SQL语法概要

终止

终止当前事务

ABORT [WORK | TRANSACTION]

更多信息参阅 ABORT。

修改聚集函数

改变聚集函数的定义

ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type [ , ... ] ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type [ , ... ] ) OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type [ , ... ] ) SET SCHEMA new_schema

更多信息参阅 ALTER AGGREGATE。

修改转换

修改转换的定义。

ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO newname
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO newowner

更多信息参阅 ALTER CONVERSION。

修改数据库

修改数据库属性

ALTER DATABASE name [ WITH CONNECTION LIMIT connlimit ]
ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO newname
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner

更多信息参阅 ALTER DATABASE。

修改域

改变域的定义

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [RESTRICT | CASCADE]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER DOMAIN name SET SCHEMA new_schema

更多信息请参阅 ALTER DOMAIN。

修改扩展

改变在Greenplum数据库中注册的扩展的定义。

ALTER EXTENSION name UPDATE [ TO new_version ]
ALTER EXTENSION name SET SCHEMA new_schema
ALTER EXTENSION name ADD member_object
ALTER EXTENSION name DROP member_object
其中 member_object 是：
  ACCESS METHOD object_name |
  AGGREGATE aggregate_name ( aggregate_signature ) |
  CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
  COLLATION object_name |
  CONVERSION object_name |
  DOMAIN object_name |
  EVENT TRIGGER object_name |
  FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER object_name |
  FOREIGN TABLE object_name |
  FUNCTION function_name ( [ [ argmode ] [ argname ] argtype [, ...] ] ) |
  MATERIALIZED VIEW object_name |
  OPERATOR operator_name (left_type, right_type) |
  OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
  OPERATOR FAMILY object_name USING index_method |
  [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |
  SCHEMA object_name |
  SEQUENCE object_name |
  SERVER object_name |
  TABLE object_name |
  TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION object_name |
  TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY object_name |
  TEXT SEARCH PARSER object_name |
  TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE object_name |
  TRANSFORM FOR type_name LANGUAGE lang_name |
  TYPE object_name |
  VIEW object_name
aggregate_signature 是：
* | [ argmode ] [ argname ] argtype [ , ... ] |
  [ [ argmode ] [ argname ] argtype [ , ... ] ] 
    ORDER BY [ argmode ] [ argname ] argtype [ , ... ]

更多信息参阅 ALTER EXTENSION。

修改外部表

改变外部表的定义。

ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE name RENAME [COLUMN] column TO new_column
ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE name SET SCHEMA new_schema
ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE name action [, ... ]

更多信息参阅 ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE。

修改文件空间

改变文件空间的定义

ALTER FILESPACE name RENAME TO newname
ALTER FILESPACE name OWNER TO newowner

更多信息参阅 ALTER FILESPACE。

修改函数

改变函数的定义

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ [argmode] [argname] argtype [, ...] ] ) 
   action [, ... ] [RESTRICT]
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ [argmode] [argname] argtype [, ...] ] )
   RENAME TO new_name
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ [argmode] [argname] argtype [, ...] ] ) 
   OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ [argmode] [argname] argtype [, ...] ] ) 
   SET SCHEMA new_schema

更多信息参阅 ALTER FUNCTION。

修改组

改变角色名字或者成员信息

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO newname

更多信息参阅 ALTER GROUP。

修改索引

改变索引的定义

ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name
ALTER INDEX name SET ( FILLFACTOR = value )
ALTER INDEX name RESET ( FILLFACTOR )

更多信息参阅 ALTER INDEX。

修改语言

改变程序语言的名字

ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO newname
ALTER LANGUAGE name OWNER TO new_owner

更多信息参阅 ALTER LANGUAGE。

修改操作符

改变操作符的定义

ALTER OPERATOR name ( {lefttype | NONE} , {righttype | NONE} ) 
   OWNER TO newowner

更多信息参阅 ALTER OPERATOR。

修改操作符类

改变操作符类的定义

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO newname
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO newowner

更多信息参阅 ALTER OPERATOR CLASS。

修改操作符族

修改操作符族的定义

ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY name USING index_method ADD
  {  OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name ( op_type, op_type ) [ RECHECK ]
    | FUNCTION support_number [ ( op_type [ , op_type ] ) ] funcname ( argument_type [, ...] )
  } [, ... ]
ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY name USING index_method DROP
  {  OPERATOR strategy_number ( op_type, op_type ) 
    | FUNCTION support_number [ ( op_type [ , op_type ] ) 
  } [, ... ]
ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY name USING index_method RENAME TO newname
ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY name USING index_method OWNER TO newowner

更多信息参阅 ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY。

修改协议

修改协议的定义

ALTER PROTOCOL name RENAME TO newname
ALTER PROTOCOL name OWNER TO newowner

更多信息参阅 ALTER PROTOCOL。

修改资源队列

修改资源队列的限制

ALTER RESOURCE QUEUE name WITH ( queue_attribute=value [, ... ] )

