b4d9-n269p 1/1 Running 0 16s
my-httpd-84bdf5b4d9-rw2kk 1/1 Running 0 16s
my-nginx-7bc876dc4b-226g9 1/1 Running 2 4h46m
my-nginx-7bc876dc4b-872v2 1/1 Running 2 4h46m
my-nginx-7bc876dc4b-fzr8s 1/1 Running 2 4h46m
接着,我们创建上述两个deployment的service:
kubectl expose deployment/my-nginx --port=80
kubectl expose deployment/my-httpd --port=80
kubectl get services
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 9m16s
my-httpd ClusterIP 10.102.22.9 <none> 80/TCP 4s
my-nginx ClusterIP 10.109.10.111 <none> 80/TCP 9s
在配置ingress之前,我们首先要启用ingress:
minikube addons enable ingress
如果你使用的是MacOS,可能会报错,此时需要一些额外的配置,请参考这个帖子。
接下来,我们创建ingress.yaml文件:
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: homs-ingress
annotations:
kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /$1
spec:
tls:
- hosts:
- homs.coder4.com
secretName: homs-secret
rules:
- host: homs.coder4.com
http:
paths:
- path: /my-nginx/?(.*)
pathType: Prefix
backend:
service:
name: my-nginx
port:
number: 80
- path: /my-httpd/?(.*)
pathType: Prefix
backend:
service:
name: my-httpd
port:
number: 80
解释一下:
我们定义了Nginx的Ingress,并使用了转发前清除前缀(rewrite-target配置)
定义了两个不同的前缀my-nginx和my-httpd,通过前缀指向内部服务
同时支持了http和https解析,但https是自签证书,所以后面我们只用http
然后创建它:
kubectl apply -f ./ingress.yaml
稍等一会,ingress的IP分配成功后如下所示:
kubectl get ingress
NAME CLASS HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
homs-ingress <none> homs.coder4.com 192.168.64.3 80, 443 34s
如上所示,“192.168.64.3”就是分配的ingressIP,但我们需要用DNS访问它,这里,我使用nip.io这个黑魔法来避免需要修改hosts的问题,即修改上述yaml中的host为“192.168.64.3.nip.io”。
我们登录到minikube集群内部,尝试访问:
curl -kL "http://192.168.64.3.nip.io/my-httpd"
<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>
curl -kL "http://192.168.64.3.nip.io/my-nginx"
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
html { color-scheme: light dark; }
body { width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
如上,我们成功的用prefix的路径(my-nginx / my-httpd),访问了两个不同的内部service!
修改转发前缀
在上述的配置中,我们实现了多服务的转发,但准法后的location存在一些问题,我们换一个service验证一下:
kubectl create deployment service1 --image=mendhak/http-https-echo:23
kubectl create deployment service2 --image=mendhak/http-https-echo:23
对外暴露服务:
kubectl expose deployment/service1 --port=8080
kubectl expose deployment/service2 --port=808
修改一下ingress:
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: homs-ingress
annotations:
kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /$1
spec:
tls:
- hosts:
- homs.coder4.com
secretName: homs-secret
rules:
- host: homs.coder4.com
http:
paths:
- path: /service1/?(.*)
pathType: Prefix
backend:
service:
name: service1
port:
number: 8080
- path: /service2/?(.*)
pathType: Prefix
backend:
service:
name: service2
port:
number: 8080
登录到minikube后curl:
{
"path": "/",
"headers": {
"host": "192.168.64.11.nip.io",
"x-request-id": "7a00b30a5d4fd4c084d2bcfbfd44f636",
"x-real-ip": "192.168.64.11",
"x-forwarded-for": "192.168.64.11",
"x-forwarded-host": "192.168.64.11.nip.io",
"x-forwarded-port": "443",
"x-forwarded-proto": "https",
"x-scheme": "https",
"user-agent": "curl/7.76.0",
"accept": "*/*"
},
"method": "GET",
"body": "",
"fresh": false,
"hostname": "192.168.64.11.nip.io",
"ip": "192.168.64.11",
"ips": [
"192.168.64.11"
],
"protocol": "https",
"query": {},
"subdomains": [
"11",
"64",
"168",
"192"
],
"xhr": false,
"os": {
"hostname": "service2-5686d4f68c-4vz7d"
},
"connection": {}
}
观察上述输出,发现转发后的location被重定向了,如果我们的服务想收到完整的请求,如何实现呢?
