FastAPI in Containers - Docker

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When deploying FastAPI applications a common approach is to build a Linux container image. It’s normally done using Docker. You can then deploy that container image in one of a few possible ways.

Using Linux containers has several advantages including security, replicability, simplicity, and others.

Tip

In a hurry and already know this stuff? Jump to the Dockerfile below 👇.

Dockerfile Preview 👀

FROM python:3.9
WORKDIR /code
COPY ./requirements.txt /code/requirements.txt
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /code/requirements.txt
COPY ./app /code/app
CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]
# If running behind a proxy like Nginx or Traefik add --proxy-headers
# CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80", "--proxy-headers"]

What is a Container

Containers (mainly Linux containers) are a very lightweight way to package applications including all their dependencies and necessary files while keeping them isolated from other containers (other applications or components) in the same system.

Linux containers run using the same Linux kernel of the host (machine, virtual machine, cloud server, etc). This just means that they are very lightweight (compared to full virtual machines emulating an entire operating system).

This way, containers consume little resources, an amount comparable to running the processes directly (a virtual machine would consume much more).

Containers also have their own isolated running processes (commonly just one process), file system, and network, simplifying deployment, security, development, etc.

What is a Container Image

A container is run from a container image.

A container image is a static version of all the files, environment variables, and the default command/program that should be present in a container. Static here means that the container image is not running, it’s not being executed, it’s only the packaged files and metadata.

In contrast to a “container image“ that is the stored static contents, a “container“ normally refers to the running instance, the thing that is being executed.

When the container is started and running (started from a container image) it could create or change files, environment variables, etc. Those changes will exist only in that container, but would not persist in the underlying container image (would not be saved to disk).

A container image is comparable to the program file and contents, e.g. python and some file main.py.

And the container itself (in contrast to the container image) is the actual running instance of the image, comparable to a process. In fact, a container is running only when it has a process running (and normally it’s only a single process). The container stops when there’s no process running in it.

Container Images

Docker has been one of the main tools to create and manage container images and containers.

And there’s a public Docker Hub with pre-made official container images for many tools, environments, databases, and applications.

For example, there’s an official Python Image.

And there are many other images for different things like databases, for example for:

• PostgreSQL
• MySQL
• MongoDB
• Redis, etc.

By using a pre-made container image it’s very easy to combine and use different tools. For example, to try out a new database. In most cases, you can use the official images, and just configure them with environment variables.

That way, in many cases you can learn about containers and Docker and re-use that knowledge with many different tools and components.

So, you would run multiple containers with different things, like a database, a Python application, a web server with a React frontend application, and connect them together via their internal network.

All the container management systems (like Docker or Kubernetes) have these networking features integrated into them.

Containers and Processes

A container image normally includes in its metadata the default program or command that should be run when the container is started and the parameters to be passed to that program. Very similar to what would be if it was in the command line.

When a container is started, it will run that command/program (although you can override it and make it run a different command/program).

A container is running as long as the main process (command or program) is running.

A container normally has a single process, but it’s also possible to start subprocesses from the main process, and that way you will have multiple processes in the same container.

But it’s not possible to have a running container without at least one running process. If the main process stops, the container stops.

Build a Docker Image for FastAPI

Okay, let’s build something now! 🚀

I’ll show you how to build a Docker image for FastAPI from scratch, based on the official Python image.

This is what you would want to do in most cases, for example:

• Using Kubernetes or similar tools
• When running on a Raspberry Pi
• Using a cloud service that would run a container image for you, etc.

Package Requirements

You would normally have the package requirements for your application in some file.

It would depend mainly on the tool you use to install those requirements.

The most common way to do it is to have a file requirements.txt with the package names and their versions, one per line.

You would of course use the same ideas you read in About FastAPI versions to set the ranges of versions.

For example, your requirements.txt could look like:

fastapi>=0.68.0,<0.69.0
pydantic>=1.8.0,<2.0.0
uvicorn>=0.15.0,<0.16.0

And you would normally install those package dependencies with pip, for example:

Info

There are other formats and tools to define and install package dependencies.

