Security Problems

End-user authentication fails

With Istio, you can enable authentication for end users. Currently, the end user credential supported by the Istio authentication policy is JWT. The following is a guide for troubleshooting the end user JWT authentication.

  1. apiVersion: "authentication.istio.io/v1alpha1"
  2. kind: "Policy"
  3. metadata:
  4.   name: "example-3"
  5. spec:
  6.   targets:
  7.   - name: httpbin
  8.   peers:
  9.   - mtls:
  10.   origins:
  11.   - jwt:
  12.       issuer: "628645741881-noabiu23f5a8m8ovd8ucv698lj78vv0l@developer.gserviceaccount.com"
  13.       jwksUri: "https://www.googleapis.com/service_accounts/v1/jwk/628645741881-noabiu23f5a8m8ovd8ucv698lj78vv0l@developer.gserviceaccount.com"
  14.   principalBinding: USE_ORIGIN

  • If the JWT token is placed in the Authorization header in http requests, make sure the JWT token is valid (not expired, etc). The fields in a JWT token can be decoded by using online JWT parsing tools, e.g., jwt.io.

  • Get the Istio proxy (i.e., Envoy) logs to verify the configuration which Pilot distributes is correct.

For example, if the authentication policy is enforced on the httpbin service in the namespace foo, use the command below to get logs from the Istio proxy, make sure local_jwks is set and the http response code is in the Istio proxy logs.

