日期

Dates 模块提供了两种类型来处理日期：Date 和 DateTime，分别精确到日和毫秒；两者都是抽象类型 TimeType 的子类型。区分类型的动机很简单：不必处理更高精度所带来的复杂性时，一些操作在代码和思维推理上都更加简单。例如，由于 Date 类型仅精确到日（即没有时、分或秒），因此避免了时区、夏令时和闰秒等不必要的通常考虑。

Both Date and DateTime are basically immutable Int64 wrappers. The single instant field of either type is actually a UTInstant{P} type, which represents a continuously increasing machine timeline based on the UT second [1]. The DateTime type is not aware of time zones (naive, in Python parlance), analogous to a LocalDateTime in Java 8. Additional time zone functionality can be added through the TimeZones.jl package, which compiles the IANA time zone database. Both Date and DateTime are based on the ISO 8601 standard, which follows the proleptic Gregorian calendar. One note is that the ISO 8601 standard is particular about BC/BCE dates. In general, the last day of the BC/BCE era, 1-12-31 BC/BCE, was followed by 1-1-1 AD/CE, thus no year zero exists. The ISO standard, however, states that 1 BC/BCE is year zero, so 0000-12-31 is the day before 0001-01-01, and year -0001 (yes, negative one for the year) is 2 BC/BCE, year -0002 is 3 BC/BCE, etc.

构造函数

Date 和 DateTime 类型可以通过整数或 Period 类型，解析，或调整器来构造（稍后会详细介绍）：

julia> DateTime(2013)
2013-01-01T00:00:00
julia> DateTime(2013,7)
2013-07-01T00:00:00
julia> DateTime(2013,7,1)
2013-07-01T00:00:00
julia> DateTime(2013,7,1,12)
2013-07-01T12:00:00
julia> DateTime(2013,7,1,12,30)
2013-07-01T12:30:00
julia> DateTime(2013,7,1,12,30,59)
2013-07-01T12:30:59
julia> DateTime(2013,7,1,12,30,59,1)
2013-07-01T12:30:59.001
julia> Date(2013)
2013-01-01
julia> Date(2013,7)
2013-07-01
julia> Date(2013,7,1)
2013-07-01
julia> Date(Dates.Year(2013),Dates.Month(7),Dates.Day(1))
2013-07-01
julia> Date(Dates.Month(7),Dates.Year(2013))
2013-07-01

Date or DateTime parsing is accomplished by the use of format strings. Format strings work by the notion of defining delimited or fixed-width “slots” that contain a period to parse and passing the text to parse and format string to a Date or DateTime constructor, of the form Date("2015-01-01","y-m-d") or DateTime("20150101","yyyymmdd").

Delimited slots are marked by specifying the delimiter the parser should expect between two subsequent periods; so "y-m-d" lets the parser know that between the first and second slots in a date string like "2014-07-16", it should find the - character. The y, m, and d characters let the parser know which periods to parse in each slot.

Fixed-width slots are specified by repeating the period character the number of times corresponding to the width with no delimiter between characters. So "yyyymmdd" would correspond to a date string like "20140716". The parser distinguishes a fixed-width slot by the absence of a delimiter, noting the transition "yyyymm" from one period character to the next.

Support for text-form month parsing is also supported through the u and U characters, for abbreviated and full-length month names, respectively. By default, only English month names are supported, so u corresponds to “Jan”, “Feb”, “Mar”, etc. And U corresponds to “January”, “February”, “March”, etc. Similar to other name=>value mapping functions dayname and monthname, custom locales can be loaded by passing in the locale=>Dict{String,Int} mapping to the MONTHTOVALUEABBR and MONTHTOVALUE dicts for abbreviated and full-name month names, respectively.

One note on parsing performance: using the Date(date_string,format_string) function is fine if only called a few times. If there are many similarly formatted date strings to parse however, it is much more efficient to first create a Dates.DateFormat, and pass it instead of a raw format string.

julia> df = DateFormat("y-m-d");
julia> dt = Date("2015-01-01",df)
2015-01-01
julia> dt2 = Date("2015-01-02",df)
2015-01-02

You can also use the dateformat"" string macro. This macro creates the DateFormat object once when the macro is expanded and uses the same DateFormat object even if a code snippet is run multiple times.

julia> for i = 1:10^5
           Date("2015-01-01", dateformat"y-m-d")
       end

A full suite of parsing and formatting tests and examples is available in stdlib/Dates/test/io.jl.

持续时间/比较

Finding the length of time between two Date or DateTime is straightforward given their underlying representation as UTInstant{Day} and UTInstant{Millisecond}, respectively. The difference between Date is returned in the number of Day, and DateTime in the number of Millisecond. Similarly, comparing TimeType is a simple matter of comparing the underlying machine instants (which in turn compares the internal Int64 values).

julia> dt = Date(2012,2,29)
2012-02-29
julia> dt2 = Date(2000,2,1)
2000-02-01
julia> dump(dt)
Date
  instant: Dates.UTInstant{Day}
    periods: Day
      value: Int64 734562
julia> dump(dt2)
Date
  instant: Dates.UTInstant{Day}
    periods: Day
      value: Int64 730151
julia> dt > dt2
true
julia> dt != dt2
true
julia> dt + dt2
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching +(::Date, ::Date)
[...]
julia> dt * dt2
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching *(::Date, ::Date)
[...]
julia> dt / dt2
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching /(::Date, ::Date)
julia> dt - dt2
4411 days
julia> dt2 - dt
-4411 days
julia> dt = DateTime(2012,2,29)
2012-02-29T00:00:00
julia> dt2 = DateTime(2000,2,1)
2000-02-01T00:00:00
julia> dt - dt2
381110400000 milliseconds

访问函数

Because the Date and DateTime types are stored as single Int64 values, date parts or fields can be retrieved through accessor functions. The lowercase accessors return the field as an integer:

julia> t = Date(2014, 1, 31)
2014-01-31
julia> Dates.year(t)
2014
julia> Dates.month(t)
1
julia> Dates.week(t)
5
julia> Dates.day(t)
31