我们可以修改ingress配置,在路径上添加一段分组匹配,如下:
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: homs-ingress
annotations:
kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /$1$2
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/app-root: /service1
spec:
tls:
- hosts:
- homs.coder4.com
secretName: homs-secret
rules:
- host: 192.168.64.11.nip.io
http:
paths:
- path: /(service1/?)(.*)
pathType: Prefix
backend:
service:
name: service1
port:
number: 8080
- path: /(service2/?)(.*)
pathType: Prefix
backend:
service:
name: service2
port:
number: 8080
生效后,再次curl:
curl -kL "http://192.168.64.11.nip.io/service2"
{
"path": "/service2",
"headers": {
"host": "192.168.64.11.nip.io",
"x-request-id": "b5759cf6f47d0ed713142178ddea4f96",
"x-real-ip": "192.168.64.11",
"x-forwarded-for": "192.168.64.11",
"x-forwarded-host": "192.168.64.11.nip.io",
"x-forwarded-port": "443",
"x-forwarded-proto": "https",
"x-scheme": "https",
"user-agent": "curl/7.76.0",
"accept": "*/*"
},
"method": "GET",
"body": "",
"fresh": false,
"hostname": "192.168.64.11.nip.io",
"ip": "192.168.64.11",
"ips": [
"192.168.64.11"
],
"protocol": "https",
"query": {},
"subdomains": [
"11",
"64",
"168",
"192"
],
"xhr": false,
"os": {
"hostname": "service2-5686d4f68c-4vz7d"
},
"connection": {}
}
成功!
Nginx Ingress也支持通过不同的Host来区分不同Service,也支持nginx的部分自定义配置,推荐你阅读官方ingress例子)。
四层ingress
在上述两个例子中,我们实现了7层http协议的暴露 & 转发,ingress也支持4层的TCP协议。
为了防止影响,我们首先重置集群,并重新启用ingress。
minikube delete
minikube start
minikube addons enable ingress
接着,创建一个TCP的服务,我们以redis为例:
kubectl create deployment redis --image=redis:6
kubectl expose deployment/redis --port=6379
接着,我们创建映射关系,TCP的ingress是通过ConfigMap额外配置的。
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: tcp-services
namespace: ingress-nginx
data:
6379: "default/redis:6379"
最后,我们将端口映射,修改到ingress上:
kubectl edit service -n ingress-nginx ingress-nginx-controller
在规则处添加如下代码:
- name: redis
port: 6379
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 6379
这里我们并没有填写nodePort,这是系统会自动分配的,不用我们手动处理。
保存成功后,我们尝试通过ingress的端口连接:
kubectl get services --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
default kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 35m
default redis ClusterIP 10.109.20.237 <none> 6379/TCP 33m
ingress-nginx ingress-nginx-controller NodePort 10.110.48.51 <none> 80:30958/TCP,443:32737/TCP,6379:32765/TCP 34m
ingress-nginx ingress-nginx-controller-admission ClusterIP 10.103.12.249 <none> 443/TCP 34m
kube-system kube-dns ClusterIP 10.96.0.10 <none> 53/UDP,53/TCP,9153/TCP 35m
我们本地使用redis连接:
redis-cli -h $(minikube ip) -p 32765
> info
info
# Server
redis_version:6.2.6
redis_git_sha1:00000000
redis_git_dirty:0
redis_build_id:1527eab61b27d3bf
redis_mode:standalone
os:Linux 4.19.182 x86_64
arch_bits:64
multiplexing_api:epoll
.....
成功!
至此,我们成功使用Ingress暴露了内部的TCP端口。
如果你仔细对比HTTP和TCP的Ingress,不难发现:
HTTP的Ingress更加实用,可以通过不同Host甚至不同Path,区分多个内部Service
TCP的Ingress相对来说,比较”凑合”,虽然能够工作,但配置繁琐、还需要耗费多个端口,并不方便。
因此,再实际工作中,如果想从k8s集群外访问集群内的TCP服务,多采用网络打通的方式进行,我们将在后续章节介绍这一功能。