  1. $ kubectl logs httpbin-68fbcdcfc7-hrnzm -c istio-proxy -n foo
  2. [2018-07-04 19:13:30.762][15][info][config] ./src/envoy/http/jwt_auth/auth_store.h:72] Loaded JwtAuthConfig: rules {
  3.   issuer: "628645741881-noabiu23f5a8m8ovd8ucv698lj78vv0l@developer.gserviceaccount.com"
  4.   local_jwks {
  5.     inline_string: "{\n \"keys\": [\n  {\n   \"kty\": \"RSA\",\n   \"alg\": \"RS256\",\n   \"use\": \"sig\",\n   \"kid\": \"03bc39a6b56602c0d2ad421c3993d5e4f88e6f54\",\n   \"n\": \"u9gnSMDYw4ggVKInAfxpXqItv9Ii7PlUFrAcwANQMW9fbZrFpITFD45t0gUy9CK4QewkLhqDDUJSvpH7wprS8Hi0M8wAJf_lgugdRr6Nc2qK-eywjjDK-afQjhGLcMJGS0YXi3K2lyP-oWiLingMbYRiJxTi86icWT8AU8bKoTyTPFOExAJkDFnquulU0_KlteZxbjnRIVvMKfpgZ3yK9Pzv7XjtdvO7xlr59K9Zotd4mgphIUADfw1fR0lNkjHQp9N0WP9cbOsyUwm5jjDklnyVh7yBHcEk1YHccntosxnwIn-cj538PSaL_qDZgDAsJKHPZlkiP_1mjsu3NkofIQ\",\n   \"e\": \"AQAB\"\n  },\n  {\n   \"kty\": \"RSA\",\n   \"alg\": \"RS256\",\n   \"use\": \"sig\",\n   \"kid\": \"60aef5b0877e9f0d67b787b5be797636735efdee\",\n   \"n\": \"0TmzDEN12GF9UaWJI40oKwJlu53ZQihHcaVi1thLGs1l3ubdPWv8MEsc9X2DjCRxEB6Ss1R2VOImrQ2RWFuBSNHorjE0_GyEGNzvOH-0uUQ5uES2HvEN7384XfUYj9MoTPibstDEl84pm4d3Ka3R_1wk03Jrl9MIq6fnV_4Z-F7O7ElGqk8xcsiVUowd447dwlrd55ChIyISF5PvbCLtOKz9FgTz2mEb8jmzuZQs5yICgKZCzlJ7xNOOmZcqCZf9Qzaz4OnVLXykBLzSuLMtxvvOxf53rvWB0F2__CjKlEWBCQkB39Zaa_4I8dCAVxgkeQhgoU26BdzLL28xjWzdbw\",\n   \"e\": \"AQAB\"\n  },\n  {\n   \"kty\": \"RSA\",\n   \"alg\": \"RS256\",\n   \"use\": \"sig\",\n   \"kid\": \"62a93512c9ee4c7f8067b5a216dade2763d32a47\",\n   \"n\": \"0YWnm_eplO9BFtXszMRQNL5UtZ8HJdTH2jK7vjs4XdLkPW7YBkkm_2xNgcaVpkW0VT2l4mU3KftR-6s3Oa5Rnz5BrWEUkCTVVolR7VYksfqIB2I_x5yZHdOiomMTcm3DheUUCgbJRv5OKRnNqszA4xHn3tA3Ry8VO3X7BgKZYAUh9fyZTFLlkeAh0-bLK5zvqCmKW5QgDIXSxUTJxPjZCgfx1vmAfGqaJb-nvmrORXQ6L284c73DUL7mnt6wj3H6tVqPKA27j56N0TB1Hfx4ja6Slr8S4EB3F1luYhATa1PKUSH8mYDW11HolzZmTQpRoLV8ZoHbHEaTfqX_aYahIw\",\n   \"e\": \"AQAB\"\n  },\n  {\n   \"kty\": \"RSA\",\n   \"alg\": \"RS256\",\n   \"use\": \"sig\",\n   \"kid\": \"b3319a147514df7ee5e4bcdee51350cc890cc89e\",\n   \"n\": \"qDi7Tx4DhNvPQsl1ofxxc2ePQFcs-L0mXYo6TGS64CY_2WmOtvYlcLNZjhuddZVV2X88m0MfwaSA16wE-RiKM9hqo5EY8BPXj57CMiYAyiHuQPp1yayjMgoE1P2jvp4eqF-BTillGJt5W5RuXti9uqfMtCQdagB8EC3MNRuU_KdeLgBy3lS3oo4LOYd-74kRBVZbk2wnmmb7IhP9OoLc1-7-9qU1uhpDxmE6JwBau0mDSwMnYDS4G_ML17dC-ZDtLd1i24STUw39KH0pcSdfFbL2NtEZdNeam1DDdk0iUtJSPZliUHJBI_pj8M-2Mn_oA8jBuI8YKwBqYkZCN1I95Q\",\n   \"e\": \"AQAB\"\n  }\n ]\n}\n"
  6.   }
  7.   forward: true
  8.   forward_payload_header: "istio-sec-8a85f33ec44c5ccbaf951742ff0aaa34eb94d9bd"
  9. }
  10. allow_missing_or_failed: true
  11. [2018-07-04 19:13:30.763][15][info][upstream] external/envoy/source/server/lds_api.cc:62] lds: add/update listener '10.8.2.9_8000'
  12. [2018-07-04T19:13:39.755Z] "GET /ip HTTP/1.1" 401 - 0 29 0 - "-" "curl/7.35.0" "e8374005-1957-99e4-96b6-9d6ec5bef396" "httpbin.foo:8000" "-"
  13. [2018-07-04T19:13:40.463Z] "GET /ip HTTP/1.1" 401 - 0 29 0 - "-" "curl/7.35.0" "9badd659-fa0e-9ca9-b4c0-9ac225571929" "httpbin.foo:8000" "-"

Authorization is too restrictive

When you first enable authorization for a service, all requests are denied by default. After you add one or more authorization policies, thenmatching requests should flow through. If all requests continue to be denied, you can try the following:

  • Make sure there is no typo in your policy YAML file.

  • Avoid enabling authorization for Istio Control Planes Components, including Mixer, Pilot, Ingress. Istio authorization policy is designed for authorizing access to services in Istio Mesh. Enabling it for Istio Control Planes Components may cause unexpected behavior.

  • Make sure that your ServiceRoleBinding and referred ServiceRole objects are in the same namespace (by checking “metadata”/”namespace” line).

  • Make sure that your service role and service role binding policies don’t use any HTTP only fieldsfor TCP services. Otherwise, Istio ignores the policies as if they didn’t exist.

  • In Kubernetes environment, make sure all services in a ServiceRole object are in the same namespace as theServiceRole itself. For example, if a service in a ServiceRole object is a.default.svc.cluster.local, the ServiceRole must be in thedefault namespace (metadata/namespace line should be default). For non-Kubernetes environments, all ServiceRoles and ServiceRoleBindingsfor a mesh should be in the same namespace.