当首字母大写时会返回对应 Period 类型的相同值：

julia> Dates.Year(t)
2014 years
julia> Dates.Day(t)
31 days

Compound methods are provided, as they provide a measure of efficiency if multiple fields are needed at the same time:

julia> Dates.yearmonth(t)
(2014, 1)
julia> Dates.monthday(t)
(1, 31)
julia> Dates.yearmonthday(t)
(2014, 1, 31)

One may also access the underlying UTInstant or integer value:

julia> dump(t)
Date
  instant: Dates.UTInstant{Day}
    periods: Day
      value: Int64 735264
julia> t.instant
Dates.UTInstant{Day}(Day(735264))
julia> Dates.value(t)
735264

查询函数

Query functions provide calendrical information about a TimeType. They include information about the day of the week:

julia> t = Date(2014, 1, 31)
2014-01-31
julia> Dates.dayofweek(t)
5
julia> Dates.dayname(t)
"Friday"
julia> Dates.dayofweekofmonth(t) # 5th Friday of January
5

一年中的月份：

julia> Dates.monthname(t)
"January"
julia> Dates.daysinmonth(t)
31

As well as information about the TimeType‘s year and quarter:

julia> Dates.isleapyear(t)
false
julia> Dates.dayofyear(t)
31
julia> Dates.quarterofyear(t)
1
julia> Dates.dayofquarter(t)
31

The dayname and monthname methods can also take an optional locale keyword that can be used to return the name of the day or month of the year for other languages/locales. There are also versions of these functions returning the abbreviated names, namely dayabbr and monthabbr. First the mapping is loaded into the LOCALES variable:

julia> french_months = ["janvier", "février", "mars", "avril", "mai", "juin",
                        "juillet", "août", "septembre", "octobre", "novembre", "décembre"];
julia> french_monts_abbrev = ["janv","févr","mars","avril","mai","juin",
                              "juil","août","sept","oct","nov","déc"];
julia> french_days = ["lundi","mardi","mercredi","jeudi","vendredi","samedi","dimanche"];
julia> Dates.LOCALES["french"] = Dates.DateLocale(french_months, french_monts_abbrev, french_days, [""]);

The above mentioned functions can then be used to perform the queries:

julia> Dates.dayname(t;locale="french")
"vendredi"
julia> Dates.monthname(t;locale="french")
"janvier"
julia> Dates.monthabbr(t;locale="french")
"janv"

自从缩写版本的 days 函数不加载之后，试图访问函数 dayabbr 将导致一个错误。

julia> Dates.dayabbr(t;locale="french")
ERROR: BoundsError: attempt to access 1-element Array{String,1} at index [5]
Stacktrace:
[...]

TimeType 时间运算

It’s good practice when using any language/date framework to be familiar with how date-period arithmetic is handled as there are some tricky issues to deal with (though much less so for day-precision types).

The Dates module approach tries to follow the simple principle of trying to change as little as possible when doing Period arithmetic. This approach is also often known as calendrical arithmetic or what you would probably guess if someone were to ask you the same calculation in a conversation. Why all the fuss about this? Let’s take a classic example: add 1 month to January 31st, 2014. What’s the answer? Javascript will say March 3 (assumes 31 days). PHP says March 2 (assumes 30 days). The fact is, there is no right answer. In the Dates module, it gives the result of February 28th. How does it figure that out? I like to think of the classic 7-7-7 gambling game in casinos.

Now just imagine that instead of 7-7-7, the slots are Year-Month-Day, or in our example, 2014-01-31. When you ask to add 1 month to this date, the month slot is incremented, so now we have 2014-02-31. Then the day number is checked if it is greater than the last valid day of the new month; if it is (as in the case above), the day number is adjusted down to the last valid day (28). What are the ramifications with this approach? Go ahead and add another month to our date, 2014-02-28 + Month(1) == 2014-03-28. What? Were you expecting the last day of March? Nope, sorry, remember the 7-7-7 slots. As few slots as possible are going to change, so we first increment the month slot by 1, 2014-03-28, and boom, we’re done because that’s a valid date. On the other hand, if we were to add 2 months to our original date, 2014-01-31, then we end up with 2014-03-31, as expected. The other ramification of this approach is a loss in associativity when a specific ordering is forced (i.e. adding things in different orders results in different outcomes). For example:

julia> (Date(2014,1,29)+Dates.Day(1)) + Dates.Month(1)
2014-02-28
julia> (Date(2014,1,29)+Dates.Month(1)) + Dates.Day(1)
2014-03-01

What’s going on there? In the first line, we’re adding 1 day to January 29th, which results in 2014-01-30; then we add 1 month, so we get 2014-02-30, which then adjusts down to 2014-02-28. In the second example, we add 1 month first, where we get 2014-02-29, which adjusts down to 2014-02-28, and then add 1 day, which results in 2014-03-01. One design principle that helps in this case is that, in the presence of multiple Periods, the operations will be ordered by the Periods’ types, not their value or positional order; this means Year will always be added first, then Month, then Week, etc. Hence the following does result in associativity and Just Works:

julia> Date(2014,1,29) + Dates.Day(1) + Dates.Month(1)
2014-03-01
julia> Date(2014,1,29) + Dates.Month(1) + Dates.Day(1)
2014-03-01

Tricky? Perhaps. What is an innocent Dates user to do? The bottom line is to be aware that explicitly forcing a certain associativity, when dealing with months, may lead to some unexpected results, but otherwise, everything should work as expected. Thankfully, that’s pretty much the extent of the odd cases in date-period arithmetic when dealing with time in UT (avoiding the “joys” of dealing with daylight savings, leap seconds, etc.).

另外，所有时间运算都可以与范围一起使用：

julia> dr = Date(2014,1,29):Day(1):Date(2014,2,3)
Date("2014-01-29"):Day(1):Date("2014-02-03")
julia> collect(dr)
6-element Array{Date,1}:
 2014-01-29
 2014-01-30
 2014-01-31
 2014-02-01
 2014-02-02
 2014-02-03
julia> dr = Date(2014,1,29):Dates.Month(1):Date(2014,07,29)
Date("2014-01-29"):Month(1):Date("2014-07-29")
julia> collect(dr)
7-element Array{Date,1}:
 2014-01-29
 2014-02-28
 2014-03-29
 2014-04-29
 2014-05-29
 2014-06-29
 2014-07-29

调整器函数

As convenient as date-period arithmetic is, often the kinds of calculations needed on dates take on a calendrical or temporal nature rather than a fixed number of periods. Holidays are a perfect example; most follow rules such as “Memorial Day = Last Monday of May”, or “Thanksgiving = 4th Thursday of November”. These kinds of temporal expressions deal with rules relative to the calendar, like first or last of the month, next Tuesday, or the first and third Wednesdays, etc.