更新信息参阅 ALTER RESOURCE QUEUE。

修改角色

修改数据库角色（用户或组）。

ALTER ROLE name RENAME TO newname
ALTER ROLE name SET config_parameter {TO | =} {value | DEFAULT}
ALTER ROLE name RESET config_parameter
ALTER ROLE name RESOURCE QUEUE {queue_name | NONE}
ALTER ROLE name [ [WITH] option [ ... ] ]

更多信息参阅 ALTER ROLE。

修改模式

改变模式的定义

ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO newname
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO newowner

更多信息参阅 ALTER SCHEMA。

修改序列

改变序列生成器的定义

ALTER SEQUENCE name [INCREMENT [ BY ] increment] 
     [MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE] 
     [MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE] 
     [RESTART [ WITH ] start] 
     [CACHE cache] [[ NO ] CYCLE] 
     [OWNED BY {table.column | NONE}]
ALTER SEQUENCE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER SEQUENCE name SET SCHEMA new_schema

更多信息参阅 ALTER SEQUENCE。

修改表

改变的表的定义

ALTER TABLE [ONLY] name RENAME [COLUMN] column TO new_column
ALTER TABLE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLE name SET SCHEMA new_schema
ALTER TABLE [ONLY] name SET 
     DISTRIBUTED BY (column, [ ... ] ) 
   | DISTRIBUTED RANDOMLY 
   | WITH (REORGANIZE=true|false)
ALTER TABLE [ONLY] name action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE name
   [ ALTER PARTITION { partition_name | FOR (RANK(number)) 
   | FOR (value) } partition_action [...] ] 
   partition_action

更多信息参阅 ALTER TABLE。

修改表空间

改变表空间的定义。

ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO newname
ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO newowner

更多信息参阅 ALTER TABLESPACE。

修改类型

改变数据类型的定义

ALTER TYPE name
   OWNER TO new_owner | SET SCHEMA new_schema

更多信息参阅 ALTER TYPE。

修改用户

修改数据库角色（用户）的定义。

ALTER USER name RENAME TO newname
ALTER USER name SET config_parameter {TO | =} {value | DEFAULT}
ALTER USER name RESET config_parameter
ALTER USER name [ [WITH] option [ ... ] ]

更新信息参阅 ALTER USER。

修改视图

改变视图的定义

ALTER VIEW name RENAME TO newname

更新信息参阅 ALTER VIEW。

分析

收集关于数据库的数据

ANALYZE [VERBOSE] [ROOTPARTITION [ALL] ] 
   [table [ (column [, ...] ) ]]

更新信息参阅 ANALYZE。

开始

启动事务块

BEGIN [WORK | TRANSACTION] [transaction_mode]
      [READ ONLY | READ WRITE]

更多信息参阅 BEGIN 。

检查点

强制事务记录检查点

CHECKPOINT

更多信息参阅 CHECKPOINT。

关闭

关闭游标

CLOSE cursor_name

更多信息参阅 CLOSE 。

集簇

根据索引对磁盘上的堆存储表进行物理重新排序。不是Greenplum数据库的推荐操作。

CLUSTER indexname ON tablename
CLUSTER tablename
CLUSTER

更多信息参阅 CLUSTER。

注释

定义或者修改对一个对象的注释。

COMMENT ON
{ TABLE object_name |
  COLUMN table_name.column_name |
  AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type [, ...]) |
  CAST (sourcetype AS targettype) |
  CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
  CONVERSION object_name |
  DATABASE object_name |
  DOMAIN object_name |
  FILESPACE object_name |
  FUNCTION func_name ([[argmode] [argname] argtype [, ...]]) |
  INDEX object_name |
  LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
  OPERATOR op (leftoperand_type, rightoperand_type) |
  OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
  [PROCEDURAL] LANGUAGE object_name |
  RESOURCE QUEUE object_name |
  ROLE object_name |
  RULE rule_name ON table_name |
  SCHEMA object_name |
  SEQUENCE object_name |
  TABLESPACE object_name |
  TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
  TYPE object_name |
  VIEW object_name } 
IS 'text'

更多信息参阅 COMMENT。

提交

提交当前事务

COMMIT [WORK | TRANSACTION]

