Accessing External Services

Because all outbound traffic from an Istio-enabled pod is redirected to its sidecar proxy by default, accessibility of URLs outside of the cluster depends on the configuration of the proxy. By default, Istio configures the Envoy proxy to pass through requests for unknown services. Although this provides a convenient way to get started with Istio, configuring stricter control is usually preferable.

This task shows you how to access external services in three different ways:

  1. Allow the Envoy proxy to pass requests through to services that are not configured inside the mesh.
  2. Configure service entries to provide controlled access to external services.
  3. Completely bypass the Envoy proxy for a specific range of IPs.

Before you begin

  • Set up Istio by following the instructions in the Installation guide. Use the demo configuration profile or otherwise enable Envoy’s access logging.

  • Deploy the sleep sample app to use as a test source for sending requests. If you have automatic sidecar injection enabled, run the following command to deploy the sample app:

    Zip

    1. $ kubectl apply -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@

    Otherwise, manually inject the sidecar before deploying the sleep application with the following command:

    Zip

    1. $ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@)

    You can use any pod with curl installed as a test source.

  • Set the SOURCE_POD environment variable to the name of your source pod:

    1. $ export SOURCE_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath='{.items..metadata.name}')

Envoy passthrough to external services

Istio has an installation option, meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode, that configures the sidecar handling of external services, that is, those services that are not defined in Istio’s internal service registry. If this option is set to ALLOW_ANY, the Istio proxy lets calls to unknown services pass through. If the option is set to REGISTRY_ONLY, then the Istio proxy blocks any host without an HTTP service or service entry defined within the mesh. ALLOW_ANY is the default value, allowing you to start evaluating Istio quickly, without controlling access to external services. You can then decide to configure access to external services later.

  1. To see this approach in action you need to ensure that your Istio installation is configured with the meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode option set to ALLOW_ANY. Unless you explicitly set it to REGISTRY_ONLY mode when you installed Istio, it is probably enabled by default.

    Run the following command to verify that meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode option is set to ALLOW_ANY or is omitted:

    1. $ kubectl get istiooperator installed-state -n istio-system -o jsonpath='{.spec.meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode}'
    2. ALLOW_ANY

    You should either see ALLOW_ANY or no output (default ALLOW_ANY).

    If you have explicitly configured REGISTRY_ONLY mode, you can change it by rerunning your original istioctl install command with the changed setting, for example:

    1. $ istioctl install <flags-you-used-to-install-Istio> --set meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode=ALLOW_ANY

  2. Make a couple of requests to external HTTPS services from the SOURCE_POD to confirm successful 200 responses:

    1. $ kubectl exec "$SOURCE_POD" -c sleep -- curl -sSI https://www.google.com | grep  "HTTP/"; kubectl exec "$SOURCE_POD" -c sleep -- curl -sI https://edition.cnn.com | grep "HTTP/"
    2. HTTP/2 200
    3. HTTP/2 200

Congratulations! You successfully sent egress traffic from your mesh.

This simple approach to access external services, has the drawback that you lose Istio monitoring and control for traffic to external services. The next section shows you how to monitor and control your mesh’s access to external services.

Controlled access to external services

Using Istio ServiceEntry configurations, you can access any publicly accessible service from within your Istio cluster. This section shows you how to configure access to an external HTTP service, httpbin.org, as well as an external HTTPS service, www.google.com without losing Istio’s traffic monitoring and control features.

Change to the blocking-by-default policy

To demonstrate the controlled way of enabling access to external services, you need to change the meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode option from the ALLOW_ANY mode to the REGISTRY_ONLY mode.

You can add controlled access to services that are already accessible in ALLOW_ANY mode. This way, you can start using Istio features on some external services without blocking any others. Once you’ve configured all of your services, you can then switch the mode to REGISTRY_ONLY to block any other unintentional accesses.

  1. Change the meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode option to REGISTRY_ONLY.

    If you used an IstioOperator CR to install Istio, add the following field to your configuration:

    1. spec:
    2.   meshConfig:
    3.     outboundTrafficPolicy:
    4.       mode: REGISTRY_ONLY

    Otherwise, add the equivalent setting to your original istioctl install command, for example:

    1. $ istioctl install <flags-you-used-to-install-Istio> \
    2.                    --set meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode=REGISTRY_ONLY

  2. Make a couple of requests to external HTTPS services from SOURCE_POD to verify that they are now blocked:

    1. $ kubectl exec "$SOURCE_POD" -c sleep -- curl -sI https://www.google.com | grep  "HTTP/"; kubectl exec "$SOURCE_POD" -c sleep -- curl -sI https://edition.cnn.com | grep "HTTP/"
    2. command terminated with exit code 35
    3. command terminated with exit code 35

    It may take a while for the configuration change to propagate, so you might still get successful connections. Wait for several seconds and then retry the last command.

