join 语句
join
语句对数据库进行连接操作,join
函数的连接条件可以非常简单:
DB::table('services')->select('*')->join('translations AS t', 't.item_id', '=', 'services.id');
也可以比较复杂:
DB::table('users')->select('*')->join('contacts', function ($j) {
$j->on('users.id', '=', 'contacts.id')->orOn('users.name', '=', 'contacts.name');
});
//select * from "users" inner join "contacts" on "users"."id" = "contacts"."id" or "users"."name" = "contacts"."name"
$builder = $this->getBuilder();
DB::table('users')->select('*')->from('users')->joinWhere('contacts', 'col1', function ($j) {
$j->select('users.col2')->from('users')->where('users.id', '=', 'foo')
});
//select * from "users" inner join "contacts" on "col1" = (select "users"."col2" from "users" where "users"."id" = foo)
还可以更加复杂:
DB::table('users')->select('*')->leftJoin('contacts', function ($j) {
$j->on('users.id', '=', 'contacts.id')->where(function ($j) {
$j->where('contacts.country', '=', 'US')->orWhere('contacts.is_partner', '=', 1);
});
});
//select * from "users" left join "contacts" on "users"."id" = "contacts"."id" and ("contacts"."country" = 'US' or "contacts"."is_partner" = 1)
DB::table('users')->select('*')->leftJoin('contacts', function ($j) {
$j->on('users.id', '=', 'contacts.id')->where('contacts.is_active', '=', 1)->orOn(function ($j) {
$j->orWhere(function ($j) {
$j->where('contacts.country', '=', 'UK')->orOn('contacts.type', '=', 'users.type');
})->where(function ($j) {
$j->where('contacts.country', '=', 'US')->orWhereNull('contacts.is_partner');
});
});
});
//select * from "users" left join "contacts" on "users"."id" = "contacts"."id" and "contacts"."is_active" = 1 or (("contacts"."country" = 'UK' or "contacts"."type" = "users"."type") and ("contacts"."country" = 'US' or "contacts"."is_partner" is null))
其实 join
语句与 where
语句非常相似,将 join
语句的连接条件看作 where
的查询条件完全可以,接下来我们看看源码。
join 语句
从上面的示例代码可以看出,join
函数的参数多变,第二个参数可以是列名,也有可能是闭包函数。当第二个参数是列名的时候,第三个参数可以是闭包,还可以是符号 =
、>=
。
public function join($table, $first, $operator = null, $second = null, $type = 'inner', $where = false)
{
$join = new JoinClause($this, $type, $table);
if ($first instanceof Closure) {
call_user_func($first, $join);
$this->joins[] = $join;
$this->addBinding($join->getBindings(), 'join');
}
else {
$method = $where ? 'where' : 'on';
$this->joins[] = $join->$method($first, $operator, $second);
$this->addBinding($join->getBindings(), 'join');
}
return $this;
}
可以看到,程序首先新建了一个 JoinClause
类对象,这个类实际上继承 queryBuilder
,也就是说 queryBuilder
上的很多方法它都可以直接用,例如 where
、whereNull
、whereDate
等等。
class JoinClause extends Builder
{
}
如果第二个参数是闭包函数的话,就会像查询组一样根据查询条件更新 $join
。
如果第二个参数是列名,那么就会调用 on
方法或 where
方法。这两个方法的区别是,on
方法只支持 whereColumn
方法和 whereNested
,也就是说只能写出 join on col1 = col2
这样的语句,而 where
方法可以传递数组、子查询等等.