更多信息参阅 COMMIT。

复制

在文件和表之间拷贝数据。

COPY table [(column [, ...])] FROM {'file' | STDIN}
     [ [WITH] 
       [BINARY]
       [OIDS]
       [HEADER]
       [DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter']
       [NULL [ AS ] 'null string']
       [ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' | 'OFF']
       [NEWLINE [ AS ] 'LF' | 'CR' | 'CRLF']
       [CSV [QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote'] 
            [FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...]]
       [FILL MISSING FIELDS]
       [[LOG ERRORS]  
       SEGMENT REJECT LIMIT count [ROWS | PERCENT] ]
COPY {table [(column [, ...])] | (query)} TO {'file' | STDOUT}
      [ [WITH] 
        [ON SEGMENT]
        [BINARY]
        [OIDS]
        [HEADER]
        [DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter']
        [NULL [ AS ] 'null string']
        [ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' | 'OFF']
        [CSV [QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote'] 
             [FORCE QUOTE column [, ...]] ]
      [IGNORE EXTERNAL PARTITIONS ]

更多信息参阅 COPY 。

创建聚集函数

定义一个新的聚集函数

CREATE [ORDERED] AGGREGATE name (input_data_type [ , ... ]) 
      ( SFUNC = sfunc,
        STYPE = state_data_type
        [, PREFUNC = prefunc]
        [, FINALFUNC = ffunc]
        [, INITCOND = initial_condition]
        [, SORTOP = sort_operator] )

更多信息参阅 CREATE AGGREGATE。

创建投影

定义一个新的投影。

CREATE CAST (sourcetype AS targettype) 
       WITH FUNCTION funcname (argtypes) 
       [AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT]
CREATE CAST (sourcetype AS targettype) WITHOUT FUNCTION 
       [AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT]

更多信息参阅 CREATE CAST。

创建转换

定义一个新的编码转换。

CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name FOR source_encoding TO 
     dest_encoding FROM funcname

更多信息参阅 CREATE CONVERSION。

创建数据库

创建一个信息的数据库。

CREATE DATABASE name [ [WITH] [OWNER [=] dbowner]
                     [TEMPLATE [=] template]
                     [ENCODING [=] encoding]
                     [TABLESPACE [=] tablespace]
                     [CONNECTION LIMIT [=] connlimit ] ]

更多信息参阅 CREATE DATABASE。

创建域

定义一个新的域。

CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type [DEFAULT expression] 
       [CONSTRAINT constraint_name
       | NOT NULL | NULL 
       | CHECK (expression) [...]]

更多信息参阅 CREATE DOMAIN。

创建扩展

在Greenplum数据库中注册一个扩展。

CREATE EXTENSION [ IF NOT EXISTS ] extension_name
  [ WITH ] [ SCHEMA schema_name ]
           [ VERSION version ]
           [ FROM old_version ]
           [ CASCADE ]

