Permissions
Authentication or identification by itself is not usually sufficient to gain access to information or code. For that, the entity requesting access must have authorization.
Together with authentication and throttling, permissions determine whether a request should be granted or denied access.
Permission checks are always run at the very start of the view, before any other code is allowed to proceed. Permission checks will typically use the authentication information in the request.user
and request.auth
properties to determine if the incoming request should be permitted.
Permissions are used to grant or deny access for different classes of users to different parts of the API.
The simplest style of permission would be to allow access to any authenticated user, and deny access to any unauthenticated user. This corresponds to the IsAuthenticated
class in REST framework.
A slightly less strict style of permission would be to allow full access to authenticated users, but allow read-only access to unauthenticated users. This corresponds to the IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly
class in REST framework.
How permissions are determined
Permissions in REST framework are always defined as a list of permission classes.
Before running the main body of the view each permission in the list is checked.If any permission check fails an exceptions.PermissionDenied
or exceptions.NotAuthenticated
exception will be raised, and the main body of the view will not run.
When the permissions checks fail either a "403 Forbidden" or a "401 Unauthorized" response will be returned, according to the following rules:
- The request was successfully authenticated, but permission was denied. — An HTTP 403 Forbidden response will be returned.
- The request was not successfully authenticated, and the highest priority authentication class does not use
WWW-Authenticate
headers. — An HTTP 403 Forbidden response will be returned. - The request was not successfully authenticated, and the highest priority authentication class does use
WWW-Authenticate
headers. — An HTTP 401 Unauthorized response, with an appropriateWWW-Authenticate
header will be returned.
Object level permissions
REST framework permissions also support object-level permissioning. Object level permissions are used to determine if a user should be allowed to act on a particular object, which will typically be a model instance.
Object level permissions are run by REST framework's generic views when .get_object()
is called.As with view level permissions, an exceptions.PermissionDenied
exception will be raised if the user is not allowed to act on the given object.
If you're writing your own views and want to enforce object level permissions,or if you override the get_object
method on a generic view, then you'll need to explicitly call the .check_object_permissions(request, obj)
method on the view at the point at which you've retrieved the object.
This will either raise a PermissionDenied
or NotAuthenticated
exception, or simply return if the view has the appropriate permissions.
For example:
def get_object(self):
obj = get_object_or_404(self.get_queryset(), pk=self.kwargs["pk"])
self.check_object_permissions(self.request, obj)
return obj
Note: With the exception of DjangoObjectPermissions
, the providedpermission classes in rest_framework.permissions
do not implement themethods necessary to check object permissions.
If you wish to use the provided permission classes in order to check objectpermissions, you must subclass them and implement thehasobject_permission()
method described in the [_Custompermissions]($b213aeab2c4bd3b4.md#custom-permissions) section (below).
Limitations of object level permissions
For performance reasons the generic views will not automatically apply object level permissions to each instance in a queryset when returning a list of objects.
Often when you're using object level permissions you'll also want to filter the queryset appropriately, to ensure that users only have visibility onto instances that they are permitted to view.
Setting the permission policy
The default permission policy may be set globally, using the DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES
setting. For example.
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticated',
]
}
If not specified, this setting defaults to allowing unrestricted access:
'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny',
]
You can also set the authentication policy on a per-view, or per-viewset basis,using the APIView
class-based views.
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.views import APIView
class ExampleView(APIView):
permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]
def get(self, request, format=None):
content = {
'status': 'request was permitted'
}
return Response(content)
Or, if you're using the @api_view
decorator with function based views.
from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, permission_classes
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
from rest_framework.response import Response
@api_view(['GET'])
@permission_classes([IsAuthenticated])
def example_view(request, format=None):
content = {
'status': 'request was permitted'
}
return Response(content)
Note: when you set new permission classes through class attribute or decorators you're telling the view to ignore the default list set over the settings.py file.
