Traffic Management Problems

Requests are rejected by Envoy

Requests may be rejected for various reasons. The best way to understand why requests are being rejected is by inspecting Envoy’s access logs. By default, access logs are output to the standard output of the container. Run the following command to see the log:

  1. $ kubectl logs PODNAME -c istio-proxy -n NAMESPACE

In the default access log format, Envoy response flags and Mixer policy status are located after the response code, if you are using a custom log format, make sure to include %RESPONSE_FLAGS% and %DYNAMIC_METADATA(istio.mixer:status)%.

Refer to the Envoy response flags for details of response flags.

Common response flags are:

  • NR: No route configured, check your DestinationRule or VirtualService.
  • UO: Upstream overflow with circuit breaking, check your circuit breaker configuration in DestinationRule.
  • UF: Failed to connect to upstream, if you’re using Istio authentication, check for a mutual TLS configuration conflict.

A request is rejected by Mixer if the response flag is UAEX and the Mixer policy status is not -.

Common Mixer policy statuses are:

  • UNAVAILABLE: Envoy cannot connect to Mixer and the policy is configured to fail close.
  • UNAUTHENTICATED: The request is rejected by Mixer authentication.
  • PERMISSION_DENIED: The request is rejected by Mixer authorization.
  • RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED: The request is rejected by Mixer quota.
  • INTERNAL: The request is rejected due to Mixer internal error.

Route rules don’t seem to affect traffic flow

With the current Envoy sidecar implementation, up to 100 requests may be required for weighted version distribution to be observed.

If route rules are working perfectly for the Bookinfo sample, but similar version routing rules have no effect on your own application, it may be that your Kubernetes services need to be changed slightly. Kubernetes services must adhere to certain restrictions in order to take advantage of Istio’s L7 routing features. Refer to the Requirements for Pods and Services for details.

Another potential issue is that the route rules may simply be slow to take effect. The Istio implementation on Kubernetes utilizes an eventually consistent algorithm to ensure all Envoy sidecars have the correct configuration including all route rules. A configuration change will take some time to propagate to all the sidecars. With large deployments the propagation will take longer and there may be a lag time on the order of seconds.

503 errors after setting destination rule

You should only see this error if you disabled automatic mutual TLS during install.

If requests to a service immediately start generating HTTP 503 errors after you applied a DestinationRule and the errors continue until you remove or revert the DestinationRule, then the DestinationRule is probably causing a TLS conflict for the service.

For example, if you configure mutual TLS in the cluster globally, the DestinationRule must include the following trafficPolicy:

  1. trafficPolicy:
  2.   tls:
  3.     mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL

Otherwise, the mode defaults to DISABLE causing client proxy sidecars to make plain HTTP requests instead of TLS encrypted requests. Thus, the requests conflict with the server proxy because the server proxy expects encrypted requests.

Whenever you apply a DestinationRule, ensure the trafficPolicy TLS mode matches the global server configuration.

Route rules have no effect on ingress gateway requests

Let’s assume you are using an ingress Gateway and corresponding VirtualService to access an internal service. For example, your VirtualService looks something like this:

  1. apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
  2. kind: VirtualService
  3. metadata:
  4.   name: myapp
  5. spec:
  6.   hosts:
  7.   - "myapp.com" # or maybe "*" if you are testing without DNS using the ingress-gateway IP (e.g., http://1.2.3.4/hello)
  8.   gateways:
  9.   - myapp-gateway
  10.   http:
  11.   - match:
  12.     - uri:
  13.         prefix: /hello
  14.     route:
  15.     - destination:
  16.         host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
  17.   - match:
  18.     ...

You also have a VirtualService which routes traffic for the helloworld service to a particular subset:

  1. apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
  2. kind: VirtualService
  3. metadata:
  4.   name: helloworld
  5. spec:
  6.   hosts:
  7.   - helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
  8.   http:
  9.   - route:
  10.     - destination:
  11.         host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
  12.         subset: v1

In this situation you will notice that requests to the helloworld service via the ingress gateway will not be directed to subset v1 but instead will continue to use default round-robin routing.

The ingress requests are using the gateway host (e.g., myapp.com) which will activate the rules in the myapp VirtualService that routes to any endpoint of the helloworld service. Only internal requests with the host helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local will use the helloworld VirtualService which directs traffic exclusively to subset v1.

To control the traffic from the gateway, you need to also include the subset rule in the myapp VirtualService:

  1. apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
  2. kind: VirtualService
  3. metadata:
  4.   name: myapp
  5. spec:
  6.   hosts:
  7.   - "myapp.com" # or maybe "*" if you are testing without DNS using the ingress-gateway IP (e.g., http://1.2.3.4/hello)
  8.   gateways:
  9.   - myapp-gateway
  10.   http:
  11.   - match:
  12.     - uri:
  13.         prefix: /hello
  14.     route:
  15.     - destination:
  16.         host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
  17.         subset: v1
  18.   - match:
  19.     ...