更多信息参阅 CREATE EXTENSION。

创建外部表

定义一张外部表

CREATE [READABLE] EXTERNAL TABLE table_name     
    ( column_name data_type [, ...] | LIKE other_table )
     LOCATION ('file://seghost[:port]/path/file' [, ...])
       | ('gpfdist://filehost[:port]/file_pattern[#transform=trans_name]'
           [, ...]
       | ('gpfdists://filehost[:port]/file_pattern[#transform=trans_name]'
           [, ...])
       | ('gphdfs://hdfs_host[:port]/path/file')
       | ('s3://S3_endpoint[:port]/bucket_name/[S3_prefix]
             [region=S3-region]
            [config=config_file]')
     [ON MASTER]
     FORMAT 'TEXT' 
           [( [HEADER]
              [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter' | 'OFF']
              [NULL [AS] 'null string']
              [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape' | 'OFF']
              [NEWLINE [ AS ] 'LF' | 'CR' | 'CRLF']
              [FILL MISSING FIELDS] )]
          | 'CSV'
           [( [HEADER]
              [QUOTE [AS] 'quote'] 
              [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
              [NULL [AS] 'null string']
              [FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...]]
              [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape']
              [NEWLINE [ AS ] 'LF' | 'CR' | 'CRLF']
              [FILL MISSING FIELDS] )]
          | 'AVRO' 
          | 'PARQUET'
          | 'CUSTOM' (Formatter=<formatter_specifications>)
    [ ENCODING 'encoding' ]
      [ [LOG ERRORS] SEGMENT REJECT LIMIT count
      [ROWS | PERCENT] ]
CREATE [READABLE] EXTERNAL WEB TABLE table_name     
   ( column_name data_type [, ...] | LIKE other_table )
      LOCATION ('http://webhost[:port]/path/file' [, ...])
    | EXECUTE 'command' [ON ALL 
                          | MASTER
                          | number_of_segments
                          | HOST ['segment_hostname'] 
                          | SEGMENT segment_id ]
      FORMAT 'TEXT' 
            [( [HEADER]
               [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter' | 'OFF']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape' | 'OFF']
               [NEWLINE [ AS ] 'LF' | 'CR' | 'CRLF']
               [FILL MISSING FIELDS] )]
           | 'CSV'
            [( [HEADER]
               [QUOTE [AS] 'quote'] 
               [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...]]
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape']
               [NEWLINE [ AS ] 'LF' | 'CR' | 'CRLF']
               [FILL MISSING FIELDS] )]
           | 'CUSTOM' (Formatter=<formatter specifications>)
     [ ENCODING 'encoding' ]
     [ [LOG ERRORS] SEGMENT REJECT LIMIT count
       [ROWS | PERCENT] ]
CREATE WRITABLE EXTERNAL TABLE table_name
    ( column_name data_type [, ...] | LIKE other_table )
     LOCATION('gpfdist://outputhost[:port]/filename[#transform=trans_name]'
          [, ...])
      | ('gpfdists://outputhost[:port]/file_pattern[#transform=trans_name]'
          [, ...])
      | ('gphdfs://hdfs_host[:port]/path')
      FORMAT 'TEXT' 
               [( [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape' | 'OFF'] )]
          | 'CSV'
               [([QUOTE [AS] 'quote'] 
               [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [FORCE QUOTE column [, ...]] ]
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape'] )]
           | 'AVRO' 
           | 'PARQUET'
           | 'CUSTOM' (Formatter=<formatter specifications>)
    [ ENCODING 'write_encoding' ]
    [ DISTRIBUTED BY (column, [ ... ] ) | DISTRIBUTED RANDOMLY ]
CREATE WRITABLE EXTERNAL TABLE table_name
    ( column_name data_type [, ...] | LIKE other_table )
     LOCATION('s3://S3_endpoint[:port]/bucket_name/[S3_prefix]
            [region=S3-region]
            [config=config_file]')
      [ON MASTER]
      FORMAT 'TEXT' 
               [( [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape' | 'OFF'] )]
          | 'CSV'
               [([QUOTE [AS] 'quote'] 
               [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [FORCE QUOTE column [, ...]] ]
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape'] )]
CREATE WRITABLE EXTERNAL WEB TABLE table_name
    ( column_name data_type [, ...] | LIKE other_table )
    EXECUTE 'command' [ON ALL]
    FORMAT 'TEXT' 
               [( [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape' | 'OFF'] )]
          | 'CSV'
               [([QUOTE [AS] 'quote'] 
               [DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']
               [NULL [AS] 'null string']
               [FORCE QUOTE column [, ...]] ]
               [ESCAPE [AS] 'escape'] )]
           | 'CUSTOM' (Formatter=<formatter specifications>)
    [ ENCODING 'write_encoding' ]
    [ DISTRIBUTED BY (column, [ ... ] ) | DISTRIBUTED RANDOMLY ]

更多信息参阅 CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE。

创建函数

定义一个新的函数

CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION name    
    ( [ [argmode] [argname] argtype [ { DEFAULT | = } defexpr ] [, ...] ] )
      [ RETURNS { [ SETOF ] rettype 
        | TABLE ([{ argname argtype | LIKE other table }
          [, ...]])
        } ]
    { LANGUAGE langname
    | IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
    | CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
    | [EXTERNAL] SECURITY INVOKER | [EXTERNAL] SECURITY DEFINE
    | COST execution_cost
    | SET configuration_parameter { TO value | = value | FROM CURRENT }
    | AS 'definition'
    | AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol' } ...
    [ WITH ({ DESCRIBE = describe_function
           } [, ...] ) ]

更多信息参阅 CREATE FUNCTION。

创建组

定义一个新的数据库角色。

CREATE GROUP name [ [WITH] option [ ... ] ]

更多信息参阅 CREATE GROUP。

创建索引

定义一个新的索引。

CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX name ON table
       [USING btree|bitmap|gist]
       ( {column | (expression)} [opclass] [, ...] )
       [ WITH ( FILLFACTOR = value ) ]
       [TABLESPACE tablespace]
       [WHERE predicate]

更多信息参阅 CREATE INDEX。

创建语言

定义一个新的程序语言。

CREATE [PROCEDURAL] LANGUAGE name
CREATE [TRUSTED] [PROCEDURAL] LANGUAGE name
       HANDLER call_handler [ INLINE inline_handler ] [VALIDATOR valfunction]

更多信息参阅 CREATE LANGUAGE。

创建操作符

定义一个新的操作符。

CREATE OPERATOR name ( 
       PROCEDURE = funcname
       [, LEFTARG = lefttype] [, RIGHTARG = righttype]
       [, COMMUTATOR = com_op] [, NEGATOR = neg_op]
       [, RESTRICT = res_proc] [, JOIN = join_proc]
       [, HASHES] [, MERGES]
       [, SORT1 = left_sort_op] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op]
       [, LTCMP = less_than_op] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op] )

更多信息参阅 CREATE OPERATOR。

创建操作符类

定义一个新的操作符类

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [DEFAULT] FOR TYPE data_type  
  USING index_method AS 
  { 
  OPERATOR strategy_number op_name [(op_type, op_type)] [RECHECK]
  | FUNCTION support_number funcname (argument_type [, ...] )
  | STORAGE storage_type
  } [, ... ]