Access an external HTTP service

  1. Create a ServiceEntry to allow access to an external HTTP service.

    DNS resolution is used in the service entry below as a security measure. Setting the resolution to NONE opens a possibility for attack. A malicious client could pretend that it’s accessing httpbin.org by setting it in the HOST header, while really connecting to a different IP (that is not associated with httpbin.org). The Istio sidecar proxy will trust the HOST header, and incorrectly allow the traffic, even though it is being delivered to the IP address of a different host. That host can be a malicious site, or a legitimate site, prohibited by the mesh security policies.

    With DNS resolution, the sidecar proxy will ignore the original destination IP address and direct the traffic to httpbin.org, performing a DNS query to get an IP address of httpbin.org.

    1. $ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
    2. apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
    3. kind: ServiceEntry
    4. metadata:
    5.   name: httpbin-ext
    6. spec:
    7.   hosts:
    8.   - httpbin.org
    9.   ports:
    10.   - number: 80
    11.     name: http
    12.     protocol: HTTP
    13.   resolution: DNS
    14.   location: MESH_EXTERNAL
    15. EOF

  2. Make a request to the external HTTP service from SOURCE_POD:

    1. $ kubectl exec "$SOURCE_POD" -c sleep -- curl -sS http://httpbin.org/headers
    2. {
    3.   "headers": {
    4.     "Accept": "*/*",
    5.     "Host": "httpbin.org",
    6.     ...
    7.     "X-Envoy-Decorator-Operation": "httpbin.org:80/*",
    8.     ...
    9.   }
    10. }

    Note the headers added by the Istio sidecar proxy: X-Envoy-Decorator-Operation.

  3. Check the log of the sidecar proxy of SOURCE_POD:

    1. $ kubectl logs "$SOURCE_POD" -c istio-proxy | tail
    2. [2019-01-24T12:17:11.640Z] "GET /headers HTTP/1.1" 200 - 0 599 214 214 "-" "curl/7.60.0" "17fde8f7-fa62-9b39-8999-302324e6def2" "httpbin.org" "35.173.6.94:80" outbound|80||httpbin.org - 35.173.6.94:80 172.30.109.82:55314 -

    Note the entry related to your HTTP request to httpbin.org/headers.

Access an external HTTPS service

  1. Create a ServiceEntry to allow access to an external HTTPS service.

    1. $ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
    2. apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
    3. kind: ServiceEntry
    4. metadata:
    5.   name: google
    6. spec:
    7.   hosts:
    8.   - www.google.com
    9.   ports:
    10.   - number: 443
    11.     name: https
    12.     protocol: HTTPS
    13.   resolution: DNS
    14.   location: MESH_EXTERNAL
    15. EOF

  2. Make a request to the external HTTPS service from SOURCE_POD:

    1. $ kubectl exec "$SOURCE_POD" -c sleep -- curl -sSI https://www.google.com | grep  "HTTP/"
    2. HTTP/2 200

  3. Check the log of the sidecar proxy of SOURCE_POD:

    1. $ kubectl logs "$SOURCE_POD" -c istio-proxy | tail
    2. [2019-01-24T12:48:54.977Z] "- - -" 0 - 601 17766 1289 - "-" "-" "-" "-" "172.217.161.36:443" outbound|443||www.google.com 172.30.109.82:59480 172.217.161.36:443 172.30.109.82:59478 www.google.com

    Note the entry related to your HTTPS request to www.google.com.

Manage traffic to external services

Similar to inter-cluster requests, Istio routing rules can also be set for external services that are accessed using ServiceEntry configurations. In this example, you set a timeout rule on calls to the httpbin.org service.

  1. From inside the pod being used as the test source, make a curl request to the /delay endpoint of the httpbin.org external service:

    1. $ kubectl exec "$SOURCE_POD" -c sleep -- time curl -o /dev/null -sS -w "%{http_code}\n" http://httpbin.org/delay/5
    2. 200
    3. real    0m5.024s
    4. user    0m0.003s
    5. sys     0m0.003s

    The request should return 200 (OK) in approximately 5 seconds.

