CREATE DATABASE Statement

Creates a new database.

In Impala, a database is both:

  • A logical construct for grouping together related tables, views, and functions within their own namespace. You might use a separate database for each application, set of related tables, or round of experimentation.
  • A physical construct represented by a directory tree in HDFS. Tables (internal tables), partitions, and data files are all located under this directory. You can perform HDFS-level operations such as backing it up and measuring space usage, or remove it with a DROP DATABASE statement.

Syntax:

  1. CREATE (DATABASE|SCHEMA) [IF NOT EXISTS] database_name[COMMENT 'database_comment']
  2.   [LOCATION hdfs_path];

Statement type: DDL

Usage notes:

A database is physically represented as a directory in HDFS, with a filename extension .db, under the main Impala data directory. If the associated HDFS directory does not exist, it is created for you. All databases and their associated directories are top-level objects, with no physical or logical nesting.

After creating a database, to make it the current database within an impala-shell session, use the USE statement. You can refer to tables in the current database without prepending any qualifier to their names.

When you first connect to Impala through impala-shell, the database you start in (before issuing any CREATE DATABASE or USE statements) is named default.

Impala includes another predefined database, _impala_builtins, that serves as the location for the built-in functions. To see the built-in functions, use a statement like the following:

  1. show functions in _impala_builtins;
  2. show functions in _impala_builtins like '*substring*';

After creating a database, your impala-shell session or another impala-shell connected to the same node can immediately access that database. To access the database through the Impala daemon on a different node, issue the INVALIDATE METADATA statement first while connected to that other node.

Setting the LOCATION attribute for a new database is a way to work with sets of files in an HDFS directory structure outside the default Impala data directory, as opposed to setting the LOCATION attribute for each individual table.

If you connect to different Impala nodes within an impala-shell session for load-balancing purposes, you can enable the SYNC_DDL query option to make each DDL statement wait before returning, until the new or changed metadata has been received by all the Impala nodes. See SYNC_DDL Query Option for details.

Hive considerations:

When you create a database in Impala, the database can also be used by Hive. When you create a database in Hive, issue an INVALIDATE METADATA statement in Impala to make Impala permanently aware of the new database.

The SHOW DATABASES statement lists all databases, or the databases whose name matches a wildcard pattern. In Impala 2.5 and higher, the SHOW DATABASES output includes a second column that displays the associated comment, if any, for each database.

Amazon S3 considerations:

To specify that any tables created within a database reside on the Amazon S3 system, you can include an s3a:// prefix on the LOCATION attribute. In Impala 2.6 and higher, Impala automatically creates any required folders as the databases, tables, and partitions are created, and removes them when they are dropped.

In Impala 2.6 and higher, Impala DDL statements such as CREATE DATABASE, CREATE TABLE, DROP DATABASE CASCADE, DROP TABLE, and ALTER TABLE [ADD|DROP] PARTITION can create or remove folders as needed in the Amazon S3 system. Prior to Impala 2.6, you had to create folders yourself and point Impala database, tables, or partitions at them, and manually remove folders when no longer needed. See Using Impala with the Amazon S3 Filesystem for details about reading and writing S3 data with Impala.

Cancellation: Cannot be cancelled.

HDFS permissions:

The user ID that the impalad daemon runs under, typically the impala user, must have write permission for the parent HDFS directory under which the database is located.

Examples:

  1. create database first_db;
  2. use first_db;
  3. create table t1 (x int);
  5. create database second_db;
  6. use second_db;
  7. -- Each database has its own namespace for tables.
  8. -- You can reuse the same table names in each database.
  9. create table t1 (s string);
  11. create database temp;
  13. -- You can either USE a database after creating it,
  14. -- or qualify all references to the table name with the name of the database.
  15. -- Here, tables T2 and T3 are both created in the TEMP database.
  17. create table temp.t2 (x int, y int);
  18. use database temp;
  19. create table t3 (s string);
  21. -- You cannot drop a database while it is selected by the USE statement.
  22. drop database temp;
  23. ERROR: AnalysisException: Cannot drop current default database: temp
  25. -- The always-available database 'default' is a convenient one to USE
  26. -- before dropping a database you created.
  27. use default;
  29. -- Before dropping a database, first drop all the tables inside it,
  30. -- or in Impala 2.3 and higher use the CASCADE clause.
  31. drop database temp;
  32. ERROR: ImpalaRuntimeException: Error making 'dropDatabase' RPC to Hive Metastore:
  33. CAUSED BY: InvalidOperationException: Database temp is not empty
  34. show tables in temp;
  35. +------+
  36. | name |
  37. +------+
  38. | t3   |
  39. +------+
  41. -- Impala 2.3 and higher:
  42. drop database temp cascade;
  44. -- Earlier releases:
  45. drop table temp.t3;
  46. drop database temp;

Related information:

Overview of Impala Databases, DROP DATABASE Statement, USE Statement, SHOW DATABASES, Overview of Impala Tables

Parent topic: Impala SQL Statements