  • Visit Ensure Authorization is Enabled Correctlyto find out the exact cause.

Authorization is too permissive

If authorization checks are enabled for a service and yet requests to theservice aren’t being blocked, then authorization was likely not enabledsuccessfully. To verify, follow these steps:

  • Check the authorization docsto correctly enable Istio authorization.

  • Avoid enabling authorization for Istio Control Planes Components, includingMixer, Pilot and Ingress. The Istio authorization features are designed forauthorizing access to services in an Istio Mesh. Enabling the authorizationfeatures for the Istio Control Planes components can cause unexpectedbehavior.

  • In your Kubernetes environment, check deployments in all namespaces to makesure there is no legacy deployment left that can cause an error in Pilot.You can disable Pilot’s authorization plug-in if there is an error pushingauthorization policy to Envoy.

  • Visit Ensure Authorization is Enabled Correctlyto find out the exact cause.

Ensure authorization is enabled correctly

The ClusterRbacConfig default cluster level singleton custom resource controls the authorization functionality globally.

  • Run the following command to list existing ClusterRbacConfig:
  1. $ kubectl get clusterrbacconfigs.rbac.istio.io --all-namespaces
  • Verify there is only one instance of ClusterRbacConfig with name default. Otherwise, Istio disables theauthorization functionality and ignores all policies.
  1. NAMESPACE   NAME      AGE
  2. default     default   1d
  • If there is more than one ClusterRbacConfig instance, remove any additional ClusterRbacConfig instances andensure only one instance is named default.

Ensure Pilot accepts the policies

Pilot converts and distributes your authorization policies to the proxies. The following steps helpyou ensure Pilot is working as expected:

  • Run the following command to export the Pilot ControlZ:
  1. $ kubectl port-forward $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -l istio=pilot -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -n istio-system 9876:9876
  • Verify you see the following output:
  1. Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:9876 -> 9876

  • Start your browser and open the ControlZ page at http://127.0.0.1:9876/scopez/.

  • Change the rbac Output Level to debug.

  • Use Ctrl+C in the terminal you started in step 1 to stop the port-forward command.

  • Print the log of Pilot and search for rbac with the following command:

You probably need to first delete and then re-apply your authorization policies so thatthe debug output is generated for these policies.

  1. $ kubectl logs $(kubectl -n istio-system get pods -l istio=pilot -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c discovery -n istio-system | grep rbac

  • Check the output and verify:

    • There are no errors.
    • There is a "built filter config for …" message which means the filter is generatedfor the target service.
  • For example, you might see something similar to the following:
  1. 2018-07-26T22:25:41.009838Z debug rbac building filter config for {sleep.foo.svc.cluster.local map[app:sleep pod-template-hash:3326367878] map[destination.name:sleep destination.namespace:foo destination.user:default]}
  2. 2018-07-26T22:25:41.009915Z info  rbac no service role in namespace foo
  3. 2018-07-26T22:25:41.009957Z info  rbac no service role binding in namespace foo
  4. 2018-07-26T22:25:41.010000Z debug rbac generated filter config: { }
  5. 2018-07-26T22:25:41.010114Z info  rbac built filter config for sleep.foo.svc.cluster.local
  6. 2018-07-26T22:25:41.182400Z debug rbac building filter config for {productpage.default.svc.cluster.local map[pod-template-hash:2600844901 version:v1 app:productpage] map[destination.name:productpage destination.namespace:default destination.user:bookinfo-productpage]}
  7. 2018-07-26T22:25:41.183131Z debug rbac checking role app2-grpc-viewer
  8. 2018-07-26T22:25:41.183214Z debug rbac role skipped for no AccessRule matched
  9. 2018-07-26T22:25:41.183255Z debug rbac checking role productpage-viewer
  10. 2018-07-26T22:25:41.183281Z debug rbac matched AccessRule[0]
  11. 2018-07-26T22:25:41.183390Z debug rbac generated filter config: {policies:<key:"productpage-viewer" value:<permissions:<and_rules:<rules:<or_rules:<rules:<header:<name:":method" exact_match:"GET" > > > > > > principals:<and_ids:<ids:<any:true > > > > >  }
  12. 2018-07-26T22:25:41.184407Z info  rbac built filter config for productpage.default.svc.cluster.local

It means Pilot generated:

  • An empty config for sleep.foo.svc.cluster.local as there is no authorization policies matchedand Istio denies all requests sent to this service by default.

