Functions

Flink Table API & SQL empowers users to do data transformations with functions.

Types of Functions

There are two dimensions to classify functions in Flink.

One dimension is system (or built-in) functions v.s. catalog functions. System functions have no namespace and can bereferenced with just their names. Catalog functions belong to a catalog and database therefore they have catalog and databasenamespaces, they can be referenced by either fully/partially qualified name (catalog.db.func or db.func) or just thefunction name.

The other dimension is temporary functions v.s. persistent functions. Temporary functions are volatile and only live up to lifespan of a session, they are always created by users. Persistent functions live across lifespan of sessions, they are either provided by the system or persisted in catalogs.

The two dimensions give Flink users 4 categories of functions:

• Temporary system functions
• System functions
• Temporary catalog functions
• Catalog functionsNote that system functions always precede catalog’s, and temporary functions always precede persistent on their own dimensionin function resolution order explained below.

Referencing Functions

There are two ways users can reference a function in Flink - referencing function precisely or ambiguously.

Precise Function Reference

Precise function reference empowers users to use catalog functions specifically, and across catalog and across database, e.g. select mycatalog.mydb.myfunc(x) from mytable and select mydb.myfunc(x) from mytable.

This is only supported starting from Flink 1.10.

Ambiguous Function Reference

In ambiguous function reference, users just specify the function’s name in SQL query, e.g. select myfunc(x) from mytable.

Function Resolution Order

The resolution order only matters when there are functions of different types but the same name, e.g. when there’re three functions all named “myfunc” but are of temporary catalog, catalog, and system function respectively. If there’s no function name collision, functions will just be resolved to the sole one.

Precise Function Reference

Because system functions don’t have namespaces, a precise function reference in Flink must be pointing to either a temporary catalog function or a catalog function.

The resolution order is:

• Temporary catalog function
• Catalog function

Ambiguous Function Reference

The resolution order is:

• Temporary system function
• System function
• Temporary catalog function, in the current catalog and current database of the session
• Catalog function, in the current catalog and current database of the session