<webview>标签

警告

Electron的 webview 标签基于 Chromium webview ，后者正在经历巨大的架构变化。 这将影响 webview 的稳定性，包括呈现、导航和事件路由。 我们目前建议不使用 webview 标签，并考虑其他替代方案，如 iframe 、Electron的 BrowserView 或完全避免嵌入内容的体系结构。

Enabling

By default the webview tag is disabled in Electron >= 5. 在构造 BrowserWindow 时，需要通过设置 webviewTag webPreferences选项来启用标签。 更多信息请参看 BrowserWindows 的构造器文档。

概览

在一个独立的 frame 和进程里显示外部 web 内容。

进程: Renderer

使用 webview 标签在Electron 应用中嵌入 “外来” 内容 (如 网页)。外来”内容包含在 webview 容器中。 应用中的嵌入页面可以控制外来内容的布局和重绘。

与 iframe 不同, webview 在与应用程序不同的进程中运行。它与您的网页没有相同的权限, 应用程序和嵌入内容之间的所有交互都将是异步的。 这将保证你的应用对于嵌入的内容的安全性。 注意: 从宿主页上调用 webview 的方法大多数都需要对主进程进行同步调用。

示例

若要在应用程序中嵌入网页, 请将 webview 标签添加到应用程序的被嵌入页面中 (这是将显示外来内容的应用程序页)。 在最简单的例子中, webview 标签包括网页的 src 和控制 webview 容器外观的 css 样式:

<webview id="foo" src="https://www.github.com/" style="display:inline-flex; width:640px; height:480px"></webview>

如果要以任何方式控制外来内容, 则可以写用于侦听 webview 事件的 JavaScript, 并使用 webview 方法响应这些事件。 下面是包含两个事件侦听器的示例代码: 一个侦听网页开始加载, 另一个用于网页停止加载, 并在加载时显示 “loading…” 消息:

<script>
  onload = () => {
    const webview = document.querySelector('webview')
    const indicator = document.querySelector('.indicator')
    const loadstart = () => {
      indicator.innerText = 'loading...'
    }
    const loadstop = () => {
      indicator.innerText = ''
    }
    webview.addEventListener('did-start-loading', loadstart)
    webview.addEventListener('did-stop-loading', loadstop)
  }
</script>

Internal implementation

Under the hood webview is implemented with Out-of-Process iframes (OOPIFs). The webview tag is essentially a custom element using shadow DOM to wrap an iframe element inside it.

So the behavior of webview is very similar to a cross-domain iframe, as examples:

• When clicking into a webview, the page focus will move from the embedder frame to webview.
• You can not add keyboard, mouse, and scroll event listeners to webview.
• All reactions between the embedder frame and webview are asynchronous.

CSS 样式说明

Please note that the webview tag’s style uses display:flex; internally to ensure the child iframe element fills the full height and width of its webview container when used with traditional and flexbox layouts. Please do not overwrite the default display:flex; CSS property, unless specifying display:inline-flex; for inline layout.

标签属性

webview 标签具有以下属性：

src

<webview src="https://www.github.com/"></webview>

A String representing the visible URL. Writing to this attribute initiates top-level navigation.

Assigning src its own value will reload the current page.

src 属性还可以接受数据 url, 如 data:text/plain, Hellp,world!。

nodeintegration

<webview src="http://www.google.com/" nodeintegration></webview>

A Boolean. 当有此属性时, webview 中的访客页（guest page）将具有Node集成, 并且可以使用像 require 和 process 这样的node APIs 去访问低层系统资源。 Node 集成在访客页中默认是禁用的。

nodeintegrationinsubframes

<webview src="http://www.google.com/" nodeintegrationinsubframes></webview>

A Boolean for the experimental option for enabling NodeJS support in sub-frames such as iframes inside the webview. All your preloads will load for every iframe, you can use process.isMainFrame to determine if you are in the main frame or not. This option is disabled by default in the guest page.

enableremotemodule

<webview src="http://www.google.com/" enableremotemodule="false"></webview>

A Boolean. When this attribute is false the guest page in webview will not have access to the remote module. The remote module is available by default.