I’ll show you an example using Poetry later in a section below. 👇

Create the FastAPI Code

• Create an app directory and enter it.
• Create an empty file __init__.py.
• Create a main.py file with:

from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()
@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}

Dockerfile

Now in the same project directory create a file Dockerfile with:

# 
FROM python:3.9
# 
WORKDIR /code
# 
COPY ./requirements.txt /code/requirements.txt
# 
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /code/requirements.txt
# 
COPY ./app /code/app
# 
CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]

Tip

Review what each line does by clicking each number bubble in the code. 👆

You should now have a directory structure like:

.
├── app
│   ├── __init__.py
│   └── main.py
├── Dockerfile
└── requirements.txt

Behind a TLS Termination Proxy

If you are running your container behind a TLS Termination Proxy (load balancer) like Nginx or Traefik, add the option --proxy-headers, this will tell Uvicorn to trust the headers sent by that proxy telling it that the application is running behind HTTPS, etc.

CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--proxy-headers", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]

Docker Cache

There’s an important trick in this Dockerfile, we first copy the file with the dependencies alone, not the rest of the code. Let me tell you why is that.

COPY ./requirements.txt /code/requirements.txt

Docker and other tools build these container images incrementally, adding one layer on top of the other, starting from the top of the Dockerfile and adding any files created by each of the instructions of the Dockerfile.

Docker and similar tools also use an internal cache when building the image, if a file hasn’t changed since the last time building the container image, then it will re-use the same layer created the last time, instead of copying the file again and creating a new layer from scratch.

Just avoiding the copy of files doesn’t necessarily improve things too much, but because it used the cache for that step, it can use the cache for the next step. For example, it could use the cache for the instruction that installs dependencies with:

RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /code/requirements.txt

The file with the package requirements won’t change frequently. So, by copying only that file, Docker will be able to use the cache for that step.

And then, Docker will be able to use the cache for the next step that downloads and install those dependencies. And here’s where we save a lot of time. ✨ …and avoid boredom waiting. 😪😆

Downloading and installing the package dependencies could take minutes, but using the cache would take seconds at most.

And as you would be building the container image again and again during development to check that your code changes are working, there’s a lot of accumulated time this would save.

Then, near the end of the Dockerfile, we copy all the code. As this is what changes most frequently, we put it near the end, because almost always, anything after this step will not be able to use the cache.

COPY ./app /code/app

Build the Docker Image

Now that all the files are in place, let’s build the container image.

• Go to the project directory (in where your Dockerfile is, containing your app directory).
• Build your FastAPI image:

Tip

Notice the . at the end, it’s equivalent to ./, it tells Docker the directory to use to build the container image.

In this case, it’s the same current directory (.).

Start the Docker Container

• Run a container based on your image:

Check it

You should be able to check it in your Docker container’s URL, for example: http://192.168.99.100/items/5?q=somequery or http://127.0.0.1/items/5?q=somequery (or equivalent, using your Docker host).

You will see something like:

{"item_id": 5, "q": "somequery"}

Interactive API docs

Now you can go to http://192.168.99.100/docs or http://127.0.0.1/docs (or equivalent, using your Docker host).

You will see the automatic interactive API documentation (provided by Swagger UI):

Alternative API docs

And you can also go to http://192.168.99.100/redoc or http://127.0.0.1/redoc (or equivalent, using your Docker host).

You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by ReDoc):

Build a Docker Image with a Single-File FastAPI

If your FastAPI is a single file, for example, main.py without an ./app directory, your file structure could look like this:

.
├── Dockerfile
├── main.py
└── requirements.txt

Then you would just have to change the corresponding paths to copy the file inside the Dockerfile:

FROM python:3.9
WORKDIR /code
COPY ./requirements.txt /code/requirements.txt
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /code/requirements.txt
# 
COPY ./main.py /code/
# 
CMD ["uvicorn", "main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]

Then adjust the Uvicorn command to use the new module main instead of app.main to import the FastAPI object app.