public function on($first, $operator = null, $second = null, $boolean = 'and')
{
if ($first instanceof Closure) {
return $this->whereNested($first, $boolean);
}
return $this->whereColumn($first, $operator, $second, $boolean);
}
public function orOn($first, $operator = null, $second = null)
{
return $this->on($first, $operator, $second, 'or');
}
grammer——compileJoins
接下来我们来看看如何编译 join
语句:
protected function compileJoins(Builder $query, $joins)
{
return collect($joins)->map(function ($join) use ($query) {
$table = $this->wrapTable($join->table);
return trim("{$join->type} join {$table} {$this->compileWheres($join)}");
})->implode(' ');
}
可以看到,JoinClause
在编译中是作为 queryBuild
对象来看待的。
union 语句
union
用于合并两个或多个 SELECT
语句的结果集。Union
因为要进行重复值扫描,所以效率低。如果合并没有刻意要删除重复行,那么就使用 Union All
。
我们在 laravel
中可以这样使用:
$query = DB::table('users')->select('*')->where('id', '=', 1);
$query->union(DB::table('users')->select('*')->where('id', '=', 2));
//(select * from `users` where `id` = 1) union (select * from `users` where `id` = 2)
还可以添加多个 union
语句:
$query = DB::table('users')->select('*')->where('id', '=', 1);
$query->union(DB::table('users')->select('*')->where('id', '=', 2));
$query->union(DB::table('users')->select('*')->where('id', '=', 3));
//(select * from "users" where "id" = 1) union (select * from "users" where "id" = 2) union (select * from "users" where "id" = 3)
union
语句可以与 orderBy
相结合:
$query = DB::table('users')->select('*')->where('id', '=', 1);
$query->union(DB::table('users')->select('*')->where('id', '=', 2));
$query->orderBy('id', 'desc');
//(select * from `users` where `id` = ?) union (select * from `users` where `id` = ?) order by `id` desc
union
语句可以与 limit
、offset
相结合:
$query = DB::table('users')->select('*');
$query->union(DB::table('users')->select('*'));
$builder->skip(5)->take(10);
//(select * from `users`) union (select * from `dogs`) limit 10 offset 5
union 函数
union
函数比较简单:
public function union($query, $all = false)
{
if ($query instanceof Closure) {
call_user_func($query, $query = $this->newQuery());
}
$this->unions[] = compact('query', 'all');
$this->addBinding($query->getBindings(), 'union');
return $this;
}
grammer——compileUnions
语法编译器对 union
的处理:
public function compileSelect(Builder $query)
{
$sql = parent::compileSelect($query);
if ($query->unions) {
$sql = '('.$sql.') '.$this->compileUnions($query);
}
return $sql;
}
protected function compileUnions(Builder $query)
{
$sql = '';
foreach ($query->unions as $union) {
$sql .= $this->compileUnion($union);
}
if (! empty($query->unionOrders)) {
$sql .= ' '.$this->compileOrders($query, $query->unionOrders);
}
if (isset($query->unionLimit)) {
$sql .= ' '.$this->compileLimit($query, $query->unionLimit);
}
if (isset($query->unionOffset)) {
$sql .= ' '.$this->compileOffset($query, $query->unionOffset);
}
return ltrim($sql);
}
protected function compileUnion(array $union)
{
$conjuction = $union['all'] ? ' union all ' : ' union ';
return $conjuction.'('.$union['query']->toSql().')';
}
可以看出,union
的处理比较简单,都是调用 query->toSql
语句而已。值得注意的是,在处理 union
的时候,要特别处理 order
、limit
、offset
。
orderBy 语句
orderBy 语句用法很简单,可以设置多个排序字段,也可以用原生排序语句:
DB::table('users')->select('*')->orderBy('email')->orderBy('age', 'desc');
DB::table('users')->select('*')->orderBy('email')->orderByRaw('age desc');
orderBy 函数
如果当前查询中有 union
的话,排序的变量会被放入 unionOrders
数组中,这个数组只有在 compileUnions
函数中才会被编译成 sql
语句。否则会被放入 orders
数组中,这时会被 compileOrders
处理:
public function orderBy($column, $direction = 'asc')
{
$this->{$this->unions ? 'unionOrders' : 'orders'}[] = [
'column' => $column,
'direction' => strtolower($direction) == 'asc' ? 'asc' : 'desc',
];
return $this;
}
grammer——compileOrders