  • An config for productpage.default.svc.cluster.local and Istio will allow anyone to access itwith GET method.

Ensure Pilot distributes policies to proxies correctly

Pilot distributes the authorization policies to proxies. The following steps help you ensure Pilotis working as expected:

The command used in this section assumes you have deployed Bookinfo application,otherwise you should replace "-l app=productpage" with your actual pod.

  • Run the following command to get the proxy configuration dump for the productpage service:
  1. $ kubectl exec  $(kubectl get pods -l app=productpage -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy -- pilot-agent request GET config_dump

  • Check the log and verify:

    • The log includes an envoy.filters.http.rbac filter to enforce the authorization policyon each incoming request.
    • Istio updates the filter accordingly after you update your authorization policy.
  • The following output means the proxy of productpage has enabled the envoy.filters.http.rbac filterwith rules that allows anyone to access it via GET method. The shadow_rules are not used and you can ignored them safely.
  1. {
  2.  "name": "envoy.filters.http.rbac",
  3.  "config": {
  4.   "rules": {
  5.    "policies": {
  6.     "productpage-viewer": {
  7.      "permissions": [
  8.       {
  9.        "and_rules": {
  10.         "rules": [
  11.          {
  12.           "or_rules": {
  13.            "rules": [
  14.             {
  15.              "header": {
  16.               "exact_match": "GET",
  17.               "name": ":method"
  18.              }
  19.             }
  20.            ]
  21.           }
  22.          }
  23.         ]
  24.        }
  25.       }
  26.      ],
  27.      "principals": [
  28.       {
  29.        "and_ids": {
  30.         "ids": [
  31.          {
  32.           "any": true
  33.          }
  34.         ]
  35.        }
  36.       }
  37.      ]
  38.     }
  39.    }
  40.   },
  41.   "shadow_rules": {
  42.    "policies": {}
  43.   }
  44.  }
  45. },

Ensure proxies enforce policies correctly

Proxies eventually enforce the authorization policies. The following steps help you ensure the proxyis working as expected:

The command used in this section assumes you have deployed Bookinfo application.otherwise you should replace "-l app=productpage" with your actual pod.

  • Turn on the authorization debug logging in proxy with the following command:
  1. $ kubectl exec $(kubectl get pods -l app=productpage -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy -- pilot-agent request POST 'logging?rbac=debug'
  • Verify you see the following output:
  1. active loggers:
  2.   ... ...
  3.   rbac: debug
  4.   ... ...

  • Visit the productpage in your browser to generate some logs.

  • Print the proxy logs with the following command:

  1. $ kubectl logs $(kubectl get pods -l app=productpage -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy

  • Check the output and verify:

    • The output log shows either enforced allowed or enforced denied depending on whether the requestwas allowed or denied respectively.

    • Your authorization policy expects the data extracted from the request.

  • The following output means there is a GET request at path /productpage and the policy allows the request.The shadow denied has no effect and you can ignore it safely.