plugins

<webview src="https://www.github.com/" plugins></webview>

A Boolean. When this attribute is present the guest page in webview will be able to use browser plugins. Plugins are disabled by default.

preload

<webview src="https://www.github.com/" preload="./test.js"></webview>

A String that specifies a script that will be loaded before other scripts run in the guest page. 该脚本的URL的协议必须是 file: asar:二者之一，因为在访客页中，它是通过“内部”的 require 去加载的

当访客页没有 node integration ，这个脚本仍然有能力去访问所有的 Node APIs, 但是当这个脚本执行执行完成之后，通过Node 注入的全局对象（global objects）将会被删除。

Note: This option will appear as preloadURL (not preload) in the webPreferences specified to the will-attach-webview event.

httpreferrer

<webview src="https://www.github.com/" httpreferrer="http://cheng.guru"></webview>

A String that sets the referrer URL for the guest page.

useragent

<webview src="https://www.github.com/" useragent="Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; AS; rv:11.0) like Gecko"></webview>

A String that sets the user agent for the guest page before the page is navigated to. Once the page is loaded, use the setUserAgent method to change the user agent.

disablewebsecurity

<webview src="https://www.github.com/" disablewebsecurity></webview>

A Boolean. When this attribute is present the guest page will have web security disabled. Web security is enabled by default.

partition

<webview src="https://github.com" partition="persist:github"></webview>
<webview src="https://electronjs.org" partition="electron"></webview>

A String that sets the session used by the page. 如果 partition 以 persist:开头, 该页面将使用持续的 session，并在所有页面生效，且使用同一个partition. 如果没有 persist: 前缀, 页面将使用 in-memory session. 通过分配相同的 partition, 多个页可以共享同一会话。 如果没有设置partition，app 将会使用默认的session。

This value can only be modified before the first navigation, since the session of an active renderer process cannot change. Subsequent attempts to modify the value will fail with a DOM exception.

allowpopups

<webview src="https://www.github.com/" allowpopups></webview>

A Boolean. When this attribute is present the guest page will be allowed to open new windows. Popups are disabled by default.

webpreferences

<webview src="https://github.com" webpreferences="allowRunningInsecureContent, javascript=no"></webview>

A String which is a comma separated list of strings which specifies the web preferences to be set on the webview. 支持的首选项字符串的完整列表，请查看 BrowserWindow。

该字符串的格式与 window.open 中的功能字符串( the features string )相同。 只有自己名字的将被赋予 true 布尔值。 可以通过 = 来赋予其他值。 yes 和 1 会被解析成 true，而 no 和 0 解析为 false。

enableblinkfeatures

<webview src="https://www.github.com/" enableblinkfeatures="PreciseMemoryInfo, CSSVariables"></webview>

A String which is a list of strings which specifies the blink features to be enabled separated by ,. The full list of supported feature strings can be found in the RuntimeEnabledFeatures.json5 file.

disableblinkfeatures

<webview src="https://www.github.com/" disableblinkfeatures="PreciseMemoryInfo, CSSVariables"></webview>

A String which is a list of strings which specifies the blink features to be disabled separated by ,. The full list of supported feature strings can be found in the RuntimeEnabledFeatures.json5 file.

方法

webview 标签具有以下方法：

注意: 使用方法之前 <0>webview 元素必须已被加载。

示例

const webview = document.querySelector('webview')
webview.addEventListener('dom-ready', () => {
  webview.openDevTools()
})

<webview>.loadURL(url[, options])

• url URL
• options Object (optional)
  • httpReferrer (String | Referrer) (可选) - 一个 HTTP Referrer url。
  • userAgent String (可选) - 发起请求的 userAgent.
  • extraHeaders String (可选) - 用 “\n” 分割的额外标题
  • postData (UploadRawData[] | UploadFile[] | UploadBlob[]) (可选)
  • baseURLForDataURL String (可选) - 要加载的数据文件的根 url(带有路径分隔符). 只有当指定的 url是一个数据 url 并需要加载其他文件时，才需要这样做。

Returns Promise<void> - The promise will resolve when the page has finished loading (see did-finish-load), and rejects if the page fails to load (see did-fail-load).

webview 中加载目标 url，url 地址必须包含协议前缀，例如：http:// 或 file://。

<webview>.downloadURL(url)

• url String

Initiates a download of the resource at url without navigating.

