Ranges and Progressions

Kotlin lets you easily create ranges of values using the rangeTo() function from the kotlin.ranges package and its operator form ... Usually, rangeTo() is complemented by in or !in functions.

  1. if (i in 1..4) {  // equivalent of 1 <= i && i <= 4
  2.     print(i)
  3. }

Integral type ranges (IntRange, LongRange, CharRange) have an extra feature: they can be iterated over. These ranges are also progressions of the corresponding integral types. Such ranges are generally used for iteration in the for loops.

  1. fun main() {
  2. //sampleStart
  3.     for (i in 1..4) print(i)
  4. //sampleEnd
  5. }

To iterate numbers in reverse order, use the downTo function instead of ...

  1. fun main() {
  2. //sampleStart
  3.     for (i in 4 downTo 1) print(i)
  4. //sampleEnd
  5. }

It is also possible to iterate over numbers with an arbitrary step (not necessarily 1). This is done via the step function.

  1. fun main() {
  2. //sampleStart
  3.     for (i in 1..8 step 2) print(i)
  4.     println()
  5.     for (i in 8 downTo 1 step 2) print(i)
  6. //sampleEnd
  7. }

To iterate a number range which does not include its end element, use the until function:

  1. fun main() {
  2. //sampleStart
  3.     for (i in 1 until 10) {       // i in [1, 10), 10 is excluded
  4.         print(i)
  5.     }
  6. //sampleEnd
  7. }

Range

A range defines a closed interval in the mathematical sense: it is defined by its two endpoint values which are both included in the range. Ranges are defined for comparable types: having an order, you can define whether an arbitrary instance is in the range between two given instances. The main operation on ranges is contains, which is usually used in the form of in and !in operators.

To create a range for your class, call the rangeTo() function on the range start value and provide the end value as an argument. rangeTo() is often called in its operator form ...

  1. class Version(val major: Int, val minor: Int): Comparable<Version> {
  2.     override fun compareTo(other: Version): Int {
  3.         if (this.major != other.major) {
  4.             return this.major - other.major
  5.         }
  6.         return this.minor - other.minor
  7.     }
  8. }
  10. fun main() {
  11. //sampleStart
  12.     val versionRange = Version(1, 11)..Version(1, 30)
  13.     println(Version(0, 9) in versionRange)
  14.     println(Version(1, 20) in versionRange)
  15. //sampleEnd
  16. }

Progression

As shown in the examples above, the ranges of integral types, such as Int, Long, and Char, can be treated as arithmetic progressions of them. In Kotlin, these progressions are defined by special types: IntProgression, LongProgression, and CharProgression.

Progressions have three essential properties: the first element, the last element, and a non-zero step. The first element is first, subsequent elements are the previous element plus a step. Iteration over a progression with a positive step is equivalent to an indexed for loop in Java/JavaScript.

  1. for (int i = first; i <= last; i += step) {
  2.   // ...
  3. }

When you create a progression implicitly by iterating a range, this progression’s first and last elements are the range’s endpoints, and the step is 1.

  1. fun main() {
  2. //sampleStart
  3.     for (i in 1..10) print(i)
  4. //sampleEnd
  5. }

To define a custom progression step, use the step function on a range.

  1. fun main() {
  2. //sampleStart
  3.     for (i in 1..8 step 2) print(i)
  4. //sampleEnd
  5. }

The last element of the progression is calculated this way:

  • For a positive step: the maximum value not greater than the end value such that (last - first) % step == 0.
  • For a negative step: the minimum value not less than the end value such that (last - first) % step == 0.

Thus, the last element is not always the same as the specified end value.

  1. fun main() {
  2. //sampleStart
  3.     for (i in 1..9 step 3) print(i) // the last element is 7
  4. //sampleEnd
  5. }

To create a progression for iterating in reverse order, use downTo instead of .. when defining the range for it.

  1. fun main() {
  2. //sampleStart
  3.     for (i in 4 downTo 1) print(i)
  4. //sampleEnd
  5. }

Progressions implement Iterable<N>, where N is Int, Long, or Char respectively, so you can use them in various collection functions like map, filter, and other.

  1. fun main() {
  2. //sampleStart
  3.     println((1..10).filter { it % 2 == 0 })
  4. //sampleEnd
  5. }