  1. ...
  2. [2018-07-26 20:39:18.060][152][debug][rbac] external/envoy/source/extensions/filters/http/rbac/rbac_filter.cc:79] checking request: remoteAddress: 10.60.0.139:51158, localAddress: 10.60.0.93:9080, ssl: uriSanPeerCertificate: spiffe://cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account, subjectPeerCertificate: O=, headers: ':authority', '35.238.0.62'
  3. ':path', '/productpage'
  4. ':method', 'GET'
  5. 'upgrade-insecure-requests', '1'
  6. 'user-agent', 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/67.0.3396.99 Safari/537.36'
  7. 'dnt', '1'
  8. 'accept', 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8'
  9. 'accept-encoding', 'gzip, deflate'
  10. 'accept-language', 'en-US,en;q=0.9,zh-CN;q=0.8,zh;q=0.7'
  11. 'x-forwarded-for', '10.60.0.1'
  12. 'x-forwarded-proto', 'http'
  13. 'x-request-id', 'e23ea62d-b25d-91be-857c-80a058d746d4'
  14. 'x-b3-traceid', '5983108bf6d05603'
  15. 'x-b3-spanid', '5983108bf6d05603'
  16. 'x-b3-sampled', '1'
  17. 'x-istio-attributes', 'CikKGGRlc3RpbmF0aW9uLnNlcnZpY2UubmFtZRINEgtwcm9kdWN0cGFnZQoqCh1kZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLm5hbWVzcGFjZRIJEgdkZWZhdWx0Ck8KCnNvdXJjZS51aWQSQRI/a3ViZXJuZXRlczovL2lzdGlvLWluZ3Jlc3NnYXRld2F5LTc2NjY0Y2NmY2Ytd3hjcjQuaXN0aW8tc3lzdGVtCj4KE2Rlc3RpbmF0aW9uLnNlcnZpY2USJxIlcHJvZHVjdHBhZ2UuZGVmYXVsdC5zdmMuY2x1c3Rlci5sb2NhbApDChhkZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLmhvc3QSJxIlcHJvZHVjdHBhZ2UuZGVmYXVsdC5zdmMuY2x1c3Rlci5sb2NhbApBChdkZXN0aW5hdGlvbi5zZXJ2aWNlLnVpZBImEiRpc3RpbzovL2RlZmF1bHQvc2VydmljZXMvcHJvZHVjdHBhZ2U='
  18. 'content-length', '0'
  19. 'x-envoy-internal', 'true'
  20. 'sec-istio-authn-payload', 'CkVjbHVzdGVyLmxvY2FsL25zL2lzdGlvLXN5c3RlbS9zYS9pc3Rpby1pbmdyZXNzZ2F0ZXdheS1zZXJ2aWNlLWFjY291bnQSRWNsdXN0ZXIubG9jYWwvbnMvaXN0aW8tc3lzdGVtL3NhL2lzdGlvLWluZ3Jlc3NnYXRld2F5LXNlcnZpY2UtYWNjb3VudA=='
  21. , dynamicMetadata: filter_metadata {
  22.   key: "istio_authn"
  23.   value {
  24.     fields {
  25.       key: "request.auth.principal"
  26.       value {
  27.         string_value: "cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account"
  28.       }
  29.     }
  30.     fields {
  31.       key: "source.principal"
  32.       value {
  33.         string_value: "cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account"
  34.       }
  35.     }
  36.   }
  37. }
  39. [2018-07-26 20:39:18.060][152][debug][rbac] external/envoy/source/extensions/filters/http/rbac/rbac_filter.cc:88] shadow denied
  40. [2018-07-26 20:39:18.060][152][debug][rbac] external/envoy/source/extensions/filters/http/rbac/rbac_filter.cc:98] enforced allowed
  41. ...

Keys and certificates errors

If you suspect that some of the keys and/or certificates used by Istio aren’t correct, thefirst step is to ensure that Citadel is healthy.

You can then verify that Citadel is actually generating keys and certificates:

  1. $ kubectl get secret istio.my-sa -n my-ns
  2. NAME                    TYPE                           DATA      AGE
  3. istio.my-sa             istio.io/key-and-cert          3         24d

Where my-ns and my-sa are the namespace and service account your pod is running as.

If you want to check the keys and certificates of other service accounts, you can run the followingcommand to list all secrets for which Citadel has generated a key and certificate:

  1. $ kubectl get secret --all-namespaces | grep istio.io/key-and-cert
  2. NAMESPACE      NAME                                                 TYPE                                  DATA      AGE
  3. .....
  4. istio-system   istio.istio-citadel-service-account                  istio.io/key-and-cert                 3         14d
  5. istio-system   istio.istio-cleanup-old-ca-service-account           istio.io/key-and-cert                 3         14d
  6. istio-system   istio.istio-egressgateway-service-account            istio.io/key-and-cert                 3         14d
  7. istio-system   istio.istio-ingressgateway-service-account           istio.io/key-and-cert                 3         14d
  8. istio-system   istio.istio-mixer-post-install-account               istio.io/key-and-cert                 3         14d
  9. istio-system   istio.istio-mixer-service-account                    istio.io/key-and-cert                 3         14d
  10. istio-system   istio.istio-pilot-service-account                    istio.io/key-and-cert                 3         14d
  11. istio-system   istio.istio-sidecar-injector-service-account         istio.io/key-and-cert                 3         14d
  12. istio-system   istio.prometheus                                     istio.io/key-and-cert                 3         14d
  13. kube-public    istio.default                                        istio.io/key-and-cert                 3         14d
  14. .....

