日志

日志管理快速入门

Django 使用 Python 内置的 logging 模块处理系统日志。关于该模块的使用，Python 文档里有更详细的讨论。不过，如果你从未用过 Python 的 logging 框架（或者即便你用过），这里是一篇快速入门。

日志框架的组成元素

一份 Python logging 配置有下面四个部分组成：

• Loggers
• Handlers
• 过滤器
• Formatters

Loggers

logger 是日志系统的入口。每个 logger 都是命名了的 bucket， 消息写入 bucket 以便进一步处理。

logger 可以配置 日志级别。日志级别描述了由该 logger 处理的消息的严重性。Python 定义了下面几种日志级别：

• DEBUG：排查故障时使用的低级别系统信息
• INFO：一般的系统信息
• WARNING：描述系统发生了一些小问题的信息
• ERROR：描述系统发生了大问题的信息
• CRITICAL：描述系统发生严重问题的信息

每一条写入 logger 的消息都是一条 日志记录。每一条日志记录也包含 日志级别，代表对应消息的严重程度。日志记录还包含有用的元数据，来描述被记录了日志的事件细节，例如堆栈跟踪或者错误码。

当 logger 处理一条消息时，会将自己的日志级别和这条消息的日志级别做对比。如果消息的日志级别匹配或者高于 logger 的日志级别，它就会被进一步处理。否则这条消息就会被忽略掉。

当 logger 确定了一条消息需要处理之后，会把它传给 Handler。

Handlers

Handler 是决定如何处理 logger 中每一条消息的引擎。它描述特定的日志行为，比如把消息输出到屏幕、文件或网络 socket。

和 logger 一样，handler 也有日志级别的概念。如果一条日志记录的级别不匹配或者低于 handler 的日志级别，对应的消息会被 handler 忽略。

一个 logger 可以有多个 handler，每一个 handler 可以有不同的日志级别。这样就可以根据消息的重要性不同，来提供不同格式的输出。例如，你可以添加一个 handler 把 ERROR 和 CRITICAL 消息发到寻呼机，再添加另一个 handler 把所有的消息（包括 ERROR 和 CRITICAL 消息）保存到文件里以便日后分析。

过滤器

在日志记录从 logger 传到 handler 的过程中，使用 Filter 来做额外的控制。

默认情况下，只要级别匹配，任何日志消息都会被处理。不过，也可以通过添加 filter 来给日志处理的过程增加额外条件。例如，可以添加一个 filter 只允许某个特定来源的 ERROR 消息输出。

Filter 还被用来在日志输出之前对日志记录做修改。例如，可以写一个 filter，当满足一定条件时，把日志记录从 ERROR 降到 WARNING 级别。

Filter 在 logger 和 handler 中都可以添加；多个 filter 可以链接起来使用，来做多重过滤操作。

Formatters

日志记录最终是需要以文本来呈现的。Formatter 描述了文本的格式。一个 formatter 通常由包含 LogRecord attributes 的 Python 格式化字符串组成，不过你也可以为特定的格式来配置自定义的 formatter。

使用 logging 模块

Once you have configured your loggers, handlers, filters and formatters, you need to place logging calls into your code. Using the logging framework works like this:

# import the logging library
import logging
# Get an instance of a logger
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
def my_view(request, arg1, arg):
    ...
    if bad_mojo:
        # Log an error message
        logger.error('Something went wrong!')