The Dates module provides the adjuster API through several convenient methods that aid in simply and succinctly expressing temporal rules. The first group of adjuster methods deal with the first and last of weeks, months, quarters, and years. They each take a single TimeType as input and return or adjust to the first or last of the desired period relative to the input.

julia> Dates.firstdayofweek(Date(2014,7,16)) # Adjusts the input to the Monday of the input's week
2014-07-14
julia> Dates.lastdayofmonth(Date(2014,7,16)) # Adjusts to the last day of the input's month
2014-07-31
julia> Dates.lastdayofquarter(Date(2014,7,16)) # Adjusts to the last day of the input's quarter
2014-09-30

The next two higher-order methods, tonext, and toprev, generalize working with temporal expressions by taking a DateFunction as first argument, along with a starting TimeType. A DateFunction is just a function, usually anonymous, that takes a single TimeType as input and returns a Bool, true indicating a satisfied adjustment criterion. For example:

julia> istuesday = x->Dates.dayofweek(x) == Dates.Tuesday; # 当 x 是周二时返回 true
julia> Dates.tonext(istuesday, Date(2014,7,13)) # 2014-07-13 是周日
2014-07-15
julia> Dates.tonext(Date(2014,7,13), Dates.Tuesday) # 星期调整的便捷方法
2014-07-15

This is useful with the do-block syntax for more complex temporal expressions:

julia> Dates.tonext(Date(2014,7,13)) do x
           # 在十一月的第四个星期四——感恩节那天返回 true
           Dates.dayofweek(x) == Dates.Thursday &&
           Dates.dayofweekofmonth(x) == 4 &&
           Dates.month(x) == Dates.November
       end
2014-11-27

The Base.filter method can be used to obtain all valid dates/moments in a specified range:

# Pittsburgh street cleaning; Every 2nd Tuesday from April to November
# Date range from January 1st, 2014 to January 1st, 2015
julia> dr = Dates.Date(2014):Day(1):Dates.Date(2015);
julia> filter(dr) do x
           Dates.dayofweek(x) == Dates.Tue &&
           Dates.April <= Dates.month(x) <= Dates.Nov &&
           Dates.dayofweekofmonth(x) == 2
       end
8-element Array{Date,1}:
 2014-04-08
 2014-05-13
 2014-06-10
 2014-07-08
 2014-08-12
 2014-09-09
 2014-10-14
 2014-11-11

Additional examples and tests are available in stdlib/Dates/test/adjusters.jl.

时间段类型

Periods are a human view of discrete, sometimes irregular durations of time. Consider 1 month; it could represent, in days, a value of 28, 29, 30, or 31 depending on the year and month context. Or a year could represent 365 or 366 days in the case of a leap year. Period types are simple Int64 wrappers and are constructed by wrapping any Int64 convertible type, i.e. Year(1) or Month(3.0). Arithmetic between Period of the same type behave like integers, and limited Period-Real arithmetic is available. You can extract the underlying integer with Dates.value.

julia> y1 = Dates.Year(1)
1 year
julia> y2 = Dates.Year(2)
2 years
julia> y3 = Dates.Year(10)
10 years
julia> y1 + y2
3 years
julia> div(y3,y2)
5
julia> y3 - y2
8 years
julia> y3 % y2
0 years
julia> div(y3,3) # mirrors integer division
3 years
julia> Dates.value(Dates.Millisecond(10))
10

取整

Date and DateTime values can be rounded to a specified resolution (e.g., 1 month or 15 minutes) with floor, ceil, or round:

julia> floor(Date(1985, 8, 16), Dates.Month)
1985-08-01
julia> ceil(DateTime(2013, 2, 13, 0, 31, 20), Dates.Minute(15))
2013-02-13T00:45:00
julia> round(DateTime(2016, 8, 6, 20, 15), Dates.Day)
2016-08-07T00:00:00

Unlike the numeric round method, which breaks ties toward the even number by default, the TimeTyperound method uses the RoundNearestTiesUp rounding mode. (It’s difficult to guess what breaking ties to nearest “even” TimeType would entail.) Further details on the available RoundingMode s can be found in the API reference.

Rounding should generally behave as expected, but there are a few cases in which the expected behaviour is not obvious.

Rounding Epoch

In many cases, the resolution specified for rounding (e.g., Dates.Second(30)) divides evenly into the next largest period (in this case, Dates.Minute(1)). But rounding behaviour in cases in which this is not true may lead to confusion. What is the expected result of rounding a DateTime to the nearest 10 hours?

julia> round(DateTime(2016, 7, 17, 11, 55), Dates.Hour(10))
2016-07-17T12:00:00

That may seem confusing, given that the hour (12) is not divisible by 10. The reason that 2016-07-17T12:00:00 was chosen is that it is 17,676,660 hours after 0000-01-01T00:00:00, and 17,676,660 is divisible by 10.

As Julia Date and DateTime values are represented according to the ISO 8601 standard, 0000-01-01T00:00:00 was chosen as base (or “rounding epoch”) from which to begin the count of days (and milliseconds) used in rounding calculations. (Note that this differs slightly from Julia’s internal representation of Date s using Rata Die notation; but since the ISO 8601 standard is most visible to the end user, 0000-01-01T00:00:00 was chosen as the rounding epoch instead of the 0000-12-31T00:00:00 used internally to minimize confusion.)

The only exception to the use of 0000-01-01T00:00:00 as the rounding epoch is when rounding to weeks. Rounding to the nearest week will always return a Monday (the first day of the week as specified by ISO 8601). For this reason, we use 0000-01-03T00:00:00 (the first day of the first week of year 0000, as defined by ISO 8601) as the base when rounding to a number of weeks.