更多信息参阅 CREATE OPERATOR CLASS。

创建操作符族

定义一个新的操作符族

CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY name  USING index_method

更多信息参阅 CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY。

创建协议

注册自定义数据访问协议，当定义Greenplum数据库外部表时可以指定。

CREATE [TRUSTED] PROTOCOL name (
   [readfunc='read_call_handler'] [, writefunc='write_call_handler']
   [, validatorfunc='validate_handler' ])

更多信息参阅 CREATE PROTOCOL。

创建资源队列

定义一个新的资源队列。

CREATE RESOURCE QUEUE name WITH (queue_attribute=value [, ... ])

更多信息参阅 CREATE RESOURCE QUEUE。

创建角色

定义一个新的数据库角色（用户或组）。

CREATE ROLE name [[WITH] option [ ... ]]

更多信息参阅 CREATE ROLE。

创建规则

定义一个新的重写规则

CREATE [OR REPLACE] RULE name AS ON event
  TO table [WHERE condition] 
  DO [ALSO | INSTEAD] { NOTHING | command | (command; command 
  ...) }

更多信息参阅 CREATE RULE。

创建模式

定义一个新的模式。

CREATE SCHEMA schema_name [AUTHORIZATION username] 
   [schema_element [ ... ]]
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION rolename [schema_element [ ... ]]

更多信息参阅 CREATE SCHEMA。

创建序列

定义一个新的序列生成器。

CREATE [TEMPORARY | TEMP] SEQUENCE name
       [INCREMENT [BY] value] 
       [MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE] 
       [MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE] 
       [START [ WITH ] start] 
       [CACHE cache] 
       [[NO] CYCLE] 
       [OWNED BY { table.column | NONE }]

更多信息参阅 CREATE SEQUENCE。

创建表

定义一个新的表。

CREATE [[GLOBAL | LOCAL] {TEMPORARY | TEMP}] TABLE table_name ( 
[ { column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] 
   [column_constraint [ ... ]
[ ENCODING ( storage_directive [,...] ) ]
] 
   | table_constraint
   | LIKE other_table [{INCLUDING | EXCLUDING} 
                      {DEFAULTS | CONSTRAINTS}] ...}
   [, ... ] ]
   )
   [ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
   [ WITH ( storage_parameter=value [, ... ] )
   [ ON COMMIT {PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP} ]
   [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
   [ DISTRIBUTED BY (column, [ ... ] ) | DISTRIBUTED RANDOMLY ]
   [ PARTITION BY partition_type (column)
       [ SUBPARTITION BY partition_type (column) ] 
          [ SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE ( template_spec ) ]
       [...]
    ( partition_spec ) 
        | [ SUBPARTITION BY partition_type (column) ]
          [...]
    ( partition_spec
      [ ( subpartition_spec
           [(...)] 
         ) ] 
    )

更多信息参阅 CREATE TABLE。

创建表如（AS）

从查询的结果中定义一个新的表。

CREATE [ [GLOBAL | LOCAL] {TEMPORARY | TEMP} ] TABLE table_name
   [(column_name [, ...] )]
   [ WITH ( storage_parameter=value [, ... ] ) ]
   [ON COMMIT {PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP}]
   [TABLESPACE tablespace]
   AS query
   [DISTRIBUTED BY (column, [ ... ] ) | DISTRIBUTED RANDOMLY]

更多信息参阅 CREATE TABLE AS。

创建表空间

定义一个新的表空间。

CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [OWNER username] 
       FILESPACE filespace_name

更多信息参阅 CREATE TABLESPACE。

创建类型

定义一个新的类型。

CREATE TYPE name AS ( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name AS ENUM ( 'label' [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name (
    INPUT = input_function,
    OUTPUT = output_function
    [, RECEIVE = receive_function]
    [, SEND = send_function]
    [, TYPMOD_IN = type_modifier_input_function ]
    [, TYPMOD_OUT = type_modifier_output_function ]
    [, INTERNALLENGTH = {internallength | VARIABLE}]
    [, PASSEDBYVALUE]
    [, ALIGNMENT = alignment]
    [, STORAGE = storage]
    [, DEFAULT = default]
    [, ELEMENT = element]
    [, DELIMITER = delimiter] )
CREATE TYPE name

更多信息参阅 CREATE TYPE。

创建用户

定义一个默认带有 LOGIN 权限的数据库角色。

CREATE USER name [ [WITH] option [ ... ] ]

更多信息参阅 CREATE USER。

创建视图

定义一个新的视图

CREATE [OR REPLACE] [TEMP | TEMPORARY] VIEW name
       [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ]
       AS query