就这么简单！bad_mojo 条件每次满足都会写一条 error 日志。

为 logger 命名

对 logging.getLogger() 的调用会获取（必要时会创建）一个 logger 的实例。不同的 logger 实例用名字来区分。这个名字是为了在配置的时候指定 logger。

按照惯例，logger 的名字通常是包含该 logger 的 Python 模块名，即 __name__。这样可以基于模块来过滤和处理日志请求。不过，如果你有其他的方式来组织你的日志消息，可以为 logger 提供点号分割的名字来标识它：

# Get an instance of a specific named logger
logger = logging.getLogger('project.interesting.stuff')

这种 logger 的名字，用点号分隔的路径定义了一种层次结构。project.interesting 这个 logger 是 project.interesting.stuff logger 的上级；而 project logger 是 project.interesting logger 的上级。

Why is the hierarchy important? Well, because loggers can be set to propagate their logging calls to their parents. In this way, you can define a single set of handlers at the root of a logger tree, and capture all logging calls in the subtree of loggers. A logger defined in the project namespace will catch all logging messages issued on the project.interesting and project.interesting.stuff loggers.

可以基于 logger 来控制传播的行为。 如果你不希望某个 logger 传播给上级，可以关闭它。

发起 logging 调用

logger 实例包含了每种默认日志级别的入口方法：

• logger.debug()
• logger.info()
• logger.warning()
• logger.error()
• logger.critical()

还有两种其他的调用方法：

• logger.log()：手动输出一条指定日志级别的日志消息。
• logger.exception()：创建一个包含当前异常堆栈帧的 ERROR 级别日志消息。

日志模块的配置

当然，仅仅在代码里调用 logging 是不够的。还需要配置 logger、handler、filter 和 formatter 来确保日志框架能有效地输出日志。

Python 的日志库提供了一些配置方法，可以使用编程接口或者配置文件。Django默认使用 dictConfig format。

为了配置 logging ，用字典的格式定义一个 LOGGING 配置项，这些配置描述了你想要的 logger、handler、filter 和 formatter，以及它们的日志级别和其他你想要的属性。

默认情况下 LOGGING 配置和 Django 默认日志配置 按照下面的方式合并在一起：

If the disable_existing_loggers key in the LOGGING dictConfig is set to True (which is the dictConfig default if the key is missing) then all loggers from the default configuration will be disabled. Disabled loggers are not the same as removed; the logger will still exist, but will silently discard anything logged to it, not even propagating entries to a parent logger. Thus you should be very careful using 'disable_existing_loggers': True; it’s probably not what you want. Instead, you can set disable_existing_loggers to False and redefine some or all of the default loggers; or you can set LOGGING_CONFIG to None and handle logging config yourself.

logging 被配置成了 Django setup() 函数的一部分。因此，你可以确定的是，logger 一直都可以在项目代码里使用。

示例

dictConfig format 文档是获取日志配置细节的最好资料。不过，为了让你知道能做什么，下面有几个例子。

To begin, here’s a small configuration that will allow you to output all log messages to the console:

settings.py

import os
LOGGING = {
    'version': 1,
    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
    'handlers': {
        'console': {
            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
        },
    },
    'root': {
        'handlers': ['console'],
        'level': 'WARNING',
    },
}

This configures the parent root logger to send messages with the WARNING level and higher to the console handler. By adjusting the level to INFO or DEBUG you can display more messages. This may be useful during development.

Next we can add more fine-grained logging. Here’s an example of how to make the logging system print more messages from just the django named logger:

settings.py

import os
LOGGING = {
    'version': 1,
    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
    'handlers': {
        'console': {
            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
        },
    },
    'root': {
        'handlers': ['console'],
        'level': 'WARNING',
    },
    'loggers': {
        'django': {
            'handlers': ['console'],
            'level': os.getenv('DJANGO_LOG_LEVEL', 'INFO'),
            'propagate': False,
        },
    },
}

By default, this config sends messages from the django logger of level INFO or higher to the console. This is the same level as Django’s default logging config, except that the default config only displays log records when DEBUG=True. Django does not log many such INFO level messages. With this config, however, you can also set the environment variable DJANGO_LOG_LEVEL=DEBUG to see all of Django’s debug logging which is very verbose as it includes all database queries.