Deployment Concepts

Let’s talk again about some of the same Deployment Concepts in terms of containers.

Containers are mainly a tool to simplify the process of building and deploying an application, but they don’t enforce a particular approach to handle these deployment concepts, and there are several possible strategies.

The good news is that with each different strategy there’s a way to cover all of the deployment concepts. 🎉

Let’s review these deployment concepts in terms of containers:

• HTTPS
• Running on startup
• Restarts
• Replication (the number of processes running)
• Memory
• Previous steps before starting

HTTPS

If we focus just on the container image for a FastAPI application (and later the running container), HTTPS normally would be handled externally by another tool.

It could be another container, for example with Traefik, handling HTTPS and automatic acquisition of certificates.

Tip

Traefik has integrations with Docker, Kubernetes, and others, so it’s very easy to set up and configure HTTPS for your containers with it.

Alternatively, HTTPS could be handled by a cloud provider as one of their services (while still running the application in a container).

Running on Startup and Restarts

There is normally another tool in charge of starting and running your container.

It could be Docker directly, Docker Compose, Kubernetes, a cloud service, etc.

In most (or all) cases, there’s a simple option to enable running the container on startup and enabling restarts on failures. For example, in Docker, it’s the command line option --restart.

Without using containers, making applications run on startup and with restarts can be cumbersome and difficult. But when working with containers in most cases that functionality is included by default. ✨

Replication - Number of Processes

If you have a cluster of machines with Kubernetes, Docker Swarm Mode, Nomad, or another similar complex system to manage distributed containers on multiple machines, then you will probably want to handle replication at the cluster level instead of using a process manager (like Gunicorn with workers) in each container.

One of those distributed container management systems like Kubernetes normally has some integrated way of handling replication of containers while still supporting load balancing for the incoming requests. All at the cluster level.

In those cases, you would probably want to build a Docker image from scratch as explained above, installing your dependencies, and running a single Uvicorn process instead of running something like Gunicorn with Uvicorn workers.

Load Balancer

When using containers, you would normally have some component listening on the main port. It could possibly be another container that is also a TLS Termination Proxy to handle HTTPS or some similar tool.

As this component would take the load of requests and distribute that among the workers in a (hopefully) balanced way, it is also commonly called a Load Balancer.

Tip

The same TLS Termination Proxy component used for HTTPS would probably also be a Load Balancer.

And when working with containers, the same system you use to start and manage them would already have internal tools to transmit the network communication (e.g. HTTP requests) from that load balancer (that could also be a TLS Termination Proxy) to the container(s) with your app.

One Load Balancer - Multiple Worker Containers

When working with Kubernetes or similar distributed container management systems, using their internal networking mechanisms would allow the single load balancer that is listening on the main port to transmit communication (requests) to possibly multiple containers running your app.

Each of these containers running your app would normally have just one process (e.g. a Uvicorn process running your FastAPI application). They would all be identical containers, running the same thing, but each with its own process, memory, etc. That way you would take advantage of parallelization in different cores of the CPU, or even in different machines.

And the distributed container system with the load balancer would distribute the requests to each one of the containers with your app in turns. So, each request could be handled by one of the multiple replicated containers running your app.

And normally this load balancer would be able to handle requests that go to other apps in your cluster (e.g. to a different domain, or under a different URL path prefix), and would transmit that communication to the right containers for that other application running in your cluster.

One Process per Container

In this type of scenario, you probably would want to have a single (Uvicorn) process per container, as you would already be handling replication at the cluster level.

So, in this case, you would not want to have a process manager like Gunicorn with Uvicorn workers, or Uvicorn using its own Uvicorn workers. You would want to have just a single Uvicorn process per container (but probably multiple containers).

Having another process manager inside the container (as would be with Gunicorn or Uvicorn managing Uvicorn workers) would only add unnecessary complexity that you are most probably already taking care of with your cluster system.

