Network Plugins

Network plugins in Kubernetes come in a few flavors:

  • CNI plugins: adhere to the Container Network Interface (CNI) specification, designed for interoperability.
    • Kubernetes follows the v0.4.0 release of the CNI specification.
  • Kubenet plugin: implements basic cbr0 using the bridge and host-local CNI plugins

Installation

The kubelet has a single default network plugin, and a default network common to the entire cluster. It probes for plugins when it starts up, remembers what it finds, and executes the selected plugin at appropriate times in the pod lifecycle (this is only true for Docker, as CRI manages its own CNI plugins). There are two Kubelet command line parameters to keep in mind when using plugins:

  • cni-bin-dir: Kubelet probes this directory for plugins on startup
  • network-plugin: The network plugin to use from cni-bin-dir. It must match the name reported by a plugin probed from the plugin directory. For CNI plugins, this is simply “cni”.

Network Plugin Requirements

Besides providing the NetworkPlugin interface to configure and clean up pod networking, the plugin may also need specific support for kube-proxy. The iptables proxy obviously depends on iptables, and the plugin may need to ensure that container traffic is made available to iptables. For example, if the plugin connects containers to a Linux bridge, the plugin must set the net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables sysctl to 1 to ensure that the iptables proxy functions correctly. If the plugin does not use a Linux bridge (but instead something like Open vSwitch or some other mechanism) it should ensure container traffic is appropriately routed for the proxy.

By default if no kubelet network plugin is specified, the noop plugin is used, which sets net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables=1 to ensure simple configurations (like Docker with a bridge) work correctly with the iptables proxy.

CNI

The CNI plugin is selected by passing Kubelet the --network-plugin=cni command-line option. Kubelet reads a file from --cni-conf-dir (default /etc/cni/net.d) and uses the CNI configuration from that file to set up each pod’s network. The CNI configuration file must match the CNI specification, and any required CNI plugins referenced by the configuration must be present in --cni-bin-dir (default /opt/cni/bin).

If there are multiple CNI configuration files in the directory, the kubelet uses the configuration file that comes first by name in lexicographic order.

In addition to the CNI plugin specified by the configuration file, Kubernetes requires the standard CNI lo plugin, at minimum version 0.2.0

Support hostPort

The CNI networking plugin supports hostPort. You can use the official portmap plugin offered by the CNI plugin team or use your own plugin with portMapping functionality.

If you want to enable hostPort support, you must specify portMappings capability in your cni-conf-dir. For example:

  1. {
  2.   "name": "k8s-pod-network",
  3.   "cniVersion": "0.3.0",
  4.   "plugins": [
  5.     {
  6.       "type": "calico",
  7.       "log_level": "info",
  8.       "datastore_type": "kubernetes",
  9.       "nodename": "127.0.0.1",
  10.       "ipam": {
  11.         "type": "host-local",
  12.         "subnet": "usePodCidr"
  13.       },
  14.       "policy": {
  15.         "type": "k8s"
  16.       },
  17.       "kubernetes": {
  18.         "kubeconfig": "/etc/cni/net.d/calico-kubeconfig"
  19.       }
  20.     },
  21.     {
  22.       "type": "portmap",
  23.       "capabilities": {"portMappings": true}
  24.     }
  25.   ]
  26. }

Support traffic shaping

Experimental Feature

The CNI networking plugin also supports pod ingress and egress traffic shaping. You can use the official bandwidth plugin offered by the CNI plugin team or use your own plugin with bandwidth control functionality.

If you want to enable traffic shaping support, you must add the bandwidth plugin to your CNI configuration file (default /etc/cni/net.d) and ensure that the binary is included in your CNI bin dir (default /opt/cni/bin).

  1. {
  2.   "name": "k8s-pod-network",
  3.   "cniVersion": "0.3.0",
  4.   "plugins": [
  5.     {
  6.       "type": "calico",
  7.       "log_level": "info",
  8.       "datastore_type": "kubernetes",
  9.       "nodename": "127.0.0.1",
  10.       "ipam": {
  11.         "type": "host-local",
  12.         "subnet": "usePodCidr"
  13.       },
  14.       "policy": {
  15.         "type": "k8s"
  16.       },
  17.       "kubernetes": {
  18.         "kubeconfig": "/etc/cni/net.d/calico-kubeconfig"
  19.       }
  20.     },
  21.     {
  22.       "type": "bandwidth",
  23.       "capabilities": {"bandwidth": true}
  24.     }
  25.   ]
  26. }

Now you can add the kubernetes.io/ingress-bandwidth and kubernetes.io/egress-bandwidth annotations to your pod. For example:

  1. apiVersion: v1
  2. kind: Pod
  3. metadata:
  4.   annotations:
  5.     kubernetes.io/ingress-bandwidth: 1M
  6.     kubernetes.io/egress-bandwidth: 1M
  7. ...

kubenet

Kubenet is a very basic, simple network plugin, on Linux only. It does not, of itself, implement more advanced features like cross-node networking or network policy. It is typically used together with a cloud provider that sets up routing rules for communication between nodes, or in single-node environments.

Kubenet creates a Linux bridge named cbr0 and creates a veth pair for each pod with the host end of each pair connected to cbr0. The pod end of the pair is assigned an IP address allocated from a range assigned to the node either through configuration or by the controller-manager. cbr0 is assigned an MTU matching the smallest MTU of an enabled normal interface on the host.

The plugin requires a few things:

  • The standard CNI bridge, lo and host-local plugins are required, at minimum version 0.2.0. Kubenet will first search for them in /opt/cni/bin. Specify cni-bin-dir to supply additional search path. The first found match will take effect.
  • Kubelet must be run with the --network-plugin=kubenet argument to enable the plugin
  • Kubelet should also be run with the --non-masquerade-cidr=<clusterCidr> argument to ensure traffic to IPs outside this range will use IP masquerade.
  • The node must be assigned an IP subnet through either the --pod-cidr kubelet command-line option or the --allocate-node-cidrs=true --cluster-cidr=<cidr> controller-manager command-line options.

Customizing the MTU (with kubenet)

The MTU should always be configured correctly to get the best networking performance. Network plugins will usually try to infer a sensible MTU, but sometimes the logic will not result in an optimal MTU. For example, if the Docker bridge or another interface has a small MTU, kubenet will currently select that MTU. Or if you are using IPSEC encapsulation, the MTU must be reduced, and this calculation is out-of-scope for most network plugins.

Where needed, you can specify the MTU explicitly with the network-plugin-mtu kubelet option. For example, on AWS the eth0 MTU is typically 9001, so you might specify --network-plugin-mtu=9001. If you’re using IPSEC you might reduce it to allow for encapsulation overhead; for example: --network-plugin-mtu=8873.

This option is provided to the network-plugin; currently only kubenet supports network-plugin-mtu.

Usage Summary

  • --network-plugin=cni specifies that we use the cni network plugin with actual CNI plugin binaries located in --cni-bin-dir (default /opt/cni/bin) and CNI plugin configuration located in --cni-conf-dir (default /etc/cni/net.d).
  • --network-plugin=kubenet specifies that we use the kubenet network plugin with CNI bridge and host-local plugins placed in /opt/cni/bin or cni-bin-dir.
  • --network-plugin-mtu=9001 specifies the MTU to use, currently only used by the kubenet network plugin.

What’s next