You don’t have to log to the console. Here’s a configuration which writes all logging from the django named logger to a local file:

settings.py

LOGGING = {
    'version': 1,
    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
    'handlers': {
        'file': {
            'level': 'DEBUG',
            'class': 'logging.FileHandler',
            'filename': '/path/to/django/debug.log',
        },
    },
    'loggers': {
        'django': {
            'handlers': ['file'],
            'level': 'DEBUG',
            'propagate': True,
        },
    },
}

若你使用此例子，切记要将 'filename' 指向的路径改为当前运行 Django 应用的用户可写的路径。

Finally, here’s an example of a fairly complex logging setup:

settings.py

LOGGING = {
    'version': 1,
    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
    'formatters': {
        'verbose': {
            'format': '{levelname} {asctime} {module} {process:d} {thread:d} {message}',
            'style': '{',
        },
        'simple': {
            'format': '{levelname} {message}',
            'style': '{',
        },
    },
    'filters': {
        'special': {
            '()': 'project.logging.SpecialFilter',
            'foo': 'bar',
        },
        'require_debug_true': {
            '()': 'django.utils.log.RequireDebugTrue',
        },
    },
    'handlers': {
        'console': {
            'level': 'INFO',
            'filters': ['require_debug_true'],
            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
            'formatter': 'simple'
        },
        'mail_admins': {
            'level': 'ERROR',
            'class': 'django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler',
            'filters': ['special']
        }
    },
    'loggers': {
        'django': {
            'handlers': ['console'],
            'propagate': True,
        },
        'django.request': {
            'handlers': ['mail_admins'],
            'level': 'ERROR',
            'propagate': False,
        },
        'myproject.custom': {
            'handlers': ['console', 'mail_admins'],
            'level': 'INFO',
            'filters': ['special']
        }
    }
}

该日志配置做了以下事情：

• Identifies the configuration as being in ‘dictConfig version 1’ format. At present, this is the only dictConfig format version.

• Defines two formatters:

  • simple, that outputs the log level name (e.g., DEBUG) and the log message.

    The format string is a normal Python formatting string describing the details that are to be output on each logging line. The full list of detail that can be output can be found in Formatter Objects.

  • verbose, that outputs the log level name, the log message, plus the time, process, thread and module that generate the log message.

• Defines two filters:

  • project.logging.SpecialFilter, using the alias special. If this filter required additional arguments, they can be provided as additional keys in the filter configuration dictionary. In this case, the argument foo will be given a value of bar when instantiating SpecialFilter.
  • django.utils.log.RequireDebugTrue, which passes on records when DEBUG is True.

• Defines two handlers:

  • console, a StreamHandler, which prints any INFO (or higher) message to sys.stderr. This handler uses the simple output format.
  • mail_admins, an AdminEmailHandler, which emails any ERROR (or higher) message to the site ADMINS. This handler uses the special filter.

• Configures three loggers:

  • django, which passes all messages to the console handler.
  • django.request, which passes all ERROR messages to the mail_admins handler. In addition, this logger is marked to not propagate messages. This means that log messages written to django.request will not be handled by the django logger.
  • myproject.custom, which passes all messages at INFO or higher that also pass the special filter to two handlers — the console, and mail_admins. This means that all INFO level messages (or higher) will be printed to the console; ERROR and CRITICAL messages will also be output via email.

Custom logging configuration

If you don’t want to use Python’s dictConfig format to configure your logger, you can specify your own configuration scheme.

The LOGGING_CONFIG setting defines the callable that will be used to configure Django’s loggers. By default, it points at Python’s logging.config.dictConfig() function. However, if you want to use a different configuration process, you can use any other callable that takes a single argument. The contents of LOGGING will be provided as the value of that argument when logging is configured.

Disabling logging configuration

If you don’t want to configure logging at all (or you want to manually configure logging using your own approach), you can set LOGGING_CONFIG to None. This will disable the configuration process for Django’s default logging. Here’s an example that disables Django’s logging configuration and then manually configures logging:

settings.py

LOGGING_CONFIG = None
import logging.config
logging.config.dictConfig(...)