orderBy 的编译也很简单:
protected function compileOrders(Builder $query, $orders)
{
if (! empty($orders)) {
return 'order by '.implode(', ', $this->compileOrdersToArray($query, $orders));
}
return '';
}
protected function compileOrdersToArray(Builder $query, $orders)
{
return array_map(function ($order) {
return ! isset($order['sql'])
? $this->wrap($order['column']).' '.$order['direction']
: $order['sql'];
}, $orders);
}
limit offset forPage 语句
limit offset 或者 skip take 用法很简单,有趣的是,laravel
考虑了负数的情况:
DB::select('*')->from('users')->offset(5)->limit(10);
DB::select('*')->from('users')->skip(5)->take(10);
DB::select('*')->from('users')->skip(-5)->take(-10);
DB::select('*')->from('users')->forPage(5, 10);
limit offset 函数
和 orderBy 一样,如果当前查询中有 union
的话,limit / offset 会被放入 unionLimit / unionOffset 中,在编译 union 的时候解析:
public function take($value)
{
return $this->limit($value);
}
public function limit($value)
{
$property = $this->unions ? 'unionLimit' : 'limit';
if ($value >= 0) {
$this->$property = $value;
}
return $this;
}
public function skip($value)
{
return $this->offset($value);
}
public function offset($value)
{
$property = $this->unions ? 'unionOffset' : 'offset';
$this->$property = max(0, $value);
return $this;
}
public function forPage($page, $perPage = 15)
{
return $this->skip(($page - 1) * $perPage)->take($perPage);
}
grammer——compileLimit compileOffset
这个不能再简单了:
protected function compileLimit(Builder $query, $limit)
{
return 'limit '.(int) $limit;
}
protected function compileOffset(Builder $query, $offset)
{
return 'offset '.(int) $offset;
}
group 语句
groupBy
语句的参数形式有多种:
DB::select('*')->from('users')->groupBy('email');
DB::select('*')->from('users')->groupBy('id', 'email');
DB::select('*')->from('users')->groupBy(['id', 'email']);
DB::select('*')->from('users')->groupBy(new Raw('DATE(created_at)'));
groupBy
函数很简单,仅仅是为 $this->groups
成员变量合并数组:
public function groupBy(...$groups)
{
foreach ($groups as $group) {
$this->groups = array_merge(
(array) $this->groups,
Arr::wrap($group)
);
}
return $this;
}
语法编译器的处理:
protected function compileGroups(Builder $query, $groups)
{
return 'group by '.$this->columnize($groups);
}
having 语句
having
语句的用法也很简单。大致有 having
、orHaving
、havingRaw
、orHavingRaw
这几个函数:
DB::select('*')->from('users')->having('email', '>', 1);
DB::select('*')->from('users')->groupBy('email')->having('email', '>', 1);
DB::select('*')->from('users')->having('email', 1)->orHaving('email', 2);
DB::select('*')->from('users')->havingRaw('user_foo < user_bar');
DB::select('*')->from('users')->having('baz', '=', 1)->orHavingRaw('user_foo < user_bar');
having 函数
having
函数大致与 whereColumn
相同:
public function having($column, $operator = null, $value = null, $boolean = 'and')
{
$type = 'Basic';
list($value, $operator) = $this->prepareValueAndOperator(
$value, $operator, func_num_args() == 2
);
if ($this->invalidOperator($operator)) {
list($value, $operator) = [$operator, '='];
}
$this->havings[] = compact('type', 'column', 'operator', 'value', 'boolean');
if (! $value instanceof Expression) {
$this->addBinding($value, 'having');
}
return $this;
}
havingRaw
函数:
public function havingRaw($sql, array $bindings = [], $boolean = 'and')
{
$type = 'Raw';
$this->havings[] = compact('type', 'sql', 'boolean');
$this->addBinding($bindings, 'having');
return $this;
}
grammer——compileHavings
语法编译器:
protected function compileHavings(Builder $query, $havings)
{
$sql = implode(' ', array_map([$this, 'compileHaving'], $havings));
return 'having '.$this->removeLeadingBoolean($sql);
}
protected function compileHaving(array $having)
{
if ($having['type'] === 'Raw') {
return $having['boolean'].' '.$having['sql'];
