额外数据类型

到目前为止，您一直在使用常见的数据类型，如:

  • int
  • float
  • str
  • bool

但是您也可以使用更复杂的数据类型。

您仍然会拥有现在已经看到的相同的特性:

  • 很棒的编辑器支持。
  • 传入请求的数据转换。
  • 响应数据转换。
  • 数据验证。
  • 自动补全和文档。

其他数据类型

下面是一些你可以使用的其他数据类型:

  • UUID:
    • 一种标准的 “通用唯一标识符” ，在许多数据库和系统中用作ID。
    • 在请求和响应中将以 str 表示。
  • datetime.datetime:
    • 一个 Python datetime.datetime.
    • 在请求和响应中将表示为 ISO 8601 格式的 str ，比如: 2008-09-15T15:53:00+05:00.
  • datetime.date:
    • Python datetime.date.
    • 在请求和响应中将表示为 ISO 8601 格式的 str ，比如: 2008-09-15.
  • datetime.time:
    • 一个 Python datetime.time.
    • 在请求和响应中将表示为 ISO 8601 格式的 str ，比如: 14:23:55.003.
  • datetime.timedelta:
    • 一个 Python datetime.timedelta.
    • 在请求和响应中将表示为 float 代表总秒数。
    • Pydantic 也允许将其表示为 “ISO 8601 时间差异编码”, 查看文档了解更多信息。
  • frozenset:
    • 在请求和响应中，作为 set 对待：
      • 在请求中，列表将被读取，消除重复，并将其转换为一个 set。
      • 在响应中 set 将被转换为 list 。
      • 产生的模式将指定那些 set 的值是唯一的 (使用 JSON 模式的 uniqueItems)。
  • bytes:
    • 标准的 Python bytes。
    • 在请求和相应中被当作 str 处理。
    • 生成的模式将指定这个 str 是 binary “格式”。
  • Decimal:
    • 标准的 Python Decimal。
    • 在请求和相应中被当做 float 一样处理。
  • 您可以在这里检查所有有效的pydantic数据类型: Pydantic data types.

例子

下面是一个路径操作的示例，其中的参数使用了上面的一些类型。

Python 3.10+Python 3.9+Python 3.8+Python 3.10+ non-AnnotatedPython 3.8+ non-Annotated

  1. from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
  2. from typing import Annotated
  3. from uuid import UUID
  5. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  7. app = FastAPI()
  10. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  11. async def read_items(
  12.     item_id: UUID,
  13.     start_datetime: Annotated[datetime | None, Body()] = None,
  14.     end_datetime: Annotated[datetime | None, Body()] = None,
  15.     repeat_at: Annotated[time | None, Body()] = None,
  16.     process_after: Annotated[timedelta | None, Body()] = None,
  17. ):
  18.     start_process = start_datetime + process_after
  19.     duration = end_datetime - start_process
  20.     return {
  21.         "item_id": item_id,
  22.         "start_datetime": start_datetime,
  23.         "end_datetime": end_datetime,
  24.         "repeat_at": repeat_at,
  25.         "process_after": process_after,
  26.         "start_process": start_process,
  27.         "duration": duration,
  28.     }
  1. from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
  2. from typing import Annotated, Union
  3. from uuid import UUID
  5. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  7. app = FastAPI()
  10. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  11. async def read_items(
  12.     item_id: UUID,
  13.     start_datetime: Annotated[Union[datetime, None], Body()] = None,
  14.     end_datetime: Annotated[Union[datetime, None], Body()] = None,
  15.     repeat_at: Annotated[Union[time, None], Body()] = None,
  16.     process_after: Annotated[Union[timedelta, None], Body()] = None,
  17. ):
  18.     start_process = start_datetime + process_after
  19.     duration = end_datetime - start_process
  20.     return {
  21.         "item_id": item_id,
  22.         "start_datetime": start_datetime,
  23.         "end_datetime": end_datetime,
  24.         "repeat_at": repeat_at,
  25.         "process_after": process_after,
  26.         "start_process": start_process,
  27.         "duration": duration,
  28.     }
  1. from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
  2. from typing import Union
  3. from uuid import UUID
  5. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  6. from typing_extensions import Annotated
  8. app = FastAPI()
  11. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  12. async def read_items(
  13.     item_id: UUID,
  14.     start_datetime: Annotated[Union[datetime, None], Body()] = None,
  15.     end_datetime: Annotated[Union[datetime, None], Body()] = None,
  16.     repeat_at: Annotated[Union[time, None], Body()] = None,
  17.     process_after: Annotated[Union[timedelta, None], Body()] = None,
  18. ):
  19.     start_process = start_datetime + process_after
  20.     duration = end_datetime - start_process
  21.     return {
  22.         "item_id": item_id,
  23.         "start_datetime": start_datetime,
  24.         "end_datetime": end_datetime,
  25.         "repeat_at": repeat_at,
  26.         "process_after": process_after,
  27.         "start_process": start_process,
  28.         "duration": duration,
  29.     }

Tip

尽可能选择使用 Annotated 的版本。

  1. from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
  2. from uuid import UUID
  4. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  6. app = FastAPI()
  9. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  10. async def read_items(
  11.     item_id: UUID,
  12.     start_datetime: datetime | None = Body(default=None),
  13.     end_datetime: datetime | None = Body(default=None),
  14.     repeat_at: time | None = Body(default=None),
  15.     process_after: timedelta | None = Body(default=None),
  16. ):
  17.     start_process = start_datetime + process_after
  18.     duration = end_datetime - start_process
  19.     return {
  20.         "item_id": item_id,
  21.         "start_datetime": start_datetime,
  22.         "end_datetime": end_datetime,
  23.         "repeat_at": repeat_at,
  24.         "process_after": process_after,
  25.         "start_process": start_process,
  26.         "duration": duration,
  27.     }