Setting LOGGING_CONFIG to None only means that the automatic configuration process is disabled, not logging itself. If you disable the configuration process, Django will still make logging calls, falling back to whatever default logging behavior is defined.

Django’s logging extensions

Django provides a number of utilities to handle the unique requirements of logging in Web server environment.

Loggers

Django provides several built-in loggers.

django

The catch-all logger for messages in the django hierarchy. No messages are posted using this name but instead using one of the loggers below.

django.request

Log messages related to the handling of requests. 5XX responses are raised as ERROR messages; 4XX responses are raised as WARNING messages. Requests that are logged to the django.security logger aren’t logged to django.request.

Messages to this logger have the following extra context:

• status_code: The HTTP response code associated with the request.
• request: The request object that generated the logging message.

django.server

Log messages related to the handling of requests received by the server invoked by the runserver command. HTTP 5XX responses are logged as ERROR messages, 4XX responses are logged as WARNING messages, and everything else is logged as INFO.

Messages to this logger have the following extra context:

• status_code: The HTTP response code associated with the request.
• request: The request object that generated the logging message.

django.template

Log messages related to the rendering of templates.

• Missing context variables are logged as DEBUG messages.

django.db.backends

Messages relating to the interaction of code with the database. For example, every application-level SQL statement executed by a request is logged at the DEBUG level to this logger.

Messages to this logger have the following extra context:

• duration: The time taken to execute the SQL statement.
• sql: The SQL statement that was executed.
• params: The parameters that were used in the SQL call.

For performance reasons, SQL logging is only enabled when settings.DEBUG is set to True, regardless of the logging level or handlers that are installed.

This logging does not include framework-level initialization (e.g. SET TIMEZONE) or transaction management queries (e.g. BEGIN, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK). Turn on query logging in your database if you wish to view all database queries.

django.security.*

The security loggers will receive messages on any occurrence of SuspiciousOperation and other security-related errors. There is a sub-logger for each subtype of security error, including all SuspiciousOperations. The level of the log event depends on where the exception is handled. Most occurrences are logged as a warning, while any SuspiciousOperation that reaches the WSGI handler will be logged as an error. For example, when an HTTP Host header is included in a request from a client that does not match ALLOWED_HOSTS, Django will return a 400 response, and an error message will be logged to the django.security.DisallowedHost logger.

These log events will reach the django logger by default, which mails error events to admins when DEBUG=False. Requests resulting in a 400 response due to a SuspiciousOperation will not be logged to the django.request logger, but only to the django.security logger.

To silence a particular type of SuspiciousOperation, you can override that specific logger following this example:

'handlers': {
    'null': {
        'class': 'logging.NullHandler',
    },
},
'loggers': {
    'django.security.DisallowedHost': {
        'handlers': ['null'],
        'propagate': False,
    },
},

Other django.security loggers not based on SuspiciousOperation are:

• django.security.csrf: For CSRF failures.

django.db.backends.schema

Logs the SQL queries that are executed during schema changes to the database by the migrations framework. Note that it won’t log the queries executed by RunPython. Messages to this logger have params and sql in their extra context (but unlike django.db.backends, not duration). The values have the same meaning as explained in django.db.backends.

Handlers

Django provides one log handler in addition to those provided by the Python logging module.

class AdminEmailHandler(include_html=False, email_backend=None, reporter_class=None)

This handler sends an email to the site ADMINS for each log message it receives.

If the log record contains a request attribute, the full details of the request will be included in the email. The email subject will include the phrase “internal IP” if the client’s IP address is in the INTERNAL_IPS setting; if not, it will include “EXTERNAL IP”.

If the log record contains stack trace information, that stack trace will be included in the email.