}
return $this->compileBasicHaving($having);
}
protected function compileBasicHaving($having)
{
$column = $this->wrap($having['column']);
$parameter = $this->parameter($having['value']);
return $having['boolean'].' '.$column.' '.$having['operator'].' '.$parameter;
}
when / tap / unless 语句
when
语句可以根据条件来判断是否执行查询条件,unless
与 when
相反,第一个参数是 false
才会调用闭包函数执行查询,tap
指定 when
的第一参数永远为真:
$callback = function ($query, $condition) {
$this->assertEquals($condition, 'truthy');
$query->where('id', '=', 1);
};
$default = function ($query, $condition) {
$this->assertEquals($condition, 0);
$query->where('id', '=', 2);
};
DB::select('*')->from('users')->when('truthy', $callback, $default)->where('email', 'foo');
DB::select('*')->from('users')->tap($callback)->where('email', 'foo');
DB::select('*')->from('users')->unless('truthy', $callback, $default)->where('email', 'foo');
when
、unless
、tap
函数的实现:
public function when($value, $callback, $default = null)
{
if ($value) {
return $callback($this, $value) ?: $this;
} elseif ($default) {
return $default($this, $value) ?: $this;
}
return $this;
}
public function unless($value, $callback, $default = null)
{
if (! $value) {
return $callback($this, $value) ?: $this;
} elseif ($default) {
return $default($this, $value) ?: $this;
}
return $this;
}
public function tap($callback)
{
return $this->when(true, $callback);
}
Aggregate 查询
聚合方法也是 sql 的重要组成部分,laravel
提供 count
、max
、min
、avg
、sum
、exist
等聚合方法:
DB::table('users')->count();//select count(*) as aggregate from "users"
DB::table('users')->max('id');//select max("id") as aggregate from "users"
DB::table('users')->min('id');//select min("id") as aggregate from "users"
DB::table('users')->sum('id');//select sum("id") as aggregate from "users"
DB::table('users')->exists();//select exists(select * from "users") as "exists"
这些聚合函数实际上都是调用 aggregate
函数:
public function count($columns = '*')
{
return (int) $this->aggregate(__FUNCTION__, Arr::wrap($columns));
}
public function aggregate($function, $columns = ['*'])
{
$results = $this->cloneWithout(['columns'])
->cloneWithoutBindings(['select'])
->setAggregate($function, $columns)
->get($columns);
if (! $results->isEmpty()) {
return array_change_key_case((array) $results[0])['aggregate'];
}
}
可以看出来,aggregate
函数复制了一份 queryBuilder
,只是缺少了 select
、bingding
成员变量:
public function cloneWithout(array $properties)
{
return tap(clone $this, function ($clone) use ($properties) {
foreach ($properties as $property) {
$clone->{$property} = null;
}
});
}
public function cloneWithoutBindings(array $except)
{
return tap(clone $this, function ($clone) use ($except) {
foreach ($except as $type) {
$clone->bindings[$type] = [];
}
});
}
protected function setAggregate($function, $columns)
{
$this->aggregate = compact('function', 'columns');
if (empty($this->groups)) {
$this->orders = null;
$this->bindings['order'] = [];
}
return $this;
}
exist
聚合函数和其他不一样,它的流程与 whereExist
大致相同:
public function exists()
{
$results = $this->connection->select(
$this->grammar->compileExists($this), $this->getBindings(), ! $this->useWritePdo
);
if (isset($results[0])) {
$results = (array) $results[0];
return (bool) $results['exists'];
}
return false;
}
grammer——compileAggregate
laravel
的聚合函数具有独占性,也就是说调用聚合函数后,不能再 select
其他的列:
protected function compileAggregate(Builder $query, $aggregate)
{
$column = $this->columnize($aggregate['columns']);
if ($query->distinct && $column !== '*') {
$column = 'distinct '.$column;
}
return 'select '.$aggregate['function'].'('.$column.') as aggregate';
}
protected function compileColumns(Builder $query, $columns)
{
if (! is_null($query->aggregate)) {
return;
}