更多信息参阅 CREATE VIEW。

取消分配

取消分配一个已经准备（预编译）的语句

DEALLOCATE [PREPARE] name

更多信息参阅 DEALLOCATE。

声明

定义一个游标。

DECLARE name [BINARY] [INSENSITIVE] [NO SCROLL] CURSOR 
     [{WITH | WITHOUT} HOLD] 
     FOR query [FOR READ ONLY]

更多信息参阅 DECLARE。

函数

从表中删除行。

DELETE FROM [ONLY] table [[AS] alias]
      [USING usinglist]
      [WHERE condition | WHERE CURRENT OF cursor_name ]

更多信息参阅 DELETE。

丢弃

丢弃会话的状态。

DISCARD { ALL | PLANS | TEMPORARY | TEMP }

更多信息参阅 DISCARD。

删除聚集函数

删除聚集函数。

DROP AGGREGATE [IF EXISTS] name ( type [, ...] ) [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP AGGREGATE。

（做）DO

执行匿名代码块作为暂时匿名函数。

DO [ LANGUAGE lang_name ] code

更多信息参阅 DO。

删除投影

删除一个投影。

DROP CAST [IF EXISTS] (sourcetype AS targettype) [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP CAST。

删除转换

删除一个转换。

DROP CONVERSION [IF EXISTS] name [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP CONVERSION。

删除数据库

删除一个数据库。

DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] name

更多信息参阅 DROP DATABASE。

删除域

删除一个域。

DROP DOMAIN [IF EXISTS] name [, ...]  [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP DOMAIN。

删除扩展

从Greenplum数据库中删除一个扩展。

DROP EXTENSION [ IF EXISTS ] name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

更多信息参阅 DROP EXTENSION。

删除外部表

删除一个外部表定义。

DROP EXTERNAL [WEB] TABLE [IF EXISTS] name [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP EXTERNAL TABLE。

删除文件空间

删除一个文件空间。

DROP FILESPACE [IF EXISTS] filespacename

更多信息参阅 DROP FILESPACE。

删除函数

删除一个函数。

DROP FUNCTION [IF EXISTS] name ( [ [argmode] [argname] argtype 
    [, ...] ] ) [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP FUNCTION。

删除组

删除一个数据库角色。

DROP GROUP [IF EXISTS] name [, ...]

更多信息参阅 DROP GROUP。

删除索引

删除一个索引。

DROP INDEX [IF EXISTS] name [, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP INDEX。

删除语言

删除一个程序语言。

DROP [PROCEDURAL] LANGUAGE [IF EXISTS] name [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP LANGUAGE。

删除操作符

删除一个操作符。

DROP OPERATOR [IF EXISTS] name ( {lefttype | NONE} , 
    {righttype | NONE} ) [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP OPERATOR。

删除操作符类

删除一个操作符类。

DROP OPERATOR CLASS [IF EXISTS] name USING index_method [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP OPERATOR CLASS。

删除操作符族

删除一个操作符族。

DROP OPERATOR FAMILY [IF EXISTS] name USING index_method [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP OPERATOR FAMILY。

删除拥有（owned）

珊瑚数据库角色所拥有的数据库对象。

DROP OWNED BY name [, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP OWNED。

删除协议

从数据库中删除外部表的访问协议。

DROP PROTOCOL [IF EXISTS] name

更多信息参阅 DROP PROTOCOL。

删除资源队列

删除一个资源队列。

DROP RESOURCE QUEUE queue_name

更多信息参阅 DROP RESOURCE QUEUE。

删除角色

删除一个数据库角色。

DROP ROLE [IF EXISTS] name [, ...]

更多信息参阅 DROP ROLE。

删除规则

删除一个重写规则。

DROP RULE [IF EXISTS] name ON relation [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP RULE。

删除模式

删除一个模式。

DROP SCHEMA [IF EXISTS] name [, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP SCHEMA。

删除序列

删除一个序列

DROP SEQUENCE [IF EXISTS] name [, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP SEQUENCE。

删除表

删除一个表。

DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] name [, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP TABLE。

删除表空间

删除一个表空间

DROP TABLESPACE [IF EXISTS] tablespacename

更多信息参阅 DROP TABLESPACE。

删除类型

删除一个数据类型

DROP TYPE [IF EXISTS] name [, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP TYPE。

删除用户

删除一个数据库角色

DROP USER [IF EXISTS] name [, ...]