Here is a related case in which the expected behaviour is not necessarily obvious: What happens when we round to the nearest P(2), where P is a Period type? In some cases (specifically, when P <: Dates.TimePeriod) the answer is clear:

julia> round(DateTime(2016, 7, 17, 8, 55, 30), Dates.Hour(2))
2016-07-17T08:00:00
julia> round(DateTime(2016, 7, 17, 8, 55, 30), Dates.Minute(2))
2016-07-17T08:56:00

This seems obvious, because two of each of these periods still divides evenly into the next larger order period. But in the case of two months (which still divides evenly into one year), the answer may be surprising:

julia> round(DateTime(2016, 7, 17, 8, 55, 30), Dates.Month(2))
2016-07-01T00:00:00

Why round to the first day in July, even though it is month 7 (an odd number)? The key is that months are 1-indexed (the first month is assigned 1), unlike hours, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds (the first of which are assigned 0).

This means that rounding a DateTime to an even multiple of seconds, minutes, hours, or years (because the ISO 8601 specification includes a year zero) will result in a DateTime with an even value in that field, while rounding a DateTime to an even multiple of months will result in the months field having an odd value. Because both months and years may contain an irregular number of days, whether rounding to an even number of days will result in an even value in the days field is uncertain.

See the API reference for additional information on methods exported from the Dates module.

API reference

日期和时间类型

Dates.Period — Type

Period
Year
Month
Week
Day
Hour
Minute
Second
Millisecond
Microsecond
Nanosecond

Period types represent discrete, human representations of time.

Dates.CompoundPeriod — Type

CompoundPeriod

A CompoundPeriod is useful for expressing time periods that are not a fixed multiple of smaller periods. For example, “a year and a day” is not a fixed number of days, but can be expressed using a CompoundPeriod. In fact, a CompoundPeriod is automatically generated by addition of different period types, e.g. Year(1) + Day(1) produces a CompoundPeriod result.

Dates.Instant — Type

Instant

Instant types represent integer-based, machine representations of time as continuous timelines starting from an epoch.

Dates.UTInstant — Type

UTInstant{T}

The UTInstant represents a machine timeline based on UT time (1 day = one revolution of the earth). The T is a Period parameter that indicates the resolution or precision of the instant.

Dates.TimeType — Type

TimeType

TimeType types wrap Instant machine instances to provide human representations of the machine instant. Time, DateTime and Date are subtypes of TimeType.

Dates.DateTime — Type

DateTime

DateTime wraps a UTInstant{Millisecond} and interprets it according to the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

Dates.Date — Type

Date

Date wraps a UTInstant{Day} and interprets it according to the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

Dates.Time — Type

Time

Time wraps a Nanosecond and represents a specific moment in a 24-hour day.

日期函数

Dates.DateTime — Method

DateTime(y, [m, d, h, mi, s, ms]) -> DateTime

Construct a DateTime type by parts. Arguments must be convertible to Int64.

Dates.DateTime — Method

DateTime(periods::Period...) -> DateTime

Construct a DateTime type by Period type parts. Arguments may be in any order. DateTime parts not provided will default to the value of Dates.default(period).

Dates.DateTime — Method

DateTime(f::Function, y[, m, d, h, mi, s]; step=Day(1), limit=10000) -> DateTime

Create a DateTime through the adjuster API. The starting point will be constructed from the provided y, m, d... arguments, and will be adjusted until f::Function returns true. The step size in adjusting can be provided manually through the step keyword. limit provides a limit to the max number of iterations the adjustment API will pursue before throwing an error (in the case that f::Function is never satisfied).

Examples

julia> DateTime(dt -> Dates.second(dt) == 40, 2010, 10, 20, 10; step = Dates.Second(1))
2010-10-20T10:00:40
julia> DateTime(dt -> Dates.hour(dt) == 20, 2010, 10, 20, 10; step = Dates.Hour(1), limit = 5)
ERROR: ArgumentError: Adjustment limit reached: 5 iterations
Stacktrace:
[...]

Dates.DateTime — Method

DateTime(dt::Date) -> DateTime

Convert a Date to a DateTime. The hour, minute, second, and millisecond parts of the new DateTime are assumed to be zero.

Dates.DateTime — Method

DateTime(dt::AbstractString, format::AbstractString; locale="english") -> DateTime

Construct a DateTime by parsing the dt date time string following the pattern given in the format string.

This method creates a DateFormat object each time it is called. If you are parsing many date time strings of the same format, consider creating a DateFormat object once and using that as the second argument instead.

Dates.format — Method

format(dt::TimeType, format::AbstractString; locale="english") -> AbstractString

Construct a string by using a TimeType object and applying the provided format. The following character codes can be used to construct the format string:

The number of sequential code characters indicate the width of the code. A format of yyyy-mm specifies that the code y should have a width of four while m a width of two. Codes that yield numeric digits have an associated mode: fixed-width or minimum-width. The fixed-width mode left-pads the value with zeros when it is shorter than the specified width and truncates the value when longer. Minimum-width mode works the same as fixed-width except that it does not truncate values longer than the width.

When creating a format you can use any non-code characters as a separator. For example to generate the string “1996-01-15T00:00:00” you could use format: “yyyy-mm-ddTHH:MM:SS”. Note that if you need to use a code character as a literal you can use the escape character backslash. The string “1996y01m” can be produced with the format “yyyy\ymm\m”.

Dates.DateFormat — Type

DateFormat(format::AbstractString, locale="english") -> DateFormat

Construct a date formatting object that can be used for parsing date strings or formatting a date object as a string. The following character codes can be used to construct the format string:

Characters not listed above are normally treated as delimiters between date and time slots. For example a dt string of “1996-01-15T00:00:00.0” would have a format string like “y-m-dTH:M:S.s”. If you need to use a code character as a delimiter you can escape it using backslash. The date “1995y01m” would have the format “y\ym\m”.

Note that 12:00AM corresponds 00:00 (midnight), and 12:00PM corresponds to 12:00 (noon). When parsing a time with a p specifier, any hour (either H or I) is interpreted as as a 12-hour clock, so the I code is mainly useful for output.