The include_html argument of AdminEmailHandler is used to control whether the traceback email includes an HTML attachment containing the full content of the debug Web page that would have been produced if DEBUG were True. To set this value in your configuration, include it in the handler definition for django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler, like this:

'handlers': {
    'mail_admins': {
        'level': 'ERROR',
        'class': 'django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler',
        'include_html': True,
    }
},

Note that this HTML version of the email contains a full traceback, with names and values of local variables at each level of the stack, plus the values of your Django settings. This information is potentially very sensitive, and you may not want to send it over email. Consider using something such as Sentry to get the best of both worlds — the rich information of full tracebacks plus the security of not sending the information over email. You may also explicitly designate certain sensitive information to be filtered out of error reports — learn more on Filtering error reports.

By setting the email_backend argument of AdminEmailHandler, the email backend that is being used by the handler can be overridden, like this:

'handlers': {
    'mail_admins': {
        'level': 'ERROR',
        'class': 'django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler',
        'email_backend': 'django.core.mail.backends.filebased.EmailBackend',
    }
},

By default, an instance of the email backend specified in EMAIL_BACKEND will be used.

The reporter_class argument of AdminEmailHandler allows providing an django.views.debug.ExceptionReporter subclass to customize the traceback text sent in the email body. You provide a string import path to the class you wish to use, like this:

'handlers': {
    'mail_admins': {
        'level': 'ERROR',
        'class': 'django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler',
        'include_html': True,
        'reporter_class': 'somepackage.error_reporter.CustomErrorReporter'
    }
},

New in Django 3.0:

The reporter_class argument was added.

• send_mail(subject, message, \args, **kwargs*)

  Sends emails to admin users. To customize this behavior, you can subclass the AdminEmailHandler class and override this method.

过滤器

Django provides some log filters in addition to those provided by the Python logging module.

class CallbackFilter(callback)

This filter accepts a callback function (which should accept a single argument, the record to be logged), and calls it for each record that passes through the filter. Handling of that record will not proceed if the callback returns False.

For instance, to filter out UnreadablePostError (raised when a user cancels an upload) from the admin emails, you would create a filter function:

from django.http import UnreadablePostError
def skip_unreadable_post(record):
    if record.exc_info:
        exc_type, exc_value = record.exc_info[:2]
        if isinstance(exc_value, UnreadablePostError):
            return False
    return True

and then add it to your logging config:

'filters': {
    'skip_unreadable_posts': {
        '()': 'django.utils.log.CallbackFilter',
        'callback': skip_unreadable_post,
    }
},
'handlers': {
    'mail_admins': {
        'level': 'ERROR',
        'filters': ['skip_unreadable_posts'],
        'class': 'django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler'
    }
},

class RequireDebugFalse

This filter will only pass on records when settings.DEBUG is False.

This filter is used as follows in the default LOGGING configuration to ensure that the AdminEmailHandler only sends error emails to admins when DEBUG is False:

'filters': {
    'require_debug_false': {
        '()': 'django.utils.log.RequireDebugFalse',
    }
},
'handlers': {
    'mail_admins': {
        'level': 'ERROR',
        'filters': ['require_debug_false'],
        'class': 'django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler'
    }
},

class RequireDebugTrue

This filter is similar to RequireDebugFalse, except that records are passed only when DEBUG is True.

Django’s default logging configuration

By default, Django configures the following logging:

When DEBUG is True:

• The django logger sends messages in the django hierarchy (except django.server) at the INFO level or higher to the console.

When DEBUG is False:

• The django logger sends messages in the django hierarchy (except django.server) with ERROR or CRITICAL level to AdminEmailHandler.

Independent of the value of DEBUG:

• The django.server logger sends messages at the INFO level or higher to the console.

All loggers except django.server propagate logging to their parents, up to the root django logger. The console and mail_admins handlers are attached to the root logger to provide the behavior described above.

See also Configuring logging to learn how you can complement or replace this default logging configuration defined in django/utils/log.py.