更多信息参阅 DROP USER。

删除视图

删除一个视图

DROP VIEW [IF EXISTS] name [, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 DROP VIEW。

结束（END）

提交当前事务

END [WORK | TRANSACTION]

更多信息参阅 END。

执行

执行一个已经准备好的SQL语句。

EXECUTE name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]

更多信息参阅 EXECUTE。

解释

展示语句的查询计划。

EXPLAIN [ANALYZE] [VERBOSE] statement

更多信息参阅 EXPLAIN。

提取

使用游标获取查询结果的行。

FETCH [ forward_direction { FROM | IN } ] cursorname

更多信息参阅 FETCH 。

授权

定义一个访问权限

GRANT { {SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | REFERENCES | 
TRIGGER | TRUNCATE } [,...] | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
    ON [TABLE] tablename [, ...]
    TO {rolename | PUBLIC} [, ...] [WITH GRANT OPTION]
GRANT { {USAGE | SELECT | UPDATE} [,...] | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
    ON SEQUENCE sequencename [, ...]
    TO { rolename | PUBLIC } [, ...] [WITH GRANT OPTION]
GRANT { {CREATE | CONNECT | TEMPORARY | TEMP} [,...] | ALL 
[PRIVILEGES] }
    ON DATABASE dbname [, ...]
    TO {rolename | PUBLIC} [, ...] [WITH GRANT OPTION]
GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
    ON FUNCTION funcname ( [ [argmode] [argname] argtype [, ...] 
] ) [, ...]
    TO {rolename | PUBLIC} [, ...] [WITH GRANT OPTION]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
    ON LANGUAGE langname [, ...]
    TO {rolename | PUBLIC} [, ...] [WITH GRANT OPTION]
GRANT { {CREATE | USAGE} [,...] | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
    ON SCHEMA schemaname [, ...]
    TO {rolename | PUBLIC} [, ...] [WITH GRANT OPTION]
GRANT { CREATE | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
    ON TABLESPACE tablespacename [, ...]
    TO {rolename | PUBLIC} [, ...] [WITH GRANT OPTION]
GRANT parent_role [, ...] 
    TO member_role [, ...] [WITH ADMIN OPTION]
GRANT { SELECT | INSERT | ALL [PRIVILEGES] } 
    ON PROTOCOL protocolname
    TO username

更多信息参阅 GRANT 。

插入

在表中创建新的行

INSERT INTO table [( column [, ...] )]
   {DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( {expression | DEFAULT} [, ...] ) 
   [, ...] | query}

更多信息参阅 INSERT。

加载

加载或重新加载共享库文件

LOAD 'filename'

更多信息参阅 LOAD 。

锁

锁住一张表

LOCK [TABLE] name [, ...] [IN lockmode MODE] [NOWAIT]

更多信息参阅 LOCK 。

移动

放置一个游标

MOVE [ forward_direction {FROM | IN} ] cursorname

更多信息参阅 MOVE 。

准备

准备一个执行的语句

PREPARE name [ (datatype [, ...] ) ] AS statement

更多信息参阅 PREPARE。

重新分配拥有

改变数据库角色所拥有的数据库对象的所有权。

REASSIGN OWNED BY old_role [, ...] TO new_role

更多信息参阅 REASSIGN OWNED。

重新索引

重新构建索引

REINDEX {INDEX | TABLE | DATABASE | SYSTEM} name

更多信息参阅 REINDEX。

释放 SAVEPOINT

销毁一个之前定义过的savepoint。

RELEASE [SAVEPOINT] savepoint_name

更多信息参阅 RELEASE SAVEPOINT。

重置

恢复系统配置参数的值为默认值。

RESET configuration_parameter
RESET ALL

更多信息参阅 RESET 。

撤销

撤销访问权限

REVOKE [GRANT OPTION FOR] { {SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE 
       | REFERENCES | TRIGGER | TRUNCATE } [,...] | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
       ON [TABLE] tablename [, ...]
       FROM {rolename | PUBLIC} [, ...]
       [CASCADE | RESTRICT]
REVOKE [GRANT OPTION FOR] { {USAGE | SELECT | UPDATE} [,...] 
       | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
       ON SEQUENCE sequencename [, ...]
       FROM { rolename | PUBLIC } [, ...]
       [CASCADE | RESTRICT]
REVOKE [GRANT OPTION FOR] { {CREATE | CONNECT 
       | TEMPORARY | TEMP} [,...] | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
       ON DATABASE dbname [, ...]
       FROM {rolename | PUBLIC} [, ...]
       [CASCADE | RESTRICT]
REVOKE [GRANT OPTION FOR] {EXECUTE | ALL [PRIVILEGES]}
       ON FUNCTION funcname ( [[argmode] [argname] argtype
                              [, ...]] ) [, ...]
       FROM {rolename | PUBLIC} [, ...]
       [CASCADE | RESTRICT]
REVOKE [GRANT OPTION FOR] {USAGE | ALL [PRIVILEGES]}
       ON LANGUAGE langname [, ...]
       FROM {rolename | PUBLIC} [, ...]
       [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [GRANT OPTION FOR] { {CREATE | USAGE} [,...] 
       | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
       ON SCHEMA schemaname [, ...]
       FROM {rolename | PUBLIC} [, ...]
       [CASCADE | RESTRICT]
REVOKE [GRANT OPTION FOR] { CREATE | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }
       ON TABLESPACE tablespacename [, ...]
       FROM { rolename | PUBLIC } [, ...]
       [CASCADE | RESTRICT]
REVOKE [ADMIN OPTION FOR] parent_role [, ...] 
       FROM member_role [, ...]
       [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 REVOKE。