Provided they inherit from rest_framework.permissions.BasePermission
, permissions can be composed using standard Python bitwise operators. For example, IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly
could be written:
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission, IsAuthenticated, SAFE_METHODS
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.views import APIView
class ReadOnly(BasePermission):
def has_permission(self, request, view):
return request.method in SAFE_METHODS
class ExampleView(APIView):
permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated|ReadOnly]
def get(self, request, format=None):
content = {
'status': 'request was permitted'
}
return Response(content)
Note: it supports & (and), | (or) and ~ (not).
API Reference
AllowAny
The AllowAny
permission class will allow unrestricted access, regardless of if the request was authenticated or unauthenticated.
This permission is not strictly required, since you can achieve the same result by using an empty list or tuple for the permissions setting, but you may find it useful to specify this class because it makes the intention explicit.
IsAuthenticated
The IsAuthenticated
permission class will deny permission to any unauthenticated user, and allow permission otherwise.
This permission is suitable if you want your API to only be accessible to registered users.
IsAdminUser
The IsAdminUser
permission class will deny permission to any user, unless user.is_staff
is True
in which case permission will be allowed.
This permission is suitable if you want your API to only be accessible to a subset of trusted administrators.
IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly
The IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly
will allow authenticated users to perform any request. Requests for unauthorised users will only be permitted if the request method is one of the "safe" methods; GET
, HEAD
or OPTIONS
.
This permission is suitable if you want to your API to allow read permissions to anonymous users, and only allow write permissions to authenticated users.
DjangoModelPermissions
This permission class ties into Django's standard django.contrib.auth
model permissions. This permission must only be applied to views that have a .queryset
property set. Authorization will only be granted if the user is authenticated and has the relevant model permissions assigned.
POST
requests require the user to have theadd
permission on the model.PUT
andPATCH
requests require the user to have thechange
permission on the model.DELETE
requests require the user to have thedelete
permission on the model.
The default behaviour can also be overridden to support custom model permissions. For example, you might want to include a view
model permission for GET
requests.
To use custom model permissions, override DjangoModelPermissions
and set the .perms_map
property. Refer to the source code for details.
Using with views that do not include a queryset attribute.
If you're using this permission with a view that uses an overridden get_queryset()
method there may not be a queryset
attribute on the view. In this case we suggest also marking the view with a sentinel queryset, so that this class can determine the required permissions. For example:
queryset = User.objects.none() # Required for DjangoModelPermissions
DjangoModelPermissionsOrAnonReadOnly
Similar to DjangoModelPermissions
, but also allows unauthenticated users to have read-only access to the API.
DjangoObjectPermissions
This permission class ties into Django's standard object permissions framework that allows per-object permissions on models. In order to use this permission class, you'll also need to add a permission backend that supports object-level permissions, such as django-guardian.
As with DjangoModelPermissions
, this permission must only be applied to views that have a .queryset
property or .getqueryset()
method. Authorization will only be granted if the user _is authenticated and has the relevant per-object permissions and relevant model permissions assigned.
POST
requests require the user to have theadd
permission on the model instance.PUT
andPATCH
requests require the user to have thechange
permission on the model instance.DELETE
requests require the user to have thedelete
permission on the model instance.
Note that DjangoObjectPermissions
does not require the django-guardian
package, and should support other object-level backends equally well.
As with DjangoModelPermissions
you can use custom model permissions by overriding DjangoObjectPermissions
and setting the .perms_map
property. Refer to the source code for details.
Note: If you need object level view
permissions for GET
, HEAD
and OPTIONS
requests and are using django-guardian for your object-level permissions backend, you'll want to consider using the DjangoObjectPermissionsFilter
class provided by the djangorestframework-guardian
package. It ensures that list endpoints only return results including objects for which the user has appropriate view permissions.
Custom permissions
To implement a custom permission, override BasePermission
and implement either, or both, of the following methods:
.has_permission(self, request, view)
.has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj)
The methods should return True
if the request should be granted access, and False
otherwise.