Containers with Multiple Processes and Special Cases

Of course, there are special cases where you could want to have a container with a Gunicorn process manager starting several Uvicorn worker processes inside.

In those cases, you can use the official Docker image that includes Gunicorn as a process manager running multiple Uvicorn worker processes, and some default settings to adjust the number of workers based on the current CPU cores automatically. I’ll tell you more about it below in Official Docker Image with Gunicorn - Uvicorn.

Here are some examples of when that could make sense:

A Simple App

You could want a process manager in the container if your application is simple enough that you don’t need (at least not yet) to fine-tune the number of processes too much, and you can just use an automated default (with the official Docker image), and you are running it on a single server, not a cluster.

Docker Compose

You could be deploying to a single server (not a cluster) with Docker Compose, so you wouldn’t have an easy way to manage replication of containers (with Docker Compose) while preserving the shared network and load balancing.

Then you could want to have a single container with a process manager starting several worker processes inside.

Prometheus and Other Reasons

You could also have other reasons that would make it easier to have a single container with multiple processes instead of having multiple containers with a single process in each of them.

For example (depending on your setup) you could have some tool like a Prometheus exporter in the same container that should have access to each of the requests that come.

In this case, if you had multiple containers, by default, when Prometheus came to read the metrics, it would get the ones for a single container each time (for the container that handled that particular request), instead of getting the accumulated metrics for all the replicated containers.

Then, in that case, it could be simpler to have one container with multiple processes, and a local tool (e.g. a Prometheus exporter) on the same container collecting Prometheus metrics for all the internal processes and exposing those metrics on that single container.

The main point is, none of these are rules written in stone that you have to blindly follow. You can use these ideas to evaluate your own use case and decide what is the best approach for your system, checking out how to manage the concepts of:

• Security - HTTPS
• Running on startup
• Restarts
• Replication (the number of processes running)
• Memory
• Previous steps before starting

Memory

If you run a single process per container you will have a more or less well-defined, stable, and limited amount of memory consumed by each of those containers (more than one if they are replicated).

And then you can set those same memory limits and requirements in your configurations for your container management system (for example in Kubernetes). That way it will be able to replicate the containers in the available machines taking into account the amount of memory needed by them, and the amount available in the machines in the cluster.

If your application is simple, this will probably not be a problem, and you might not need to specify hard memory limits. But if you are using a lot of memory (for example with machine learning models), you should check how much memory you are consuming and adjust the number of containers that runs in each machine (and maybe add more machines to your cluster).

If you run multiple processes per container (for example with the official Docker image) you will have to make sure that the number of processes started doesn’t consume more memory than what is available.

Previous Steps Before Starting and Containers

If you are using containers (e.g. Docker, Kubernetes), then there are two main approaches you can use.

Multiple Containers

If you have multiple containers, probably each one running a single process (for example, in a Kubernetes cluster), then you would probably want to have a separate container doing the work of the previous steps in a single container, running a single process, before running the replicated worker containers.

Info

If you are using Kubernetes, this would probably be an Init Container.

If in your use case there’s no problem in running those previous steps multiple times in parallel (for example if you are not running database migrations, but just checking if the database is ready yet), then you could also just put them in each container right before starting the main process.

Single Container

If you have a simple setup, with a single container that then starts multiple worker processes (or also just one process), then you could run those previous steps in the same container, right before starting the process with the app. The official Docker image supports this internally.

Official Docker Image with Gunicorn - Uvicorn

There is an official Docker image that includes Gunicorn running with Uvicorn workers, as detailed in a previous chapter: Server Workers - Gunicorn with Uvicorn.

This image would be useful mainly in the situations described above in: Containers with Multiple Processes and Special Cases.

• tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi.

Warning

There’s a high chance that you don’t need this base image or any other similar one, and would be better off by building the image from scratch as described above in: Build a Docker Image for FastAPI.

This image has an auto-tuning mechanism included to set the number of worker processes based on the CPU cores available.

It has sensible defaults, but you can still change and update all the configurations with environment variables or configuration files.

It also supports running previous steps before starting with a script.