Alternatively, you can combine both VirtualServices into one unit if possible:

  1. apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
  2. kind: VirtualService
  3. metadata:
  4.   name: myapp
  5. spec:
  6.   hosts:
  7.   - myapp.com # cannot use "*" here since this is being combined with the mesh services
  8.   - helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
  9.   gateways:
  10.   - mesh # applies internally as well as externally
  11.   - myapp-gateway
  12.   http:
  13.   - match:
  14.     - uri:
  15.         prefix: /hello
  16.       gateways:
  17.       - myapp-gateway #restricts this rule to apply only to ingress gateway
  18.     route:
  19.     - destination:
  20.         host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
  21.         subset: v1
  22.   - match:
  23.     - gateways:
  24.       - mesh # applies to all services inside the mesh
  25.     route:
  26.     - destination:
  27.         host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
  28.         subset: v1

Envoy is crashing under load

Check your ulimit -a. Many systems have a 1024 open file descriptor limit by default which will cause Envoy to assert and crash with:

  1. [2017-05-17 03:00:52.735][14236][critical][assert] assert failure: fd_ != -1: external/envoy/source/common/network/connection_impl.cc:58

Make sure to raise your ulimit. Example: ulimit -n 16384

Envoy won’t connect to my HTTP/1.0 service

Envoy requires HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 traffic for upstream services. For example, when using NGINX for serving traffic behind Envoy, you will need to set the proxy_http_version directive in your NGINX configuration to be “1.1”, since the NGINX default is 1.0.

Example configuration:

  1. upstream http_backend {
  2.     server 127.0.0.1:8080;
  4.     keepalive 16;
  5. }
  7. server {
  8.     ...
  10.     location /http/ {
  11.         proxy_pass http://http_backend;
  12.         proxy_http_version 1.1;
  13.         proxy_set_header Connection "";
  14.         ...
  15.     }
  16. }

404 errors occur when multiple gateways configured with same TLS certificate

Configuring more than one gateway using the same TLS certificate will cause browsers that leverage HTTP/2 connection reuse (i.e., most browsers) to produce 404 errors when accessing a second host after a connection to another host has already been established.

For example, let’s say you have 2 hosts that share the same TLS certificate like this:

  • Wildcard certificate *.test.com installed in istio-ingressgateway
  • Gateway configuration gw1 with host service1.test.com, selector istio: ingressgateway, and TLS using gateway’s mounted (wildcard) certificate
  • Gateway configuration gw2 with host service2.test.com, selector istio: ingressgateway, and TLS using gateway’s mounted (wildcard) certificate
  • VirtualService configuration vs1 with host service1.test.com and gateway gw1
  • VirtualService configuration vs2 with host service2.test.com and gateway gw2

Since both gateways are served by the same workload (i.e., selector istio: ingressgateway) requests to both services (service1.test.com and service2.test.com) will resolve to the same IP. If service1.test.com is accessed first, it will return the wildcard certificate (*.test.com) indicating that connections to service2.test.com can use the same certificate. Browsers like Chrome and Firefox will consequently reuse the existing connection for requests to service2.test.com. Since the gateway (gw1) has no route for service2.test.com, it will then return a 404 (Not Found) response.

You can avoid this problem by configuring a single wildcard Gateway, instead of two (gw1 and gw2). Then, simply bind both VirtualServices to it like this:

  • Gateway configuration gw with host *.test.com, selector istio: ingressgateway, and TLS using gateway’s mounted (wildcard) certificate
  • VirtualService configuration vs1 with host service1.test.com and gateway gw
  • VirtualService configuration vs2 with host service2.test.com and gateway gw

Port conflict when configuring multiple TLS hosts in a gateway

If you apply a Gateway configuration that has the same selector labels as another existing Gateway, then if they both expose the same HTTPS port you must ensure that they have unique port names. Otherwise, the configuration will be applied without an immediate error indication but it will be ignored in the runtime gateway configuration. For example:

  1. apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
  2. kind: Gateway
  3. metadata:
  4.   name: mygateway
  5. spec:
  6.   selector:
  7.     istio: ingressgateway # use istio default ingress gateway
  8.   servers:
  9.   - port:
  10.       number: 443
  11.       name: https
  12.       protocol: HTTPS
  13.     tls:
  14.       mode: SIMPLE
  15.       serverCertificate: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.crt
  16.       privateKey: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.key
  17.     hosts:
  18.     - "myhost.com"
  19. ---
  20. apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
  21. kind: Gateway
  22. metadata:
  23.   name: mygateway2
  24. spec:
  25.   selector:
  26.     istio: ingressgateway # use istio default ingress gateway
  27.   servers:
  28.   - port:
  29.       number: 443
  30.       name: https
  31.       protocol: HTTPS
  32.     tls:
  33.       mode: SIMPLE
  34.       serverCertificate: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.crt
  35.       privateKey: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.key
  36.     hosts:
  37.     - "myhost2.com"

With this configuration, requests to the second host, myhost2.com, will fail because both gateway ports have name: https. A curl request, for example, will produce an error message something like this:

  1. curl: (35) LibreSSL SSL_connect: SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL in connection to myhost2.com:443

You can confirm that this has happened by checking Pilot’s logs for a message similar to the following:

  1. $ kubectl logs -n istio-system $(kubectl get pod -l istio=pilot -n istio-system -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}) -c discovery | grep "non unique port"
  2. 2018-09-14T19:02:31.916960Z info    model   skipping server on gateway mygateway2 port https.443.HTTPS: non unique port name for HTTPS port

To avoid this problem, ensure that multiple uses of the same protocol: HTTPS port are uniquely named. For example, change the second one to https2:

  1. apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
  2. kind: Gateway
  3. metadata:
  4.   name: mygateway2
  5. spec:
  6.   selector:
  7.     istio: ingressgateway # use istio default ingress gateway
  8.   servers:
  9.   - port:
  10.       number: 443
  11.       name: https2
  12.       protocol: HTTPS
  13.     tls:
  14.       mode: SIMPLE
  15.       serverCertificate: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.crt
  16.       privateKey: /etc/istio/ingressgateway-certs/tls.key
  17.     hosts:
  18.     - "myhost2.com"