  2. Use kubectl to set a 3s timeout on calls to the httpbin.org external service:

    1. $ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
    2. apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
    3. kind: VirtualService
    4. metadata:
    5.   name: httpbin-ext
    6. spec:
    7.   hosts:
    8.     - httpbin.org
    9.   http:
    10.   - timeout: 3s
    11.     route:
    12.       - destination:
    13.           host: httpbin.org
    14.         weight: 100
    15. EOF

  3. Wait a few seconds, then make the curl request again:

    1. $ kubectl exec "$SOURCE_POD" -c sleep -- time curl -o /dev/null -sS -w "%{http_code}\n" http://httpbin.org/delay/5
    2. 504
    3. real    0m3.149s
    4. user    0m0.004s
    5. sys     0m0.004s

    This time a 504 (Gateway Timeout) appears after 3 seconds. Although httpbin.org was waiting 5 seconds, Istio cut off the request at 3 seconds.

Cleanup the controlled access to external services

  1. $ kubectl delete serviceentry httpbin-ext google
  2. $ kubectl delete virtualservice httpbin-ext --ignore-not-found=true

Direct access to external services

If you want to completely bypass Istio for a specific IP range, you can configure the Envoy sidecars to prevent them from intercepting external requests. To set up the bypass, change either the global.proxy.includeIPRanges or the global.proxy.excludeIPRanges configuration option and update the istio-sidecar-injector configuration map using the kubectl apply command. This can also be configured on a pod by setting corresponding annotations such as traffic.sidecar.istio.io/includeOutboundIPRanges. After updating the istio-sidecar-injector configuration, it affects all future application pod deployments.

Unlike Envoy passthrough to external services, which uses the ALLOW_ANY traffic policy to instruct the Istio sidecar proxy to passthrough calls to unknown services, this approach completely bypasses the sidecar, essentially disabling all of Istio’s features for the specified IPs. You cannot incrementally add service entries for specific destinations, as you can with the ALLOW_ANY approach. Therefore, this configuration approach is only recommended as a last resort when, for performance or other reasons, external access cannot be configured using the sidecar.

A simple way to exclude all external IPs from being redirected to the sidecar proxy is to set the global.proxy.includeIPRanges configuration option to the IP range or ranges used for internal cluster services. These IP range values depend on the platform where your cluster runs.

Determine the internal IP ranges for your platform

Set the value of values.global.proxy.includeIPRanges according to your cluster provider.

IBM Cloud Private

  1. Get your service_cluster_ip_range from IBM Cloud Private configuration file under cluster/config.yaml:

    1. $ grep service_cluster_ip_range cluster/config.yaml

    The following is a sample output:

    1. service_cluster_ip_range: 10.0.0.1/24

  2. Use --set values.global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.0.0.1/24"

IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service

To see which CIDR is used in the cluster use ibmcloud ks cluster get -c <CLUSTER-NAME> and look for the Service Subnet:

  1. $ ibmcloud ks cluster get -c my-cluster | grep "Service Subnet"
  2. Service Subnet:                 172.21.0.0/16

Then use --set values.global.proxy.includeIPRanges="172.21.0.0/16"

On very old clusters, this may not work so you can use --set values.global.proxy.includeIPRanges="172.30.0.0/16,172.21.0.0/16,10.10.10.0/24" or use kubectl get svc -o wide -A to further narrow down the CIDR value for the setting.

Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)

The ranges are not fixed, so you will need to run the gcloud container clusters describe command to determine the ranges to use. For example:

  1. $ gcloud container clusters describe XXXXXXX --zone=XXXXXX | grep -e clusterIpv4Cidr -e servicesIpv4Cidr
  2. clusterIpv4Cidr: 10.4.0.0/14
  3. servicesIpv4Cidr: 10.7.240.0/20

Use --set values.global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.4.0.0/14\,10.7.240.0/20"

Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)

Kubenet

To see which service CIDR and pod CIDR are used in the cluster, use az aks show and look for the serviceCidr:

  1. $ az aks show --resource-group "${RESOURCE_GROUP}" --name "${CLUSTER}" | grep Cidr
  2.     "podCidr": "10.244.0.0/16",
  3.     "podCidrs": [
  4.     "serviceCidr": "10.0.0.0/16",
  5.     "serviceCidrs": [

Then use --set values.global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.244.0.0/16\,10.0.0.0/16"

Azure CNI

Follow these steps if you are using Azure CNI with a non-overlay networking mode. If using Azure CNI with overlay networking, please follow the Kubenet instructions. For more information, see the Azure CNI Overlay documentation.