Tip

尽可能选择使用 Annotated 的版本。

  1. from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
  2. from typing import Union
  3. from uuid import UUID
  5. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  7. app = FastAPI()
  10. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  11. async def read_items(
  12.     item_id: UUID,
  13.     start_datetime: Union[datetime, None] = Body(default=None),
  14.     end_datetime: Union[datetime, None] = Body(default=None),
  15.     repeat_at: Union[time, None] = Body(default=None),
  16.     process_after: Union[timedelta, None] = Body(default=None),
  17. ):
  18.     start_process = start_datetime + process_after
  19.     duration = end_datetime - start_process
  20.     return {
  21.         "item_id": item_id,
  22.         "start_datetime": start_datetime,
  23.         "end_datetime": end_datetime,
  24.         "repeat_at": repeat_at,
  25.         "process_after": process_after,
  26.         "start_process": start_process,
  27.         "duration": duration,
  28.     }

注意，函数内的参数有原生的数据类型，你可以，例如，执行正常的日期操作，如:

Python 3.10+Python 3.9+Python 3.8+Python 3.10+ non-AnnotatedPython 3.8+ non-Annotated

  1. from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
  2. from typing import Annotated
  3. from uuid import UUID
  5. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  7. app = FastAPI()
  10. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  11. async def read_items(
  12.     item_id: UUID,
  13.     start_datetime: Annotated[datetime | None, Body()] = None,
  14.     end_datetime: Annotated[datetime | None, Body()] = None,
  15.     repeat_at: Annotated[time | None, Body()] = None,
  16.     process_after: Annotated[timedelta | None, Body()] = None,
  17. ):
  18.     start_process = start_datetime + process_after
  19.     duration = end_datetime - start_process
  20.     return {
  21.         "item_id": item_id,
  22.         "start_datetime": start_datetime,
  23.         "end_datetime": end_datetime,
  24.         "repeat_at": repeat_at,
  25.         "process_after": process_after,
  26.         "start_process": start_process,
  27.         "duration": duration,
  28.     }
  1. from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
  2. from typing import Annotated, Union
  3. from uuid import UUID
  5. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  7. app = FastAPI()
  10. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  11. async def read_items(
  12.     item_id: UUID,
  13.     start_datetime: Annotated[Union[datetime, None], Body()] = None,
  14.     end_datetime: Annotated[Union[datetime, None], Body()] = None,
  15.     repeat_at: Annotated[Union[time, None], Body()] = None,
  16.     process_after: Annotated[Union[timedelta, None], Body()] = None,
  17. ):
  18.     start_process = start_datetime + process_after
  19.     duration = end_datetime - start_process
  20.     return {
  21.         "item_id": item_id,
  22.         "start_datetime": start_datetime,
  23.         "end_datetime": end_datetime,
  24.         "repeat_at": repeat_at,
  25.         "process_after": process_after,
  26.         "start_process": start_process,
  27.         "duration": duration,
  28.     }
  1. from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
  2. from typing import Union
  3. from uuid import UUID
  5. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  6. from typing_extensions import Annotated
  8. app = FastAPI()
  11. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  12. async def read_items(
  13.     item_id: UUID,
  14.     start_datetime: Annotated[Union[datetime, None], Body()] = None,
  15.     end_datetime: Annotated[Union[datetime, None], Body()] = None,
  16.     repeat_at: Annotated[Union[time, None], Body()] = None,
  17.     process_after: Annotated[Union[timedelta, None], Body()] = None,
  18. ):
  19.     start_process = start_datetime + process_after
  20.     duration = end_datetime - start_process
  21.     return {
  22.         "item_id": item_id,
  23.         "start_datetime": start_datetime,
  24.         "end_datetime": end_datetime,
  25.         "repeat_at": repeat_at,
  26.         "process_after": process_after,
  27.         "start_process": start_process,
  28.         "duration": duration,
  29.     }

Tip

尽可能选择使用 Annotated 的版本。

  1. from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
  2. from uuid import UUID
  4. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  6. app = FastAPI()
  9. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  10. async def read_items(
  11.     item_id: UUID,
  12.     start_datetime: datetime | None = Body(default=None),
  13.     end_datetime: datetime | None = Body(default=None),
  14.     repeat_at: time | None = Body(default=None),
  15.     process_after: timedelta | None = Body(default=None),
  16. ):
  17.     start_process = start_datetime + process_after
  18.     duration = end_datetime - start_process
  19.     return {
  20.         "item_id": item_id,
  21.         "start_datetime": start_datetime,
  22.         "end_datetime": end_datetime,
  23.         "repeat_at": repeat_at,
  24.         "process_after": process_after,
  25.         "start_process": start_process,
  26.         "duration": duration,
  27.     }

Tip

尽可能选择使用 Annotated 的版本。

  1. from datetime import datetime, time, timedelta
  2. from typing import Union
  3. from uuid import UUID
  5. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  7. app = FastAPI()
  10. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  11. async def read_items(
  12.     item_id: UUID,
  13.     start_datetime: Union[datetime, None] = Body(default=None),
  14.     end_datetime: Union[datetime, None] = Body(default=None),
  15.     repeat_at: Union[time, None] = Body(default=None),
  16.     process_after: Union[timedelta, None] = Body(default=None),
  17. ):
  18.     start_process = start_datetime + process_after
  19.     duration = end_datetime - start_process
  20.     return {
  21.         "item_id": item_id,
  22.         "start_datetime": start_datetime,
  23.         "end_datetime": end_datetime,
  24.         "repeat_at": repeat_at,
  25.         "process_after": process_after,
  26.         "start_process": start_process,
  27.         "duration": duration,
  28.     }