<webview>.getURL()

返回 String - 访客页的URL。

<webview>.getTitle()

返回 String - 访客页的标题。

<webview>.isLoading()

返回 Boolean - 访客页是否仍然在加载资源。

<webview>.isLoadingMainFrame()

Returns Boolean - Whether the main frame (and not just iframes or frames within it) is still loading.

<webview>.isWaitingForResponse()

返回 Boolean - 访客页面是否正在等待页面主资源的第一响应。

<webview>.stop()

Stops any pending navigation.

<webview>.reload()

刷新访客页。

<webview>.reloadIgnoringCache()

刷新访客页并忽略缓存。

<webview>.canGoBack()

返回 Boolean - 访客页能否后退。

<webview>.canGoForward()

返回 Boolean - 访客页能否前进。

<webview>.canGoToOffset(offset)

• offset Integer

返回 Boolean - 访客页能否前进到 offset。

<webview>.clearHistory()

Clears the navigation history.

<webview>.goBack()

使访客页后退。

<webview>.goForward()

使访客页前进。

<webview>.goToIndex(index)

• index Integer

定位到指定的绝对索引。

<webview>.goToOffset(offset)

• offset Integer

定位到相对于“当前入口”的指定的偏移。

<webview>.isCrashed()

Returns Boolean - Whether the renderer process has crashed.

<webview>.setUserAgent(userAgent)

• userAgent String

覆盖访客页的用户代理。

<webview>.getUserAgent()

返回 String - 访客页的用户代理。

<webview>.insertCSS(css)

• css String

Returns Promise<String> - A promise that resolves with a key for the inserted CSS that can later be used to remove the CSS via <webview>.removeInsertedCSS(key).

Injects CSS into the current web page and returns a unique key for the inserted stylesheet.

<webview>.removeInsertedCSS(key)

• key String

Returns Promise<void> - Resolves if the removal was successful.

Removes the inserted CSS from the current web page. The stylesheet is identified by its key, which is returned from <webview>.insertCSS(css).

<webview>.executeJavaScript(code[, userGesture])

• code String
• userGesture Boolean (可选) - 默认为 false。

Returns Promise<any> - A promise that resolves with the result of the executed code or is rejected if the result of the code is a rejected promise.

在页面中执行 code。 如果设置了userGesture，它将在页面中创建用户手势上下文。 像 requestFullScreen 这样的需要用户操作的HTML API可以利用这个选项来实现自动化。

<webview>.openDevTools()

Opens a DevTools window for guest page.

<webview>.closeDevTools()

Closes the DevTools window of guest page.

<webview>.isDevToolsOpened()

Returns Boolean - Whether guest page has a DevTools window attached.

<webview>.isDevToolsFocused()

Returns Boolean - Whether DevTools window of guest page is focused.

<webview>.inspectElement(x, y)

• x Integer
• y Integer

Starts inspecting element at position (x, y) of guest page.

<webview>.inspectSharedWorker()

Opens the DevTools for the shared worker context present in the guest page.

<webview>.inspectServiceWorker()

Opens the DevTools for the service worker context present in the guest page.

<webview>.setAudioMuted(muted)

• muted Boolean

设置访客页是否静音。

<webview>.isAudioMuted()

返回 Boolean - 访客页是否被静音。

<webview>.isCurrentlyAudible()

Returns Boolean - Whether audio is currently playing.