$select = $query->distinct ? 'select distinct ' : 'select ';
return $select.$this->columnize($columns);
}
可以看到,如果存在聚合函数,那么编译 select
的 compileColumns
函数将不会运行。
first / find / value / pluck / implode
从数据库中取出后数据,我们可以使用 laravel
提供给我们的一些函数进行包装处理。
first
函数可以让我们只查询第一条:
DB::table('users')->where('id', '=', 1)->first();
find
函数,可以利用数据库表的主键来查询第一条:
DB::table('users')->find(1);
pluck
函数可以取查询记录的某一列:
DB::table('users')->where('id', '=', 1)->pluck('foo');/['bar', 'baz']
pluck
函数取查询记录的某一列的同时,还可以设置列名的 key
:
DB::table('users')->where('id', '=', 1)->pluck('foo', 'id');//[1 => 'bar', 10 => 'baz']
value
函数可以取第一条数据的某一列:
DB::table('users')->where('id', '=', 1)->value('foo');//bar
implode
函数可以将多条数据的某一列拼成字符串:
DB::table('users')->where('id', '=', 1)->implode('foo', ',');//'bar,baz'
first 函数
find
函数,使用了 limit 1
的 sql
语句:
public function first($columns = ['*'])
{
return $this->take(1)->get($columns)->first();
}
find 函数
find
函数实际利用主键调用 first
函数:
public function find($id, $columns = ['*'])
{
return $this->where('id', '=', $id)->first($columns);
}
pluck 函数
pluck
函数主要对得到的数据调用 pluck
函数:
public function pluck($column, $key = null)
{
$results = $this->get(is_null($key) ? [$column] : [$column, $key]);
return $results->pluck(
$this->stripTableForPluck($column),
$this->stripTableForPluck($key)
);
}
implod 函数
implod
函数对一维数组调用 implod
函数:
public function implode($column, $glue = '')
{
return $this->pluck($column)->implode($glue);
}
chunk 语句
如果你需要操作数千条数据库记录,可以考虑使用 chunk 方法。这个方法每次只取出一小块结果,并会将每个块传递给一个闭包处理。
DB::table('users')->orderBy('id')->chunk(100, function ($users) {
foreach ($users as $user) {
//
}
});
你可以从 闭包 中返回 false,以停止对后续分块的处理:
DB::table('users')->orderBy('id')->chunk(100, function ($users) {
// Process the records...
if (...) {
return false;
}
});
如果不想按照主键 id 来进行分块,我们还可以自定义分块主键:
DB::table('users')->orderBy('id')->chunkById(100, function ($users) {
foreach ($users as $user) {
//
}
}, 'someIdField');
chunk 函数
chunk
函数的实现实际上是 forPage
函数,当从数据库获得数据后,先判断是否拿到了数据,如果拿到了就会继续执行闭包函数,否则就会中断程序。执行闭包函数后,需要判断返回状态。若取出的数据小于分块的条数,说明数据已经全部获取完毕,结束程序。
public function chunk($count, callable $callback)
{
$this->enforceOrderBy();
$page = 1;
do {
$results = $this->forPage($page, $count)->get();
$countResults = $results->count();
if ($countResults == 0) {
break;
}
if ($callback($results, $page) === false) {
return false;
}
unset($results);
$page++;
} while ($countResults == $count);
return true;
}
protected function enforceOrderBy()
{
if (empty($this->query->orders) && empty($this->query->unionOrders)) {
$this->orderBy($this->model->getQualifiedKeyName(), 'asc');
}
}
enforceOrderBy
函数是用于数据按照主键的大小进行排序。
chunkById 函数
chunkById 函数与 chunk 函数唯一不同的是 forPage
函数被换成了 forPageAfterId
函数,目的是替换主键:
public function chunkById($count, callable $callback, $column = 'id', $alias = null)
{
$alias = $alias ?: $column;
$lastId = 0;
do {
$clone = clone $this;
$results = $clone->forPageAfterId($count, $lastId, $column)->get();
$countResults = $results->count();
if ($countResults == 0) {
break;
}
if ($callback($results) === false) {
return false;
}
$lastId = $results->last()->{$alias};
unset($results);
} while ($countResults == $count);
return true;
}
forPageAfterId
函数实际上是把 offset
函数删除,并按照自定义的列来排序,每次获取最后一条数据的自定义列的数值,利用 where
条件不断获取下一部分分块数据:
public function forPageAfterId($perPage = 15, $lastId = 0, $column = 'id')
{
$this->orders = $this->removeExistingOrdersFor($column);
return $this->where($column, '>', $lastId)
->orderBy($column, 'asc')
->take($perPage);
}
protected function removeExistingOrdersFor($column)
{
return Collection::make($this->orders)
->reject(function ($order) use ($column) {
return isset($order['column'])
? $order['column'] === $column : false;
})->values()->all();
}