If you need to test if a request is a read operation or a write operation, you should check the request method against the constant SAFE_METHODS
, which is a tuple containing 'GET'
, 'OPTIONS'
and 'HEAD'
. For example:
if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:
# Check permissions for read-only request
else:
# Check permissions for write request
Note: The instance-level has_object_permission
method will only be called if the view-level has_permission
checks have already passed. Also note that in order for the instance-level checks to run, the view code should explicitly call .check_object_permissions(request, obj)
. If you are using the generic views then this will be handled for you by default. (Function-based views will need to check object permissions explicitly, raising PermissionDenied
on failure.)
Custom permissions will raise a PermissionDenied
exception if the test fails. To change the error message associated with the exception, implement a message
attribute directly on your custom permission. Otherwise the default_detail
attribute from PermissionDenied
will be used.
from rest_framework import permissions
class CustomerAccessPermission(permissions.BasePermission):
message = 'Adding customers not allowed.'
def has_permission(self, request, view):
...
Examples
The following is an example of a permission class that checks the incoming request's IP address against a blacklist, and denies the request if the IP has been blacklisted.
from rest_framework import permissions
class BlacklistPermission(permissions.BasePermission):
"""
Global permission check for blacklisted IPs.
"""
def has_permission(self, request, view):
ip_addr = request.META['REMOTE_ADDR']
blacklisted = Blacklist.objects.filter(ip_addr=ip_addr).exists()
return not blacklisted
As well as global permissions, that are run against all incoming requests, you can also create object-level permissions, that are only run against operations that affect a particular object instance. For example:
class IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):
"""
Object-level permission to only allow owners of an object to edit it.
Assumes the model instance has an `owner` attribute.
"""
def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
# Read permissions are allowed to any request,
# so we'll always allow GET, HEAD or OPTIONS requests.
if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:
return True
# Instance must have an attribute named `owner`.
return obj.owner == request.user
Note that the generic views will check the appropriate object level permissions, but if you're writing your own custom views, you'll need to make sure you check the object level permission checks yourself. You can do so by calling self.check_object_permissions(request, obj)
from the view once you have the object instance. This call will raise an appropriate APIException
if any object-level permission checks fail, and will otherwise simply return.
Also note that the generic views will only check the object-level permissions for views that retrieve a single model instance. If you require object-level filtering of list views, you'll need to filter the queryset separately. See the filtering documentation for more details.
Third party packages
The following third party packages are also available.
DRF - Access Policy
The Django REST - Access Policy package provides a way to define complex access rules in declarative policy classes that are attached to view sets or function-based views. The policies are defined in JSON in a format similar to AWS' Identity & Access Management policies.
Composed Permissions
The Composed Permissions package provides a simple way to define complex and multi-depth (with logic operators) permission objects, using small and reusable components.
REST Condition
The REST Condition package is another extension for building complex permissions in a simple and convenient way. The extension allows you to combine permissions with logical operators.
DRY Rest Permissions
The DRY Rest Permissions package provides the ability to define different permissions for individual default and custom actions. This package is made for apps with permissions that are derived from relationships defined in the app's data model. It also supports permission checks being returned to a client app through the API's serializer. Additionally it supports adding permissions to the default and custom list actions to restrict the data they retrieve per user.
Django Rest Framework Roles
The Django Rest Framework Roles package makes it easier to parameterize your API over multiple types of users.
Django REST Framework API Key
The Django REST Framework API Key package provides permissions classes, models and helpers to add API key authorization to your API. It can be used to authorize internal or third-party backends and services (i.e. machines) which do not have a user account. API keys are stored securely using Django's password hashing infrastructure, and they can be viewed, edited and revoked at anytime in the Django admin.
Django Rest Framework Role Filters
The Django Rest Framework Role Filters package provides simple filtering over multiple types of roles.