回滚

中止当前事务

ROLLBACK [WORK | TRANSACTION]

更多信息参阅 ROLLBACK。

回滚到 SAVEPOINT

将当前事务回滚到某个 savepoint。

ROLLBACK [WORK | TRANSACTION] TO [SAVEPOINT] savepoint_name

更多信息参阅 ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT。

SAVEPOINT

在当前事务定义一个新的 savepoint。

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name

更多信息参阅 SAVEPOINT。

选择（SELECT）

从表或者视图中检索行。

[ WITH with_query [, ...] ]
SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT [ON (expression [, ...])]]
  * | expression [[AS] output_name] [, ...]
  [FROM from_item [, ...]]
  [WHERE condition]
  [GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...]]
  [HAVING condition [, ...]]
  [WINDOW window_name AS (window_specification)]
  [{UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT} [ALL] select]
  [ORDER BY expression [ASC | DESC | USING operator] [NULLS {FIRST | LAST}] [, ...]]
  [LIMIT {count | ALL}]
  [OFFSET start]
  [FOR {UPDATE | SHARE} [OF table_name [, ...]] [NOWAIT] [...]]

更多信息参阅 SELECT。

选择到（SELECT INTO）

从查询结果中定义一个新的表。

[ WITH with_query [, ...] ]
SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT [ON ( expression [, ...] )]]
    * | expression [AS output_name] [, ...]
    INTO [TEMPORARY | TEMP] [TABLE] new_table
    [FROM from_item [, ...]]
    [WHERE condition]
    [GROUP BY expression [, ...]]
    [HAVING condition [, ...]]
    [{UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT} [ALL] select]
    [ORDER BY expression [ASC | DESC | USING operator] [NULLS {FIRST | LAST}] [, ...]]
    [LIMIT {count | ALL}]
    [OFFSET start]
    [FOR {UPDATE | SHARE} [OF table_name [, ...]] [NOWAIT] 
    [...]]

更多信息参阅 SELECT INTO。

设置

改变Greenplum数据库配置参数的值。

SET [SESSION | LOCAL] configuration_parameter {TO | =} value | 
    'value' | DEFAULT}
SET [SESSION | LOCAL] TIME ZONE {timezone | LOCAL | DEFAULT}

更多信息参阅 SET。

设置角色

设置当前会话当前角色的标识符。

SET [SESSION | LOCAL] ROLE rolename
SET [SESSION | LOCAL] ROLE NONE
RESET ROLE

更多信息参阅 SET ROLE。

设置会话授权

设置会话角色标识符和当前会话当前角色的标识符。

SET [SESSION | LOCAL] SESSION AUTHORIZATION rolename
SET [SESSION | LOCAL] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

更多信息参阅 SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION。

设置事务（SET TRANSACTION）

设置当前事务的特征。

SET TRANSACTION [transaction_mode] [READ ONLY | READ WRITE]
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode 
     [READ ONLY | READ WRITE]

更多信息参阅 SET TRANSACTION。

显示（SHOW）

显示当前系统配置参数的值。

SHOW configuration_parameter
SHOW ALL

更多信息参阅 SHOW 。

开始事务

开始一个事务块。

START TRANSACTION [SERIALIZABLE | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED]
                  [READ WRITE | READ ONLY]

更多信息参阅 START TRANSACTION。

截断（TRUNCATE）

清空表的所有行。

TRUNCATE [TABLE] name [, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

更多信息参阅 TRUNCATE。

更新

更新表的行。

UPDATE [ONLY] table [[AS] alias]
   SET {column = {expression | DEFAULT} |
   (column [, ...]) = ({expression | DEFAULT} [, ...])} [, ...]
   [FROM fromlist]
   [WHERE condition | WHERE CURRENT OF cursor_name ]

更多信息参阅 UPDATE。

清理

垃圾收集和选择性分析数据库。

VACUUM [FULL] [FREEZE] [VERBOSE] [table]
VACUUM [FULL] [FREEZE] [VERBOSE] ANALYZE
              [table [(column [, ...] )]]

更多信息参阅 VACUUM。

值

计算一组行。

VALUES ( expression [, ...] ) [, ...]
   [ORDER BY sort_expression [ASC | DESC | USING operator] [, ...]]
   [LIMIT {count | ALL}] [OFFSET start]

更多信息参阅 VALUES。

上级话题： SQL命令参考