To see which service CIDR is used in the cluster, use az aks show and look for the serviceCidr:

  1. $ az aks show --resource-group "${RESOURCE_GROUP}" --name "${CLUSTER}" | grep serviceCidr
  2.     "serviceCidr": "10.0.0.0/16",
  3.     "serviceCidrs": [

To see which pod CIDR is used in the cluster, use az CLI to inspect the vnet:

  1. $ az aks show --resource-group "${RESOURCE_GROUP}" --name "${CLUSTER}" | grep nodeResourceGroup
  2.   "nodeResourceGroup": "MC_user-rg_user-cluster_region",
  3.   "nodeResourceGroupProfile": null,
  4. $ az network vnet list -g MC_user-rg_user-cluster_region | grep name
  5.     "name": "aks-vnet-74242220",
  6.         "name": "aks-subnet",
  7. $ az network vnet show -g MC_user-rg_user-cluster_region -n aks-vnet-74242220 | grep addressPrefix
  8.     "addressPrefixes": [
  9.       "addressPrefix": "10.224.0.0/16",

Then use --set values.global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.244.0.0/16\,10.0.0.0/16"

Minikube, Docker For Desktop, Bare Metal

The default value is 10.96.0.0/12, but it’s not fixed. Use the following command to determine your actual value:

  1. $ kubectl describe pod kube-apiserver -n kube-system | grep 'service-cluster-ip-range'
  2.       --service-cluster-ip-range=10.96.0.0/12

Use --set values.global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.96.0.0/12"

Configuring the proxy bypass

Remove the service entry and virtual service previously deployed in this guide.

Update your istio-sidecar-injector configuration map using the IP ranges specific to your platform. For example, if the range is 10.0.0.1/24, use the following command:

  1. $ istioctl install <flags-you-used-to-install-Istio> --set values.global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.0.0.1/24"

Use the same command that you used to install Istio and add --set values.global.proxy.includeIPRanges="10.0.0.1/24".

Access the external services

Because the bypass configuration only affects new deployments, you need to terminate and then redeploy the sleep application as described in the Before you begin section.

After updating the istio-sidecar-injector configmap and redeploying the sleep application, the Istio sidecar will only intercept and manage internal requests within the cluster. Any external request bypasses the sidecar and goes straight to its intended destination. For example:

  1. $ kubectl exec "$SOURCE_POD" -c sleep -- curl -sS http://httpbin.org/headers
  2. {
  3.   "headers": {
  4.     "Accept": "*/*",
  5.     "Host": "httpbin.org",
  6.     ...
  7.   }
  8. }

Unlike accessing external services through HTTP or HTTPS, you don’t see any headers related to the Istio sidecar and the requests sent to external services do not appear in the log of the sidecar. Bypassing the Istio sidecars means you can no longer monitor the access to external services.

Cleanup the direct access to external services

Update the configuration to stop bypassing sidecar proxies for a range of IPs:

  1. $ istioctl install <flags-you-used-to-install-Istio>

Understanding what happened

In this task you looked at three ways to call external services from an Istio mesh:

  1. Configuring Envoy to allow access to any external service.

  2. Use a service entry to register an accessible external service inside the mesh. This is the recommended approach.

  3. Configuring the Istio sidecar to exclude external IPs from its remapped IP table.

The first approach directs traffic through the Istio sidecar proxy, including calls to services that are unknown inside the mesh. When using this approach, you can’t monitor access to external services or take advantage of Istio’s traffic control features for them. To easily switch to the second approach for specific services, simply create service entries for those external services. This process allows you to initially access any external service and then later decide whether or not to control access, enable traffic monitoring, and use traffic control features as needed.

The second approach lets you use all of the same Istio service mesh features for calls to services inside or outside of the cluster. In this task, you learned how to monitor access to external services and set a timeout rule for calls to an external service.

The third approach bypasses the Istio sidecar proxy, giving your services direct access to any external server. However, configuring the proxy this way does require cluster-provider specific knowledge and configuration. Similar to the first approach, you also lose monitoring of access to external services and you can’t apply Istio features on traffic to external services.

Security note

Note that configuration examples in this task do not enable secure egress traffic control in Istio. A malicious application can bypass the Istio sidecar proxy and access any external service without Istio control.

To implement egress traffic control in a more secure way, you must direct egress traffic through an egress gateway and review the security concerns described in the additional security considerations section.

Cleanup

Shutdown the sleep service:

Zip

  1. $ kubectl delete -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@