Creating a DateFormat object is expensive. Whenever possible, create it once and use it many times or try the dateformat"" string macro. Using this macro creates the DateFormat object once at macro expansion time and reuses it later. see @dateformat_str.

See DateTime and format for how to use a DateFormat object to parse and write Date strings respectively.

Dates.@dateformat_str — Macro

dateformat"Y-m-d H:M:S"

Create a DateFormat object. Similar to DateFormat("Y-m-d H:M:S") but creates the DateFormat object once during macro expansion.

See DateFormat for details about format specifiers.

Dates.DateTime — Method

DateTime(dt::AbstractString, df::DateFormat) -> DateTime

Construct a DateTime by parsing the dt date time string following the pattern given in the DateFormat object. Similar to DateTime(::AbstractString, ::AbstractString) but more efficient when repeatedly parsing similarly formatted date time strings with a pre-created DateFormat object.

Dates.Date — Method

Date(y, [m, d]) -> Date

Construct a Date type by parts. Arguments must be convertible to Int64.

Dates.Date — Method

Date(period::Period...) -> Date

Construct a Date type by Period type parts. Arguments may be in any order. Date parts not provided will default to the value of Dates.default(period).

Dates.Date — Method

Date(f::Function, y[, m, d]; step=Day(1), limit=10000) -> Date

Create a Date through the adjuster API. The starting point will be constructed from the provided y, m, d arguments, and will be adjusted until f::Function returns true. The step size in adjusting can be provided manually through the step keyword. limit provides a limit to the max number of iterations the adjustment API will pursue before throwing an error (given that f::Function is never satisfied).

Examples

julia> Date(date -> Dates.week(date) == 20, 2010, 01, 01)
2010-05-17
julia> Date(date -> Dates.year(date) == 2010, 2000, 01, 01)
2010-01-01
julia> Date(date -> Dates.month(date) == 10, 2000, 01, 01; limit = 5)
ERROR: ArgumentError: Adjustment limit reached: 5 iterations
Stacktrace:
[...]

Dates.Date — Method

Date(dt::DateTime) -> Date

Convert a DateTime to a Date. The hour, minute, second, and millisecond parts of the DateTime are truncated, so only the year, month and day parts are used in construction.

Dates.Date — Method

Date(d::AbstractString, format::AbstractString; locale="english") -> Date

Construct a Date by parsing the d date string following the pattern given in the format string.

This method creates a DateFormat object each time it is called. If you are parsing many date strings of the same format, consider creating a DateFormat object once and using that as the second argument instead.

Dates.Date — Method

Date(d::AbstractString, df::DateFormat) -> Date

Parse a date from a date string d using a DateFormat object df.

Dates.Time — Method

Time(h, [mi, s, ms, us, ns]) -> Time

Construct a Time type by parts. Arguments must be convertible to Int64.

Dates.Time — Method

Time(period::TimePeriod...) -> Time

Construct a Time type by Period type parts. Arguments may be in any order. Time parts not provided will default to the value of Dates.default(period).

Dates.Time — Method

Time(f::Function, h, mi=0; step::Period=Second(1), limit::Int=10000)
Time(f::Function, h, mi, s; step::Period=Millisecond(1), limit::Int=10000)
Time(f::Function, h, mi, s, ms; step::Period=Microsecond(1), limit::Int=10000)
Time(f::Function, h, mi, s, ms, us; step::Period=Nanosecond(1), limit::Int=10000)

Create a Time through the adjuster API. The starting point will be constructed from the provided h, mi, s, ms, us arguments, and will be adjusted until f::Function returns true. The step size in adjusting can be provided manually through the step keyword. limit provides a limit to the max number of iterations the adjustment API will pursue before throwing an error (in the case that f::Function is never satisfied). Note that the default step will adjust to allow for greater precision for the given arguments; i.e. if hour, minute, and second arguments are provided, the default step will be Millisecond(1) instead of Second(1).

Examples

julia> Dates.Time(t -> Dates.minute(t) == 30, 20)
20:30:00
julia> Dates.Time(t -> Dates.minute(t) == 0, 20)
20:00:00
julia> Dates.Time(t -> Dates.hour(t) == 10, 3; limit = 5)
ERROR: ArgumentError: Adjustment limit reached: 5 iterations
Stacktrace:
[...]

Dates.Time — Method

Time(dt::DateTime) -> Time

Convert a DateTime to a Time. The hour, minute, second, and millisecond parts of the DateTime are used to create the new Time. Microsecond and nanoseconds are zero by default.

Dates.now — Method

now() -> DateTime

Return a DateTime corresponding to the user’s system time including the system timezone locale.

Dates.now — Method

now(::Type{UTC}) -> DateTime

Return a DateTime corresponding to the user’s system time as UTC/GMT.

Base.eps — Function

eps(::DateTime) -> Millisecond
eps(::Date) -> Day
eps(::Time) -> Nanosecond

Returns Millisecond(1) for DateTime values, Day(1) for Date values, and Nanosecond(1) for Time values.

Accessor Functions

Dates.year — Function

year(dt::TimeType) -> Int64

The year of a Date or DateTime as an Int64.

Dates.month — Function

month(dt::TimeType) -> Int64

The month of a Date or DateTime as an Int64.

Dates.week — Function

week(dt::TimeType) -> Int64

Return the ISO week date of a Date or DateTime as an Int64. Note that the first week of a year is the week that contains the first Thursday of the year, which can result in dates prior to January 4th being in the last week of the previous year. For example, week(Date(2005, 1, 1)) is the 53rd week of 2004.

Examples

julia> Dates.week(Date(1989, 6, 22))
25
julia> Dates.week(Date(2005, 1, 1))
53
julia> Dates.week(Date(2004, 12, 31))
53

Dates.day — Function

day(dt::TimeType) -> Int64

The day of month of a Date or DateTime as an Int64.

Dates.hour — Function

hour(dt::DateTime) -> Int64

The hour of day of a DateTime as an Int64.

hour(t::Time) -> Int64

The hour of a Time as an Int64.

Dates.minute — Function

minute(dt::DateTime) -> Int64

The minute of a DateTime as an Int64.

minute(t::Time) -> Int64

The minute of a Time as an Int64.