Tip

To see all the configurations and options, go to the Docker image page: tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi.

Number of Processes on the Official Docker Image

The number of processes on this image is computed automatically from the CPU cores available.

This means that it will try to squeeze as much performance from the CPU as possible.

You can also adjust it with the configurations using environment variables, etc.

But it also means that as the number of processes depends on the CPU the container is running, the amount of memory consumed will also depend on that.

So, if your application consumes a lot of memory (for example with machine learning models), and your server has a lot of CPU cores but little memory, then your container could end up trying to use more memory than what is available, and degrading performance a lot (or even crashing). 🚨

Create a Dockerfile

Here’s how you would create a Dockerfile based on this image:

FROM tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi:python3.9
COPY ./requirements.txt /app/requirements.txt
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /app/requirements.txt
COPY ./app /app

Bigger Applications

If you followed the section about creating Bigger Applications with Multiple Files, your Dockerfile might instead look like:

FROM tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi:python3.9
COPY ./requirements.txt /app/requirements.txt
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /app/requirements.txt
COPY ./app /app/app

When to Use

You should probably not use this official base image (or any other similar one) if you are using Kubernetes (or others) and you are already setting replication at the cluster level, with multiple containers. In those cases, you are better off building an image from scratch as described above: Build a Docker Image for FastAPI.

This image would be useful mainly in the special cases described above in Containers with Multiple Processes and Special Cases. For example, if your application is simple enough that setting a default number of processes based on the CPU works well, you don’t want to bother with manually configuring the replication at the cluster level, and you are not running more than one container with your app. Or if you are deploying with Docker Compose, running on a single server, etc.

Deploy the Container Image

After having a Container (Docker) Image there are several ways to deploy it.

For example:

• With Docker Compose in a single server
• With a Kubernetes cluster
• With a Docker Swarm Mode cluster
• With another tool like Nomad
• With a cloud service that takes your container image and deploys it

Docker Image with Poetry

If you use Poetry to manage your project’s dependencies, you could use Docker multi-stage building:

# 
FROM python:3.9 as requirements-stage
# 
WORKDIR /tmp
# 
RUN pip install poetry
# 
COPY ./pyproject.toml ./poetry.lock* /tmp/
# 
RUN poetry export -f requirements.txt --output requirements.txt --without-hashes
# 
FROM python:3.9
# 
WORKDIR /code
# 
COPY --from=requirements-stage /tmp/requirements.txt /code/requirements.txt
# 
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /code/requirements.txt
# 
COPY ./app /code/app
# 
CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]

Tip

Click the bubble numbers to see what each line does.

A Docker stage is a part of a Dockerfile that works as a temporary container image that is only used to generate some files to be used later.

The first stage will only be used to install Poetry and to generate the requirements.txt with your project dependencies from Poetry’s pyproject.toml file.

This requirements.txt file will be used with pip later in the next stage.

In the final container image only the final stage is preserved. The previous stage(s) will be discarded.

When using Poetry, it would make sense to use Docker multi-stage builds because you don’t really need to have Poetry and its dependencies installed in the final container image, you only need to have the generated requirements.txt file to install your project dependencies.

Then in the next (and final) stage you would build the image more or less in the same way as described before.

Behind a TLS Termination Proxy - Poetry

Again, if you are running your container behind a TLS Termination Proxy (load balancer) like Nginx or Traefik, add the option --proxy-headers to the command:

CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--proxy-headers", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]

Recap

Using container systems (e.g. with Docker and Kubernetes) it becomes fairly straightforward to handle all the deployment concepts:

• HTTPS
• Running on startup
• Restarts
• Replication (the number of processes running)
• Memory
• Previous steps before starting

In most cases, you probably won’t want to use any base image, and instead build a container image from scratch one based on the official Python Docker image.

Taking care of the order of instructions in the Dockerfile and the Docker cache you can minimize build times, to maximize your productivity (and avoid boredom). 😎

In certain special cases, you might want to use the official Docker image for FastAPI. 🤓