Graph Traversal

For the purpose of the example, we’ll generate the following graph:

The first step is to generate the 3 schemas: Pet, User, Group.

go run -mod=mod entgo.io/ent/cmd/ent init Pet User Group

Add the necessary fields and edges for the schemas:

ent/schema/pet.go

// Pet holds the schema definition for the Pet entity.
type Pet struct {
    ent.Schema
}
// Fields of the Pet.
func (Pet) Fields() []ent.Field {
    return []ent.Field{
        field.String("name"),
    }
}
// Edges of the Pet.
func (Pet) Edges() []ent.Edge {
    return []ent.Edge{
        edge.To("friends", Pet.Type),
        edge.From("owner", User.Type).
            Ref("pets").
            Unique(),
    }
}

ent/schema/user.go

// User holds the schema definition for the User entity.
type User struct {
    ent.Schema
}
// Fields of the User.
func (User) Fields() []ent.Field {
    return []ent.Field{
        field.Int("age"),
        field.String("name"),
    }
}
// Edges of the User.
func (User) Edges() []ent.Edge {
    return []ent.Edge{
        edge.To("pets", Pet.Type),
        edge.To("friends", User.Type),
        edge.From("groups", Group.Type).
            Ref("users"),
        edge.From("manage", Group.Type).
            Ref("admin"),
    }
}

ent/schema/group.go

// Group holds the schema definition for the Group entity.
type Group struct {
    ent.Schema
}
// Fields of the Group.
func (Group) Fields() []ent.Field {
    return []ent.Field{
        field.String("name"),
    }
}
// Edges of the Group.
func (Group) Edges() []ent.Edge {
    return []ent.Edge{
        edge.To("users", User.Type),
        edge.To("admin", User.Type).
            Unique(),
    }
}

Let’s write the code for populating the vertices and the edges to the graph:

func Gen(ctx context.Context, client *ent.Client) error {
    hub, err := client.Group.
        Create().
        SetName("Github").
        Save(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("failed creating the group: %w", err)
    }
    // Create the admin of the group.
    // Unlike `Save`, `SaveX` panics if an error occurs.
    dan := client.User.
        Create().
        SetAge(29).
        SetName("Dan").
        AddManage(hub).
        SaveX(ctx)
    // Create "Ariel" and its pets.
    a8m := client.User.
        Create().
        SetAge(30).
        SetName("Ariel").
        AddGroups(hub).
        AddFriends(dan).
        SaveX(ctx)
    pedro := client.Pet.
        Create().
        SetName("Pedro").
        SetOwner(a8m).
        SaveX(ctx)
    xabi := client.Pet.
        Create().
        SetName("Xabi").
        SetOwner(a8m).
        SaveX(ctx)
    // Create "Alex" and its pets.
    alex := client.User.
        Create().
        SetAge(37).
        SetName("Alex").
        SaveX(ctx)
    coco := client.Pet.
        Create().
        SetName("Coco").
        SetOwner(alex).
        AddFriends(pedro).
        SaveX(ctx)
    fmt.Println("Pets created:", pedro, xabi, coco)
    // Output:
    // Pets created: Pet(id=1, name=Pedro) Pet(id=2, name=Xabi) Pet(id=3, name=Coco)
    return nil
}

Let’s go over a few traversals, and show the code for them:

The traversal above starts from a Group entity, continues to its admin (edge), continues to its friends (edge), gets their pets (edge), gets each pet’s friends (edge), and requests their owners.

func Traverse(ctx context.Context, client *ent.Client) error {
    owner, err := client.Group.         // GroupClient.
        Query().                        // Query builder.
        Where(group.Name("Github")).    // Filter only Github group (only 1).
        QueryAdmin().                   // Getting Dan.
        QueryFriends().                 // Getting Dan's friends: [Ariel].
        QueryPets().                    // Their pets: [Pedro, Xabi].
        QueryFriends().                 // Pedro's friends: [Coco], Xabi's friends: [].
        QueryOwner().                   // Coco's owner: Alex.
        Only(ctx)                       // Expect only one entity to return in the query.
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("failed querying the owner: %w", err)
    }
    fmt.Println(owner)
    // Output:
    // User(id=3, age=37, name=Alex)
    return nil
}

What about the following traversal?

We want to get all pets (entities) that have an owner (edge) that is a friend (edge) of some group admin (edge).

func Traverse(ctx context.Context, client *ent.Client) error {
    pets, err := client.Pet.
        Query().
        Where(
            pet.HasOwnerWith(
                user.HasFriendsWith(
                    user.HasManage(),
                ),
            ),
        ).
        All(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("failed querying the pets: %w", err)
    }
    fmt.Println(pets)
    // Output:
    // [Pet(id=1, name=Pedro) Pet(id=2, name=Xabi)]
    return nil
}

The full example exists in GitHub.