Dates.second — Function

second(dt::DateTime) -> Int64

The second of a DateTime as an Int64.

second(t::Time) -> Int64

The second of a Time as an Int64.

Dates.millisecond — Function

millisecond(dt::DateTime) -> Int64

The millisecond of a DateTime as an Int64.

millisecond(t::Time) -> Int64

The millisecond of a Time as an Int64.

Dates.microsecond — Function

microsecond(t::Time) -> Int64

The microsecond of a Time as an Int64.

Dates.nanosecond — Function

nanosecond(t::Time) -> Int64

The nanosecond of a Time as an Int64.

Dates.Year — Method

Year(v)

Construct a Year object with the given v value. Input must be losslessly convertible to an Int64.

Dates.Month — Method

Month(v)

Construct a Month object with the given v value. Input must be losslessly convertible to an Int64.

Dates.Week — Method

Week(v)

Construct a Week object with the given v value. Input must be losslessly convertible to an Int64.

Dates.Day — Method

Day(v)

Construct a Day object with the given v value. Input must be losslessly convertible to an Int64.

Dates.Hour — Method

Hour(dt::DateTime) -> Hour

The hour part of a DateTime as a Hour.

Dates.Minute — Method

Minute(dt::DateTime) -> Minute

The minute part of a DateTime as a Minute.

Dates.Second — Method

Second(dt::DateTime) -> Second

The second part of a DateTime as a Second.

Dates.Millisecond — Method

Millisecond(dt::DateTime) -> Millisecond

The millisecond part of a DateTime as a Millisecond.

Dates.Microsecond — Method

Microsecond(dt::Time) -> Microsecond

The microsecond part of a Time as a Microsecond.

Dates.Nanosecond — Method

Nanosecond(dt::Time) -> Nanosecond

The nanosecond part of a Time as a Nanosecond.

Dates.yearmonth — Function

yearmonth(dt::TimeType) -> (Int64, Int64)

Simultaneously return the year and month parts of a Date or DateTime.

Dates.monthday — Function

monthday(dt::TimeType) -> (Int64, Int64)

Simultaneously return the month and day parts of a Date or DateTime.

Dates.yearmonthday — Function

yearmonthday(dt::TimeType) -> (Int64, Int64, Int64)

Simultaneously return the year, month and day parts of a Date or DateTime.

Query Functions

Dates.dayname — Function

dayname(dt::TimeType; locale="english") -> String
dayname(day::Integer; locale="english") -> String

Return the full day name corresponding to the day of the week of the Date or DateTime in the given locale. Also accepts Integer.

Examples

julia> Dates.dayname(Date("2000-01-01"))
"Saturday"
julia> Dates.dayname(4)
"Thursday"

Dates.dayabbr — Function

dayabbr(dt::TimeType; locale="english") -> String
dayabbr(day::Integer; locale="english") -> String

Return the abbreviated name corresponding to the day of the week of the Date or DateTime in the given locale. Also accepts Integer.

Examples

julia> Dates.dayabbr(Date("2000-01-01"))
"Sat"
julia> Dates.dayabbr(3)
"Wed"

Dates.dayofweek — Function

dayofweek(dt::TimeType) -> Int64

Return the day of the week as an Int64 with 1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday, etc..

Examples

julia> Dates.dayofweek(Date("2000-01-01"))
6

Dates.dayofmonth — Function

dayofmonth(dt::TimeType) -> Int64

The day of month of a Date or DateTime as an Int64.

Dates.dayofweekofmonth — Function

dayofweekofmonth(dt::TimeType) -> Int

For the day of week of dt, return which number it is in dt‘s month. So if the day of the week of dt is Monday, then 1 = First Monday of the month, 2 = Second Monday of the month, etc. In the range 1:5.

Examples

julia> Dates.dayofweekofmonth(Date("2000-02-01"))
1
julia> Dates.dayofweekofmonth(Date("2000-02-08"))
2
julia> Dates.dayofweekofmonth(Date("2000-02-15"))
3

Dates.daysofweekinmonth — Function

daysofweekinmonth(dt::TimeType) -> Int

For the day of week of dt, return the total number of that day of the week in dt‘s month. Returns 4 or 5. Useful in temporal expressions for specifying the last day of a week in a month by including dayofweekofmonth(dt) == daysofweekinmonth(dt) in the adjuster function.

Examples

julia> Dates.daysofweekinmonth(Date("2005-01-01"))
5
julia> Dates.daysofweekinmonth(Date("2005-01-04"))
4

Dates.monthname — Function

monthname(dt::TimeType; locale="english") -> String
monthname(month::Integer, locale="english") -> String

Return the full name of the month of the Date or DateTime or Integer in the given locale.

Examples

julia> Dates.monthname(Date("2005-01-04"))
"January"
julia> Dates.monthname(2)
"February"

Dates.monthabbr — Function

monthabbr(dt::TimeType; locale="english") -> String
monthabbr(month::Integer, locale="english") -> String

Return the abbreviated month name of the Date or DateTime or Integer in the given locale.

Examples

julia> Dates.monthabbr(Date("2005-01-04"))
"Jan"
julia> monthabbr(2)
"Feb"

Dates.daysinmonth — Function

daysinmonth(dt::TimeType) -> Int

Return the number of days in the month of dt. Value will be 28, 29, 30, or 31.

Examples

julia> Dates.daysinmonth(Date("2000-01"))
31
julia> Dates.daysinmonth(Date("2001-02"))
28
julia> Dates.daysinmonth(Date("2000-02"))
29

Dates.isleapyear — Function

isleapyear(dt::TimeType) -> Bool

Return true if the year of dt is a leap year.

Examples

julia> Dates.isleapyear(Date("2004"))
true
julia> Dates.isleapyear(Date("2005"))
false

Dates.dayofyear — Function

dayofyear(dt::TimeType) -> Int

Return the day of the year for dt with January 1st being day 1.

Dates.daysinyear — Function

daysinyear(dt::TimeType) -> Int

Return 366 if the year of dt is a leap year, otherwise return 365.

Examples

julia> Dates.daysinyear(1999)
365
julia> Dates.daysinyear(2000)
366

Dates.quarterofyear — Function

quarterofyear(dt::TimeType) -> Int

Return the quarter that dt resides in. Range of value is 1:4.