<webview>.undo()

在页面中执行编辑命令 undo。

<webview>.redo()

在页面中执行编辑命令 redo。

<webview>.cut()

在页面中执行编辑命令 cut。

<webview>.copy()

在页面中执行编辑命令 copy。

<webview>.paste()

在页面中执行编辑命令 paste。

<webview>.pasteAndMatchStyle()

在页面中执行编辑命令 pasteAndMatchStyle。

<webview>.delete()

在页面中执行编辑命令 delete。

<webview>.selectAll()

在页面中执行编辑命令 selectAll。

<webview>.unselect()

在页面中执行编辑命令 unselect。

<webview>.replace(text)

• text String

在页面中执行编辑命令 replace。

<webview>.replaceMisspelling(text)

• text String

在页面中执行编辑命令 replaceMisspelling。

<webview>.insertText(text)

• text String

Returns Promise<void>

插入text 到焦点元素

<webview>.findInPage(text[, options])

• text String - 要搜索的内容，必须非空。
• options Object (optional)
  • forward Boolean (可选) -向前或向后搜索，默认为 true。
  • findNext Boolean (optional) - Whether the operation is first request or a follow up, defaults to false.
  • matchCase Boolean (optional) - Whether search should be case-sensitive, defaults to false.
  • wordStart Boolean (optional) - Whether to look only at the start of words. 默认值为 false.
  • medialCapitalAsWordStart Boolean (optional) - When combined with wordStart, accepts a match in the middle of a word if the match begins with an uppercase letter followed by a lowercase or non-letter. Accepts several other intra-word matches, defaults to false.

Returns Integer - The request id used for the request.

Starts a request to find all matches for the text in the web page. The result of the request can be obtained by subscribing to found-in-page event.

<webview>.stopFindInPage(action)

• action String - Specifies the action to take place when ending <webview>.findInPage request.
  • clearSelection - Clear the selection.
  • keepSelection - Translate the selection into a normal selection.
  • activateSelection - Focus and click the selection node.

Stops any findInPage request for the webview with the provided action.

<webview>.print([options])

• options Object (optional)
  • silent Boolean (optional) - Don’t ask user for print settings. 默认值为 false.
  • printBackground Boolean (optional) - Prints the background color and image of the web page. 默认值为 false.
  • deviceName String (optional) - Set the printer device name to use. Must be the system-defined name and not the ‘friendly’ name, e.g ‘Brother_QL_820NWB’ and not ‘Brother QL-820NWB’.
  • color Boolean (optional) - Set whether the printed web page will be in color or grayscale. 默认值为 true。
  • margins Object (optional)
    • marginType String (optional) - Can be default, none, printableArea, or custom. If custom is chosen, you will also need to specify top, bottom, left, and right.
    • top Number (optional) - The top margin of the printed web page, in pixels.
    • bottom Number (optional) - The bottom margin of the printed web page, in pixels.
    • left Number (optional) - The left margin of the printed web page, in pixels.
    • right Number (optional) - The right margin of the printed web page, in pixels.
  • landscape Boolean (optional) - Whether the web page should be printed in landscape mode. 默认值为 false.
  • scaleFactor Number (optional) - The scale factor of the web page.
  • pagesPerSheet Number (optional) - The number of pages to print per page sheet.
  • collate Boolean (optional) - Whether the web page should be collated.
  • copies Number (optional) - The number of copies of the web page to print.
  • pageRanges Record (optional) - The page range to print.
    • from Number - the start page.
    • to Number - the end page.
  • duplexMode String (optional) - Set the duplex mode of the printed web page. Can be simplex, shortEdge, or longEdge.
  • dpi Record (optional)
    • horizontal Number (optional) - The horizontal dpi.
    • vertical Number (optional) - The vertical dpi.
  • header String (optional) - String to be printed as page header.
  • footer String (optional) - String to be printed as page footer.
  • pageSize String | Size (optional) - Specify page size of the printed document. Can be A3, A4, A5, Legal, Letter, Tabloid or an Object containing height.

Returns Promise<void>

Prints webview‘s web page. Same as webContents.print([options]).

<webview>.printToPDF(options)

• options Object
  • headerFooter Record (optional) - the header and footer for the PDF.
    • title String - The title for the PDF header.
    • url String - the url for the PDF footer.
  • landscape Boolean (optional) - true for landscape, false for portrait.
  • marginsType Integer (optional) - Specifies the type of margins to use. Uses 0 for default margin, 1 for no margin, and 2 for minimum margin. and width in microns.
  • scaleFactor Number (optional) - The scale factor of the web page. Can range from 0 to 100.
  • pageRanges Record (optional) - The page range to print.
    • from Number - the first page to print.
    • to Number - the last page to print (inclusive).
  • pageSize String | Size (optional) - Specify page size of the generated PDF. Can be A3, A4, A5, Legal, Letter, Tabloid or an Object containing height
  • printBackground Boolean (optional) - Whether to print CSS backgrounds.
  • printSelectionOnly Boolean (optional) - Whether to print selection only.