Then check that the certificate is valid with:

  1. $ kubectl get secret -o json istio.my-sa -n my-ns | jq -r '.data["cert-chain.pem"]' | base64 --decode | openssl x509 -noout -text
  2. Certificate:
  3.     Data:
  4.         Version: 3 (0x2)
  5.         Serial Number:
  6.             99:59:6b:a2:5a:f4:20:f4:03:d7:f0:bc:59:f5:d8:40
  7.     Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
  8.         Issuer: O = k8s.cluster.local
  9.         Validity
  10.             Not Before: Jun  4 20:38:20 2018 GMT
  11.             Not After : Sep  2 20:38:20 2018 GMT
  12.         Subject: O =
  13.         Subject Public Key Info:
  14.             Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
  15.                 Public-Key: (2048 bit)
  16.                 Modulus:
  17.                     00:c8:a0:08:24:61:af:c1:cb:81:21:90:cc:03:76:
  18.                     01:25:bc:ff:ca:25:fc:81:d1:fa:b8:04:aa:d4:6b:
  19.                     55:e9:48:f2:e4:ab:22:78:03:47:26:bb:8f:22:10:
  20.                     66:47:47:c3:b2:9a:70:f1:12:f1:b3:de:d0:e9:2d:
  21.                     28:52:21:4b:04:33:fa:3d:92:8c:ab:7f:cc:74:c9:
  22.                     c4:68:86:b0:4f:03:1b:06:33:48:e3:5b:8f:01:48:
  23.                     6a:be:64:0e:01:f5:98:6f:57:e4:e7:b7:47:20:55:
  24.                     98:35:f9:99:54:cf:a9:58:1e:1b:5a:0a:63:ce:cd:
  25.                     ed:d3:a4:88:2b:00:ee:b0:af:e8:09:f8:a8:36:b8:
  26.                     55:32:80:21:8e:b5:19:c0:2f:e8:ca:4b:65:35:37:
  27.                     2f:f1:9e:6f:09:d4:e0:b1:3d:aa:5f:fe:25:1a:7b:
  28.                     d4:dd:fe:d1:d3:b6:3c:78:1d:3b:12:c2:66:bd:95:
  29.                     a8:3b:64:19:c0:51:05:9f:74:3d:6e:86:1e:20:f5:
  30.                     ed:3a:ab:44:8d:7c:5b:11:14:83:ee:6b:a1:12:2e:
  31.                     2a:0e:6b:be:02:ad:11:6a:ec:23:fe:55:d9:54:f3:
  32.                     5c:20:bc:ec:bf:a6:99:9b:7a:2e:71:10:92:51:a7:
  33.                     cb:79:af:b4:12:4e:26:03:ab:35:e2:5b:00:45:54:
  34.                     fe:91
  35.                 Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
  36.         X509v3 extensions:
  37.             X509v3 Key Usage: critical
  38.                 Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
  39.             X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
  40.                 TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
  41.             X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
  42.                 CA:FALSE
  43.             X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
  44.                 URI:spiffe://cluster.local/ns/my-ns/sa/my-sa
  45.     Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
  46.          78:77:7f:83:cc:fc:f4:30:12:57:78:62:e9:e2:48:d6:ea:76:
  47.          69:99:02:e9:62:d2:53:db:2c:13:fe:0f:00:56:2b:83:ca:d3:
  48.          4c:d2:01:f6:08:af:01:f2:e2:3e:bb:af:a3:bf:95:97:aa:de:
  49.          1e:e6:51:8c:21:ee:52:f0:d3:af:9c:fd:f7:f9:59:16:da:40:
  50.          4d:53:db:47:bb:9c:25:1a:6e:34:41:42:d9:26:f7:3a:a6:90:
  51.          2d:82:42:97:08:f4:6b:16:84:d1:ad:e3:82:2c:ce:1c:d6:cd:
  52.          68:e6:b0:5e:b5:63:55:3e:f1:ff:e1:a0:42:cd:88:25:56:f7:
  53.          a8:88:a1:ec:53:f9:c1:2a:bb:5c:d7:f8:cb:0e:d9:f4:af:2e:
  54.          eb:85:60:89:b3:d0:32:60:b4:a8:a1:ee:f3:3a:61:60:11:da:
  55.          2d:7f:2d:35:ce:6e:d4:eb:5c:82:cf:5c:9a:02:c0:31:33:35:
  56.          51:2b:91:79:8a:92:50:d9:e0:58:0a:78:9d:59:f4:d3:39:21:
  57.          bb:b4:41:f9:f7:ec:ad:dd:76:be:28:58:c0:1f:e8:26:5a:9e:
  58.          7b:7f:14:a9:18:8d:61:d1:06:e3:9e:0f:05:9e:1b:66:0c:66:
  59.          d1:27:13:6d:ab:59:46:00:77:6e:25:f6:e8:41:ef:49:58:73:
  60.          b4:93:04:46