Dates.dayofquarter — Function

dayofquarter(dt::TimeType) -> Int

Return the day of the current quarter of dt. Range of value is 1:92.

Adjuster Functions

Base.trunc — Method

trunc(dt::TimeType, ::Type{Period}) -> TimeType

Truncates the value of dt according to the provided Period type.

Examples

julia> trunc(Dates.DateTime("1996-01-01T12:30:00"), Dates.Day)
1996-01-01T00:00:00

Dates.firstdayofweek — Function

firstdayofweek(dt::TimeType) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt to the Monday of its week.

Examples

julia> Dates.firstdayofweek(DateTime("1996-01-05T12:30:00"))
1996-01-01T00:00:00

Dates.lastdayofweek — Function

lastdayofweek(dt::TimeType) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt to the Sunday of its week.

Examples

julia> Dates.lastdayofweek(DateTime("1996-01-05T12:30:00"))
1996-01-07T00:00:00

Dates.firstdayofmonth — Function

firstdayofmonth(dt::TimeType) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt to the first day of its month.

Examples

julia> Dates.firstdayofmonth(DateTime("1996-05-20"))
1996-05-01T00:00:00

Dates.lastdayofmonth — Function

lastdayofmonth(dt::TimeType) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt to the last day of its month.

Examples

julia> Dates.lastdayofmonth(DateTime("1996-05-20"))
1996-05-31T00:00:00

Dates.firstdayofyear — Function

firstdayofyear(dt::TimeType) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt to the first day of its year.

Examples

julia> Dates.firstdayofyear(DateTime("1996-05-20"))
1996-01-01T00:00:00

Dates.lastdayofyear — Function

lastdayofyear(dt::TimeType) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt to the last day of its year.

Examples

julia> Dates.lastdayofyear(DateTime("1996-05-20"))
1996-12-31T00:00:00

Dates.firstdayofquarter — Function

firstdayofquarter(dt::TimeType) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt to the first day of its quarter.

Examples

julia> Dates.firstdayofquarter(DateTime("1996-05-20"))
1996-04-01T00:00:00
julia> Dates.firstdayofquarter(DateTime("1996-08-20"))
1996-07-01T00:00:00

Dates.lastdayofquarter — Function

lastdayofquarter(dt::TimeType) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt to the last day of its quarter.

Examples

julia> Dates.lastdayofquarter(DateTime("1996-05-20"))
1996-06-30T00:00:00
julia> Dates.lastdayofquarter(DateTime("1996-08-20"))
1996-09-30T00:00:00

Dates.tonext — Method

tonext(dt::TimeType, dow::Int; same::Bool=false) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt to the next day of week corresponding to dow with 1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday, etc. Setting same=true allows the current dt to be considered as the next dow, allowing for no adjustment to occur.

Dates.toprev — Method

toprev(dt::TimeType, dow::Int; same::Bool=false) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt to the previous day of week corresponding to dow with 1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday, etc. Setting same=true allows the current dt to be considered as the previous dow, allowing for no adjustment to occur.

Dates.tofirst — Function

tofirst(dt::TimeType, dow::Int; of=Month) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt to the first dow of its month. Alternatively, of=Year will adjust to the first dow of the year.

Dates.tolast — Function

tolast(dt::TimeType, dow::Int; of=Month) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt to the last dow of its month. Alternatively, of=Year will adjust to the last dow of the year.

Dates.tonext — Method

tonext(func::Function, dt::TimeType; step=Day(1), limit=10000, same=false) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt by iterating at most limit iterations by step increments until func returns true. func must take a single TimeType argument and return a Bool. same allows dt to be considered in satisfying func.

Dates.toprev — Method

toprev(func::Function, dt::TimeType; step=Day(-1), limit=10000, same=false) -> TimeType

Adjusts dt by iterating at most limit iterations by step increments until func returns true. func must take a single TimeType argument and return a Bool. same allows dt to be considered in satisfying func.

Periods

Dates.Period — Method

Year(v)
Month(v)
Week(v)
Day(v)
Hour(v)
Minute(v)
Second(v)
Millisecond(v)
Microsecond(v)
Nanosecond(v)

Construct a Period type with the given v value. Input must be losslessly convertible to an Int64.

Dates.CompoundPeriod — Method

CompoundPeriod(periods) -> CompoundPeriod

Construct a CompoundPeriod from a Vector of Periods. All Periods of the same type will be added together.

Examples

julia> Dates.CompoundPeriod(Dates.Hour(12), Dates.Hour(13))
25 hours
julia> Dates.CompoundPeriod(Dates.Hour(-1), Dates.Minute(1))
-1 hour, 1 minute
julia> Dates.CompoundPeriod(Dates.Month(1), Dates.Week(-2))
1 month, -2 weeks
julia> Dates.CompoundPeriod(Dates.Minute(50000))
50000 minutes

Dates.value — Function

Dates.value(x::Period) -> Int64

For a given period, return the value associated with that period. For example, value(Millisecond(10)) returns 10 as an integer.

Dates.default — Function

default(p::Period) -> Period

Returns a sensible “default” value for the input Period by returning T(1) for Year, Month, and Day, and T(0) for Hour, Minute, Second, and Millisecond.

取整函数

Date and DateTime values can be rounded to a specified resolution (e.g., 1 month or 15 minutes) with floor, ceil, or round.

Base.floor — Method

floor(dt::TimeType, p::Period) -> TimeType

Return the nearest Date or DateTime less than or equal to dt at resolution p.

For convenience, p may be a type instead of a value: floor(dt, Dates.Hour) is a shortcut for floor(dt, Dates.Hour(1)).

julia> floor(Date(1985, 8, 16), Dates.Month)
1985-08-01
julia> floor(DateTime(2013, 2, 13, 0, 31, 20), Dates.Minute(15))
2013-02-13T00:30:00
julia> floor(DateTime(2016, 8, 6, 12, 0, 0), Dates.Day)
2016-08-06T00:00:00

Base.ceil — Method

ceil(dt::TimeType, p::Period) -> TimeType

Return the nearest Date or DateTime greater than or equal to dt at resolution p.