Returns Promise<Uint8Array> - Resolves with the generated PDF data.

Prints webview‘s web page as PDF, Same as webContents.printToPDF(options).

<webview>.capturePage([rect])

• rect Rectangle (optional) - The area of the page to be captured.

Returns Promise<NativeImage> - Resolves with a NativeImage

Captures a snapshot of the page within rect. Omitting rect will capture the whole visible page.

<webview>.send(channel, ...args)

• channel String
• ...args any[]

Returns Promise<void>

通过channel向渲染器进程发送异步消息，可以发送任意参数。 The renderer process can handle the message by listening to the channel event with the ipcRenderer module.

示例请进传送门： webContents.send

<webview>.sendInputEvent(event)

• event MouseInputEvent | MouseWheelInputEvent | KeyboardInputEvent

Returns Promise<void>

Sends an input event to the page.

See webContents.sendInputEvent for detailed description of event object.

<webview>.setZoomFactor(factor)

• factor Number - 缩放比例

Changes the zoom factor to the specified factor. Zoom factor is zoom percent divided by 100, so 300% = 3.0.

<webview>.setZoomLevel(level)

• level Number - 缩放等级。

更改缩放等级。 The original size is 0 and each increment above or below represents zooming 20% larger or smaller to default limits of 300% and 50% of original size, respectively. The formula for this is scale := 1.2 ^ level.

<webview>.getZoomFactor()

Returns Number - the current zoom factor.

<webview>.getZoomLevel()

Returns Number - the current zoom level.

<webview>.setVisualZoomLevelLimits(minimumLevel, maximumLevel)

• minimumLevel Number
• maximumLevel Number

Returns Promise<void>

设置最大和最小缩放级别。

<webview>.showDefinitionForSelection() macOS

Shows pop-up dictionary that searches the selected word on the page.

<webview>.getWebContentsId()

Returns Number - The WebContents ID of this webview.

DOM Events

webview 标签具有以下有效的 DOM 事件：

Event: ‘load-commit’

返回:

• url String
• isMainFrame Boolean

Fired when a load has committed. This includes navigation within the current document as well as subframe document-level loads, but does not include asynchronous resource loads.

Event: ‘did-finish-load’

导航完成时触发，即选项卡的旋转器将停止旋转，并指派onload事件后。（译者：网页加载的过程中，并不是所有的浏览器都是转圈圈，而且浏览器版本不同，加载效果也有可能不一样。其中 ie 和 chrome 是转圈圈，safari 是进度条，firefox是一个小点左右来回移动—20180103）

Event: ‘did-fail-load’

返回:

• errorCode Integer
• errorDescription String
• validatedURL String
• isMainFrame Boolean

这个事件类似于 did-finish-load, 不过是在加载失败或取消后触发，例如调用了 window.stop()

Event: ‘did-frame-finish-load’

返回:

• isMainFrame Boolean

Fired when a frame has done navigation.

Event: ‘did-start-loading’

Corresponds to the points in time when the spinner of the tab starts spinning.

Event: ‘did-stop-loading’

Corresponds to the points in time when the spinner of the tab stops spinning.

事件: ‘dom-ready’

Fired when document in the given frame is loaded.

事件： ‘page-title-updated’

返回:

• title String
• explicitSet Boolean

Fired when page title is set during navigation. explicitSet is false when title is synthesized from file url.

事件: ‘page-favicon-updated’

返回:

• favicons String[] - 由连接组成的数组。

Fired when page receives favicon urls.

事件: ‘enter-html-full-screen’

Fired when page enters fullscreen triggered by HTML API.

事件: ‘leave-html-full-screen’

Fired when page leaves fullscreen triggered by HTML API.

Event: ‘console-message’

返回:

• level Integer
• message String
• line Integer
• sourceId String

Fired when the guest window logs a console message.

The following example code forwards all log messages to the embedder’s console without regard for log level or other properties.

const webview = document.querySelector('webview')
webview.addEventListener('console-message', (e) => {
  console.log('Guest page logged a message:', e.message)
})

Event: ‘found-in-page’

返回:

• result Object
  • requestId Integer
  • activeMatchOrdinal Integer - 当前匹配位置。
  • matches Integer - 符合匹配条件的元素个数。
  • selectionArea Rectangle - Coordinates of first match region.
  • finalUpdate Boolean

Fired when a result is available for webview.findInPage request.

const webview = document.querySelector('webview')
webview.addEventListener('found-in-page', (e) => {
  webview.stopFindInPage('keepSelection')
})
const requestId = webview.findInPage('test')
console.log(requestId)

Event: ‘new-window’

返回:

• url String
• frameName String
• disposition String - 可以被设置为 default, foreground-tab, background-tab, new-window, save-to-disk 及 other.
• options BrowserWindowConstructorOptions - The options which should be used for creating the new BrowserWindow.

Fired when the guest page attempts to open a new browser window.

The following example code opens the new url in system’s default browser.

const { shell } = require('electron')
const webview = document.querySelector('webview')
webview.addEventListener('new-window', async (e) => {
  const protocol = require('url').parse(e.url).protocol
  if (protocol === 'http:' || protocol === 'https:') {
    await shell.openExternal(e.url)
  }
})

Event: ‘will-navigate’

返回:

• url String

Emitted when a user or the page wants to start navigation. It can happen when the window.location object is changed or a user clicks a link in the page.

This event will not emit when the navigation is started programmatically with APIs like <webview>.loadURL and <webview>.back.

It is also not emitted during in-page navigation, such as clicking anchor links or updating the window.location.hash. Use did-navigate-in-page event for this purpose.

Calling event.preventDefault() does NOT have any effect.

Event: ‘did-navigate’

返回:

• url String

Emitted when a navigation is done.

This event is not emitted for in-page navigations, such as clicking anchor links or updating the window.location.hash. Use did-navigate-in-page event for this purpose.

Event: ‘did-navigate-in-page’

返回:

• isMainFrame Boolean
• url String

当发生页内导航时，触发该事件。

当发生页内导航时，虽然页面地址发生变化，但它并没有导航到其它页面。 例如，点击锚点链接，或者DOM的 hashchange事件被触发时，都会触发该事件。

事件： ‘close’

Fired when the guest page attempts to close itself.

The following example code navigates the webview to about:blank when the guest attempts to close itself.

const webview = document.querySelector('webview')
webview.addEventListener('close', () => {
  webview.src = 'about:blank'
})

Event: ‘ipc-message’

返回:

• channel String
• args any[]

Fired when the guest page has sent an asynchronous message to embedder page.

With sendToHost method and ipc-message event you can communicate between guest page and embedder page:

// In embedder page.
const webview = document.querySelector('webview')
webview.addEventListener('ipc-message', (event) => {
  console.log(event.channel)
  // Prints "pong"
})
webview.send('ping')

// In guest page.
const { ipcRenderer } = require('electron')
ipcRenderer.on('ping', () => {
  ipcRenderer.sendToHost('pong')
})

Event: ‘crashed’

Fired when the renderer process is crashed.

Event: ‘plugin-crashed’

返回:

• name 字符串
• version String

Fired when a plugin process is crashed.

Event: ‘destroyed’

Fired when the WebContents is destroyed.

Event: ‘media-started-playing’

多媒体开始播放时，触发该事件。

Event: ‘media-paused’

当媒体文件暂停或播放完成的时候触发

Event: ‘did-change-theme-color’

返回:

• themeColor String

Emitted when a page’s theme color changes. This is usually due to encountering a meta tag:

<meta name='theme-color' content='#ff0000'>

Event: ‘update-target-url’

返回:

• url String

当鼠标滑到，或者键盘切换到a连接时，触发该事件。

Event: ‘devtools-opened’

当开发者工具被打开时，触发该事件。

Event: ‘devtools-closed’

当开发者工具被关闭时，触发该事件。

Event: ‘devtools-focused’

当开发者工具被选中/打开时，触发该事件。