Make sure the displayed certificate contains valid information. In particular, the Subject Alternative Name field should be URI:spiffe://cluster.local/ns/my-ns/sa/my-sa.If this is not the case, it is likely that something is wrong with your Citadel. Try to redeploy Citadel and check again.

Finally, you can verify that the key and certificate are correctly mounted by your sidecar proxy at the directory /etc/certs. Youcan use this command to check:

  1. $ kubectl exec -it my-pod-id -c istio-proxy -- ls /etc/certs
  2. cert-chain.pem    key.pem    root-cert.pem

Optionally, you could use the following command to check its contents:

  1. $ kubectl exec -it my-pod-id -c istio-proxy -- cat /etc/certs/cert-chain.pem | openssl x509 -text -noout
  2. Certificate:
  3.     Data:
  4.         Version: 3 (0x2)
  5.         Serial Number:
  6.             7e:b4:44:fe:d0:46:ba:27:47:5a:50:c8:f0:8e:8b:da
  7.     Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
  8.         Issuer: O = k8s.cluster.local
  9.         Validity
  10.             Not Before: Jul 13 01:23:13 2018 GMT
  11.             Not After : Oct 11 01:23:13 2018 GMT
  12.         Subject: O =
  13.         Subject Public Key Info:
  14.             Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
  15.                 Public-Key: (2048 bit)
  16.                 Modulus:
  17.                     00:bb:c9:cd:f4:b8:b5:e4:3b:f2:35:aa:4c:67:cc:
  18.                     1b:a9:30:c4:b7:fd:0a:f5:ac:94:05:b5:82:96:b2:
  19.                     c8:98:85:f9:fc:09:b3:28:34:5e:79:7e:a9:3c:58:
  20.                     0a:14:43:c1:f4:d7:b8:76:ab:4e:1c:89:26:e8:55:
  21.                     cd:13:6b:45:e9:f1:67:e1:9b:69:46:b4:7e:8c:aa:
  22.                     fd:70:de:21:15:4f:f5:f3:0f:b7:d4:c6:b5:9d:56:
  23.                     ef:8a:91:d7:16:fa:db:6e:4c:24:71:1c:9c:f3:d9:
  24.                     4b:83:f1:dd:98:5b:63:5c:98:5e:2f:15:29:0f:78:
  25.                     31:04:bc:1d:c8:78:c3:53:4f:26:b2:61:86:53:39:
  26.                     0a:3b:72:3e:3d:0d:22:61:d6:16:72:5d:64:e3:78:
  27.                     c8:23:9d:73:17:07:5a:6b:79:75:91:ce:71:4b:77:
  28.                     c5:1f:60:f1:da:ca:aa:85:56:5c:13:90:23:02:20:
  29.                     12:66:3f:8f:58:b8:aa:72:9d:36:f1:f3:b7:2b:2d:
  30.                     3e:bb:7c:f9:b5:44:b9:57:cf:fc:2f:4b:3c:e6:ee:
  31.                     51:ba:23:be:09:7b:e2:02:6a:6e:e7:83:06:cd:6c:
  32.                     be:7a:90:f1:1f:2c:6d:12:9e:2f:0f:e4:8c:5f:31:
  33.                     b1:a2:fa:0b:71:fa:e1:6a:4a:0f:52:16:b4:11:73:
  34.                     65:d9
  35.                 Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
  36.         X509v3 extensions:
  37.             X509v3 Key Usage: critical
  38.                 Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
  39.             X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
  40.                 TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
  41.             X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
  42.                 CA:FALSE
  43.             X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
  44.                 URI:spiffe://cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookinfo-productpage
  45.     Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
  46.          8f:be:af:a4:ee:f7:be:21:e9:c8:c9:e2:3b:d3:ac:41:18:5d:
  47.          f8:9a:85:0f:98:f3:35:af:b7:e1:2d:58:5a:e0:50:70:98:cc:
  48.          75:f6:2e:55:25:ed:66:e7:a4:b9:4a:aa:23:3b:a6:ee:86:63:
  49.          9f:d8:f9:97:73:07:10:25:59:cc:d9:01:09:12:f9:ab:9e:54:
  50.          24:8a:29:38:74:3a:98:40:87:67:e4:96:d0:e6:c7:2d:59:3d:
  51.          d3:ea:dd:6e:40:5f:63:bf:30:60:c1:85:16:83:66:66:0b:6a:
  52.          f5:ab:60:7e:f5:3b:44:c6:11:5b:a1:99:0c:bd:53:b3:a7:cc:
  53.          e2:4b:bd:10:eb:fb:f0:b0:e5:42:a4:b2:ab:0c:27:c8:c1:4c:
  54.          5b:b5:1b:93:25:9a:09:45:7c:28:31:13:a3:57:1c:63:86:5a:
  55.          55:ed:14:29:db:81:e3:34:47:14:ba:52:d6:3c:3d:3b:51:50:
  56.          89:a9:db:17:e4:c4:57:ec:f8:22:98:b7:e7:aa:8a:72:28:9a:
  57.          a7:27:75:60:85:20:17:1d:30:df:78:40:74:ea:bc:ce:7b:e5:
  58.          a5:57:32:da:6d:f2:64:fb:28:94:7d:28:37:6f:3c:97:0e:9c:
  59.          0c:33:42:f0:b6:f5:1c:0d:fb:70:65:aa:93:3e:ca:0e:58:ec:
  60.          8e:d5:d0:1e

Mutual TLS errors

If you suspect problems with mutual TLS, first ensure that Citadel is healthy, andsecond ensure that keys and certificates are being delivered to sidecars properly.

If everything appears to be working so far, the next step is to verify that the right authentication policyis applied and the right destination rules are in place.

Citadel is not behaving properly

Citadel does not support multiple instances. Running multiple Citadel instancesmay introduce race conditions and lead to system outages.

Workloads with new Kubernetes service accounts can not be started when Citadel isdisabled for maintenance since they can’t get their certificates generated.

Citadel is not a critical data plane component. The default workload certificate lifetime is 3months. Certificates will be rotated by Citadel before they expire. If Citadel is disabled forshort maintenance periods, existing mutual TLS traffic will not be affected.

If you suspect Citadel isn’t working properly, verify the status of the istio-citadel pod:

  1. $ kubectl get pod -l istio=citadel -n istio-system
  2. NAME                                     READY     STATUS   RESTARTS   AGE
  3. istio-citadel-ff5696f6f-ht4gq            1/1       Running  0          25d

If the istio-citadel pod doesn’t exist, try to re-deploy the pod.

If the istio-citadel pod is present but its status is not Running, run the commands below to get moredebugging information and check if there are any errors:

  1. $ kubectl logs -l istio=citadel -n istio-system
  2. $ kubectl describe pod -l istio=citadel -n istio-system

If you want to check a workload (with default service account and default namespace)certificate’s lifetime:

  1. $ kubectl get secret -o json istio.default -n default | jq -r '.data["cert-chain.pem"]' | base64 --decode | openssl x509 -noout -text | grep "Not After" -C 1
  2.   Not Before: Jun  1 18:23:30 2019 GMT
  3.   Not After : Aug 30 18:23:30 2019 GMT
  4. Subject:

Remember to replace istio.default and -n default with istio.YourServiceAccount and-n YourNamespace for other workloads. If the certificate is expired, Citadel did notupdate the secret properly. Check Citadel logs for more information.

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