For convenience, p may be a type instead of a value: ceil(dt, Dates.Hour) is a shortcut for ceil(dt, Dates.Hour(1)).

julia> ceil(Date(1985, 8, 16), Dates.Month)
1985-09-01
julia> ceil(DateTime(2013, 2, 13, 0, 31, 20), Dates.Minute(15))
2013-02-13T00:45:00
julia> ceil(DateTime(2016, 8, 6, 12, 0, 0), Dates.Day)
2016-08-07T00:00:00

Base.round — Method

round(dt::TimeType, p::Period, [r::RoundingMode]) -> TimeType

Return the Date or DateTime nearest to dt at resolution p. By default (RoundNearestTiesUp), ties (e.g., rounding 9:30 to the nearest hour) will be rounded up.

For convenience, p may be a type instead of a value: round(dt, Dates.Hour) is a shortcut for round(dt, Dates.Hour(1)).

julia> round(Date(1985, 8, 16), Dates.Month)
1985-08-01
julia> round(DateTime(2013, 2, 13, 0, 31, 20), Dates.Minute(15))
2013-02-13T00:30:00
julia> round(DateTime(2016, 8, 6, 12, 0, 0), Dates.Day)
2016-08-07T00:00:00

Valid rounding modes for round(::TimeType, ::Period, ::RoundingMode) are RoundNearestTiesUp (default), RoundDown (floor), and RoundUp (ceil).

Most Period values can also be rounded to a specified resolution:

Base.floor — Method

floor(x::Period, precision::T) where T <: Union{TimePeriod, Week, Day} -> T

Round x down to the nearest multiple of precision. If x and precision are different subtypes of Period, the return value will have the same type as precision.

For convenience, precision may be a type instead of a value: floor(x, Dates.Hour) is a shortcut for floor(x, Dates.Hour(1)).

julia> floor(Dates.Day(16), Dates.Week)
2 weeks
julia> floor(Dates.Minute(44), Dates.Minute(15))
30 minutes
julia> floor(Dates.Hour(36), Dates.Day)
1 day

Rounding to a precision of Months or Years is not supported, as these Periods are of inconsistent length.

Base.ceil — Method

ceil(x::Period, precision::T) where T <: Union{TimePeriod, Week, Day} -> T

Round x up to the nearest multiple of precision. If x and precision are different subtypes of Period, the return value will have the same type as precision.

For convenience, precision may be a type instead of a value: ceil(x, Dates.Hour) is a shortcut for ceil(x, Dates.Hour(1)).

julia> ceil(Dates.Day(16), Dates.Week)
3 weeks
julia> ceil(Dates.Minute(44), Dates.Minute(15))
45 minutes
julia> ceil(Dates.Hour(36), Dates.Day)
2 days

Rounding to a precision of Months or Years is not supported, as these Periods are of inconsistent length.

Base.round — Method

round(x::Period, precision::T, [r::RoundingMode]) where T <: Union{TimePeriod, Week, Day} -> T

Round x to the nearest multiple of precision. If x and precision are different subtypes of Period, the return value will have the same type as precision. By default (RoundNearestTiesUp), ties (e.g., rounding 90 minutes to the nearest hour) will be rounded up.

For convenience, precision may be a type instead of a value: round(x, Dates.Hour) is a shortcut for round(x, Dates.Hour(1)).

julia> round(Dates.Day(16), Dates.Week)
2 weeks
julia> round(Dates.Minute(44), Dates.Minute(15))
45 minutes
julia> round(Dates.Hour(36), Dates.Day)
2 days

Valid rounding modes for round(::Period, ::T, ::RoundingMode) are RoundNearestTiesUp (default), RoundDown (floor), and RoundUp (ceil).

Rounding to a precision of Months or Years is not supported, as these Periods are of inconsistent length.

The following functions are not exported:

Dates.floorceil — Function

floorceil(dt::TimeType, p::Period) -> (TimeType, TimeType)

Simultaneously return the floor and ceil of a Date or DateTime at resolution p. More efficient than calling both floor and ceil individually.

floorceil(x::Period, precision::T) where T <: Union{TimePeriod, Week, Day} -> (T, T)

Simultaneously return the floor and ceil of Period at resolution p. More efficient than calling both floor and ceil individually.

Dates.epochdays2date — Function

epochdays2date(days) -> Date

Take the number of days since the rounding epoch (0000-01-01T00:00:00) and return the corresponding Date.

Dates.epochms2datetime — Function

epochms2datetime(milliseconds) -> DateTime

Take the number of milliseconds since the rounding epoch (0000-01-01T00:00:00) and return the corresponding DateTime.

Dates.date2epochdays — Function

date2epochdays(dt::Date) -> Int64

Take the given Date and return the number of days since the rounding epoch (0000-01-01T00:00:00) as an Int64.

Dates.datetime2epochms — Function

datetime2epochms(dt::DateTime) -> Int64

Take the given DateTime and return the number of milliseconds since the rounding epoch (0000-01-01T00:00:00) as an Int64.

转换函数

Dates.today — Function

today() -> Date

Return the date portion of now().

Dates.unix2datetime — Function

unix2datetime(x) -> DateTime

Take the number of seconds since unix epoch 1970-01-01T00:00:00 and convert to the corresponding DateTime.

Dates.datetime2unix — Function

datetime2unix(dt::DateTime) -> Float64

Take the given DateTime and return the number of seconds since the unix epoch 1970-01-01T00:00:00 as a Float64.

Dates.julian2datetime — Function

julian2datetime(julian_days) -> DateTime

Take the number of Julian calendar days since epoch -4713-11-24T12:00:00 and return the corresponding DateTime.

Dates.datetime2julian — Function

datetime2julian(dt::DateTime) -> Float64

Take the given DateTime and return the number of Julian calendar days since the julian epoch -4713-11-24T12:00:00 as a Float64.

Dates.rata2datetime — Function

rata2datetime(days) -> DateTime

Take the number of Rata Die days since epoch 0000-12-31T00:00:00 and return the corresponding DateTime.

Dates.datetime2rata — Function

datetime2rata(dt::TimeType) -> Int64

Return the number of Rata Die days since epoch from the given Date or DateTime.

常量

Days of the Week:

Months of the Year: