Testing tools

Django provides a small set of tools that come in handy when writing tests.

The test client

The test client is a Python class that acts as a dummy Web browser, allowing you to test your views and interact with your Django-powered application programmatically.

Some of the things you can do with the test client are:

  • Simulate GET and POST requests on a URL and observe the response — everything from low-level HTTP (result headers and status codes) to page content.
  • See the chain of redirects (if any) and check the URL and status code at each step.
  • Test that a given request is rendered by a given Django template, with a template context that contains certain values.

Note that the test client is not intended to be a replacement for Selenium or other “in-browser” frameworks. Django’s test client has a different focus. In short:

  • Use Django’s test client to establish that the correct template is being rendered and that the template is passed the correct context data.
  • Use in-browser frameworks like Selenium to test rendered HTML and the behavior of Web pages, namely JavaScript functionality. Django also provides special support for those frameworks; see the section on LiveServerTestCase for more details.

A comprehensive test suite should use a combination of both test types.

Overview and a quick example

To use the test client, instantiate django.test.Client and retrieve Web pages:

  1. >>> from django.test import Client
  2. >>> c = Client()
  3. >>> response = c.post('/login/', {'username': 'john', 'password': 'smith'})
  4. >>> response.status_code
  5. 200
  6. >>> response = c.get('/customer/details/')
  7. >>> response.content
  8. b'<!DOCTYPE html...'

As this example suggests, you can instantiate Client from within a session of the Python interactive interpreter.

Note a few important things about how the test client works:

  • The test client does not require the Web server to be running. In fact, it will run just fine with no Web server running at all! That’s because it avoids the overhead of HTTP and deals directly with the Django framework. This helps make the unit tests run quickly.

  • When retrieving pages, remember to specify the path of the URL, not the whole domain. For example, this is correct:

    1. >>> c.get('/login/')

    This is incorrect:

    1. >>> c.get('https://www.example.com/login/')

    The test client is not capable of retrieving Web pages that are not powered by your Django project. If you need to retrieve other Web pages, use a Python standard library module such as urllib.

  • To resolve URLs, the test client uses whatever URLconf is pointed-to by your ROOT_URLCONF setting.

  • Although the above example would work in the Python interactive interpreter, some of the test client’s functionality, notably the template-related functionality, is only available while tests are running.

    The reason for this is that Django’s test runner performs a bit of black magic in order to determine which template was loaded by a given view. This black magic (essentially a patching of Django’s template system in memory) only happens during test running.

  • By default, the test client will disable any CSRF checks performed by your site.

    If, for some reason, you want the test client to perform CSRF checks, you can create an instance of the test client that enforces CSRF checks. To do this, pass in the enforce_csrf_checks argument when you construct your client:

    1. >>> from django.test import Client
    2. >>> csrf_client = Client(enforce_csrf_checks=True)

Making requests

Use the django.test.Client class to make requests.

class Client(enforce_csrf_checks=False, json_encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder, \*defaults*)

It requires no arguments at time of construction. However, you can use keywords arguments to specify some default headers. For example, this will send a User-Agent HTTP header in each request:

  1. >>> c = Client(HTTP_USER_AGENT='Mozilla/5.0')

The values from the extra keywords arguments passed to get(), post(), etc. have precedence over the defaults passed to the class constructor.

The enforce_csrf_checks argument can be used to test CSRF protection (see above).

The json_encoder argument allows setting a custom JSON encoder for the JSON serialization that’s described in post().

The raise_request_exception argument allows controlling whether or not exceptions raised during the request should also be raised in the test. Defaults to True.

New in Django 3.0:

The raise_request_exception argument was added.

Once you have a Client instance, you can call any of the following methods:

  • get(path, data=None, follow=False, secure=False, \*extra*)

    Makes a GET request on the provided path and returns a Response object, which is documented below.

    The key-value pairs in the data dictionary are used to create a GET data payload. For example:

    1. >>> c = Client()
    2. >>> c.get('/customers/details/', {'name': 'fred', 'age': 7})

    …will result in the evaluation of a GET request equivalent to:

    1. /customers/details/?name=fred&age=7

    The extra keyword arguments parameter can be used to specify headers to be sent in the request. For example:

    1. >>> c = Client()
    2. >>> c.get('/customers/details/', {'name': 'fred', 'age': 7},
    3. ...       HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH='XMLHttpRequest')

    …will send the HTTP header HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH to the details view, which is a good way to test code paths that use the django.http.HttpRequest.is_ajax() method.

    CGI specification

    The headers sent via **extra should follow CGI specification. For example, emulating a different “Host” header as sent in the HTTP request from the browser to the server should be passed as HTTP_HOST.

    If you already have the GET arguments in URL-encoded form, you can use that encoding instead of using the data argument. For example, the previous GET request could also be posed as:

    1. >>> c = Client()
    2. >>> c.get('/customers/details/?name=fred&age=7')

    If you provide a URL with both an encoded GET data and a data argument, the data argument will take precedence.

    If you set follow to True the client will follow any redirects and a redirect_chain attribute will be set in the response object containing tuples of the intermediate urls and status codes.

    If you had a URL /redirect_me/ that redirected to /next/, that redirected to /final/, this is what you’d see:

    1. >>> response = c.get('/redirect_me/', follow=True)
    2. >>> response.redirect_chain
    3. [('http://testserver/next/', 302), ('http://testserver/final/', 302)]

    If you set secure to True the client will emulate an HTTPS request.

  • post(path, data=None, content_type=MULTIPART_CONTENT, follow=False, secure=False, \*extra*)

    Makes a POST request on the provided path and returns a Response object, which is documented below.

    The key-value pairs in the data dictionary are used to submit POST data. For example:

    1. >>> c = Client()
    2. >>> c.post('/login/', {'name': 'fred', 'passwd': 'secret'})

    …will result in the evaluation of a POST request to this URL:

    1. /login/

    …with this POST data:

    1. name=fred&passwd=secret

    If you provide content_type as application/json, the data is serialized using json.dumps() if it’s a dict, list, or tuple. Serialization is performed with DjangoJSONEncoder by default, and can be overridden by providing a json_encoder argument to Client. This serialization also happens for put(), patch(), and delete() requests.

    Changed in Django 2.2:

    The JSON serialization was extended to support lists and tuples. In older versions, only dicts are serialized.

    If you provide any other content_type (e.g. text/xml for an XML payload), the contents of data are sent as-is in the POST request, using content_type in the HTTP Content-Type header.

    If you don’t provide a value for content_type, the values in data will be transmitted with a content type of multipart/form-data. In this case, the key-value pairs in data will be encoded as a multipart message and used to create the POST data payload.

    To submit multiple values for a given key — for example, to specify the selections for a <select multiple> — provide the values as a list or tuple for the required key. For example, this value of data would submit three selected values for the field named choices:

    1. {'choices': ('a', 'b', 'd')}

    Submitting files is a special case. To POST a file, you need only provide the file field name as a key, and a file handle to the file you wish to upload as a value. For example:

    1. >>> c = Client()
    2. >>> with open('wishlist.doc') as fp:
    3. ...     c.post('/customers/wishes/', {'name': 'fred', 'attachment': fp})

    (The name attachment here is not relevant; use whatever name your file-processing code expects.)

    You may also provide any file-like object (e.g., StringIO or BytesIO) as a file handle. If you’re uploading to an ImageField, the object needs a name attribute that passes the validate_image_file_extension validator. For example:

    1. >>> from io import BytesIO
    2. >>> img = BytesIO(b'mybinarydata')
    3. >>> img.name = 'myimage.jpg'

    Note that if you wish to use the same file handle for multiple post() calls then you will need to manually reset the file pointer between posts. The easiest way to do this is to manually close the file after it has been provided to post(), as demonstrated above.

    You should also ensure that the file is opened in a way that allows the data to be read. If your file contains binary data such as an image, this means you will need to open the file in rb (read binary) mode.

    The extra argument acts the same as for Client.get().

    If the URL you request with a POST contains encoded parameters, these parameters will be made available in the request.GET data. For example, if you were to make the request:

    1. >>> c.post('/login/?visitor=true', {'name': 'fred', 'passwd': 'secret'})

    … the view handling this request could interrogate request.POST to retrieve the username and password, and could interrogate request.GET to determine if the user was a visitor.

    If you set follow to True the client will follow any redirects and a redirect_chain attribute will be set in the response object containing tuples of the intermediate urls and status codes.

    If you set secure to True the client will emulate an HTTPS request.

  • head(path, data=None, follow=False, secure=False, \*extra*)

    Makes a HEAD request on the provided path and returns a Response object. This method works just like Client.get(), including the follow, secure and extra arguments, except it does not return a message body.

  • options(path, data=’’, content_type=’application/octet-stream’, follow=False, secure=False, \*extra*)

    Makes an OPTIONS request on the provided path and returns a Response object. Useful for testing RESTful interfaces.

    When data is provided, it is used as the request body, and a Content-Type header is set to content_type.

    The follow, secure and extra arguments act the same as for Client.get().

  • put(path, data=’’, content_type=’application/octet-stream’, follow=False, secure=False, \*extra*)

    Makes a PUT request on the provided path and returns a Response object. Useful for testing RESTful interfaces.

    When data is provided, it is used as the request body, and a Content-Type header is set to content_type.

    The follow, secure and extra arguments act the same as for Client.get().

  • patch(path, data=’’, content_type=’application/octet-stream’, follow=False, secure=False, \*extra*)

    Makes a PATCH request on the provided path and returns a Response object. Useful for testing RESTful interfaces.

    The follow, secure and extra arguments act the same as for Client.get().

  • delete(path, data=’’, content_type=’application/octet-stream’, follow=False, secure=False, \*extra*)

    Makes a DELETE request on the provided path and returns a Response object. Useful for testing RESTful interfaces.

    When data is provided, it is used as the request body, and a Content-Type header is set to content_type.

    The follow, secure and extra arguments act the same as for Client.get().

  • trace(path, follow=False, secure=False, \*extra*)

    Makes a TRACE request on the provided path and returns a Response object. Useful for simulating diagnostic probes.

    Unlike the other request methods, data is not provided as a keyword parameter in order to comply with RFC 7231#section-4.3.8, which mandates that TRACE requests must not have a body.

    The follow, secure, and extra arguments act the same as for Client.get().

  • login(\*credentials*)

    If your site uses Django’s authentication system and you deal with logging in users, you can use the test client’s login() method to simulate the effect of a user logging into the site.

    After you call this method, the test client will have all the cookies and session data required to pass any login-based tests that may form part of a view.

    The format of the credentials argument depends on which authentication backend you’re using (which is configured by your AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS setting). If you’re using the standard authentication backend provided by Django (ModelBackend), credentials should be the user’s username and password, provided as keyword arguments:

    1. >>> c = Client()
    2. >>> c.login(username='fred', password='secret')
    4. # Now you can access a view that's only available to logged-in users.

    If you’re using a different authentication backend, this method may require different credentials. It requires whichever credentials are required by your backend’s authenticate() method.

    login() returns True if it the credentials were accepted and login was successful.

    Finally, you’ll need to remember to create user accounts before you can use this method. As we explained above, the test runner is executed using a test database, which contains no users by default. As a result, user accounts that are valid on your production site will not work under test conditions. You’ll need to create users as part of the test suite — either manually (using the Django model API) or with a test fixture. Remember that if you want your test user to have a password, you can’t set the user’s password by setting the password attribute directly — you must use the set_password() function to store a correctly hashed password. Alternatively, you can use the create_user() helper method to create a new user with a correctly hashed password.

  • force_login(user, backend=None)

    If your site uses Django’s authentication system, you can use the force_login() method to simulate the effect of a user logging into the site. Use this method instead of login() when a test requires a user be logged in and the details of how a user logged in aren’t important.

    Unlike login(), this method skips the authentication and verification steps: inactive users (is_active=False) are permitted to login and the user’s credentials don’t need to be provided.

    The user will have its backend attribute set to the value of the backend argument (which should be a dotted Python path string), or to settings.AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS[0] if a value isn’t provided. The authenticate() function called by login() normally annotates the user like this.

    This method is faster than login() since the expensive password hashing algorithms are bypassed. Also, you can speed up login() by using a weaker hasher while testing.

  • logout()

    If your site uses Django’s authentication system, the logout() method can be used to simulate the effect of a user logging out of your site.

    After you call this method, the test client will have all the cookies and session data cleared to defaults. Subsequent requests will appear to come from an AnonymousUser.

Testing responses

The get() and post() methods both return a Response object. This Response object is not the same as the HttpResponse object returned by Django views; the test response object has some additional data useful for test code to verify.

Specifically, a Response object has the following attributes:

class Response

  • client

    The test client that was used to make the request that resulted in the response.

  • content

    The body of the response, as a bytestring. This is the final page content as rendered by the view, or any error message.

  • context

    The template Context instance that was used to render the template that produced the response content.

    If the rendered page used multiple templates, then context will be a list of Context objects, in the order in which they were rendered.

    Regardless of the number of templates used during rendering, you can retrieve context values using the [] operator. For example, the context variable name could be retrieved using:

    1. >>> response = client.get('/foo/')
    2. >>> response.context['name']
    3. 'Arthur'

    Not using Django templates?

    This attribute is only populated when using the DjangoTemplates backend. If you’re using another template engine, context_data may be a suitable alternative on responses with that attribute.

  • exc_info

    New in Django 3.0.

    A tuple of three values that provides information about the unhandled exception, if any, that occurred during the view.

    The values are (type, value, traceback), the same as returned by Python’s sys.exc_info(). Their meanings are:

    • type: The type of the exception.
    • value: The exception instance.
    • traceback: A traceback object which encapsulates the call stack at the point where the exception originally occurred.

    If no exception occurred, then exc_info will be None.

  • json(\*kwargs*)

    The body of the response, parsed as JSON. Extra keyword arguments are passed to json.loads(). For example:

    1. >>> response = client.get('/foo/')
    2. >>> response.json()['name']
    3. 'Arthur'

    If the Content-Type header is not "application/json", then a ValueError will be raised when trying to parse the response.

  • request

    The request data that stimulated the response.

  • wsgi_request

    The WSGIRequest instance generated by the test handler that generated the response.

  • status_code

    The HTTP status of the response, as an integer. For a full list of defined codes, see the IANA status code registry.

  • templates

    A list of Template instances used to render the final content, in the order they were rendered. For each template in the list, use template.name to get the template’s file name, if the template was loaded from a file. (The name is a string such as 'admin/index.html'.)

    Not using Django templates?

    This attribute is only populated when using the DjangoTemplates backend. If you’re using another template engine, template_name may be a suitable alternative if you only need the name of the template used for rendering.

  • resolver_match

    An instance of ResolverMatch for the response. You can use the func attribute, for example, to verify the view that served the response:

    1. # my_view here is a function based view
    2. self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.func, my_view)
    4. # class-based views need to be compared by name, as the functions
    5. # generated by as_view() won't be equal
    6. self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.func.__name__, MyView.as_view().__name__)

    If the given URL is not found, accessing this attribute will raise a Resolver404 exception.

You can also use dictionary syntax on the response object to query the value of any settings in the HTTP headers. For example, you could determine the content type of a response using response['Content-Type'].

例外

If you point the test client at a view that raises an exception and Client.raise_request_exception is True, that exception will be visible in the test case. You can then use a standard try ... except block or assertRaises() to test for exceptions.

The only exceptions that are not visible to the test client are Http404, PermissionDenied, SystemExit, and SuspiciousOperation. Django catches these exceptions internally and converts them into the appropriate HTTP response codes. In these cases, you can check response.status_code in your test.

If Client.raise_request_exception is False, the test client will return a 500 response as would be returned to a browser. The response has the attribute exc_info to provide information about the unhandled exception.

Persistent state

The test client is stateful. If a response returns a cookie, then that cookie will be stored in the test client and sent with all subsequent get() and post() requests.

Expiration policies for these cookies are not followed. If you want a cookie to expire, either delete it manually or create a new Client instance (which will effectively delete all cookies).

A test client has two attributes that store persistent state information. You can access these properties as part of a test condition.

Client.``cookies

A Python SimpleCookie object, containing the current values of all the client cookies. See the documentation of the http.cookies module for more.

Client.``session

A dictionary-like object containing session information. See the session documentation for full details.

To modify the session and then save it, it must be stored in a variable first (because a new SessionStore is created every time this property is accessed):

  1. def test_something(self):
  2.     session = self.client.session
  3.     session['somekey'] = 'test'
  4.     session.save()

Setting the language

When testing applications that support internationalization and localization, you might want to set the language for a test client request. The method for doing so depends on whether or not the LocaleMiddleware is enabled.

If the middleware is enabled, the language can be set by creating a cookie with a name of LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME and a value of the language code:

  1. from django.conf import settings
  3. def test_language_using_cookie(self):
  4.     self.client.cookies.load({settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME: 'fr'})
  5.     response = self.client.get('/')
  6.     self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Bienvenue sur mon site.")

or by including the Accept-Language HTTP header in the request:

  1. def test_language_using_header(self):
  2.     response = self.client.get('/', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='fr')
  3.     self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Bienvenue sur mon site.")

More details are in How Django discovers language preference.

If the middleware isn’t enabled, the active language may be set using translation.override():

  1. from django.utils import translation
  3. def test_language_using_override(self):
  4.     with translation.override('fr'):
  5.         response = self.client.get('/')
  6.     self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Bienvenue sur mon site.")

More details are in 显式设置语言.

例如

The following is a unit test using the test client:

  1. import unittest
  2. from django.test import Client
  4. class SimpleTest(unittest.TestCase):
  5.     def setUp(self):
  6.         # Every test needs a client.
  7.         self.client = Client()
  9.     def test_details(self):
  10.         # Issue a GET request.
  11.         response = self.client.get('/customer/details/')
  13.         # Check that the response is 200 OK.
  14.         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  16.         # Check that the rendered context contains 5 customers.
  17.         self.assertEqual(len(response.context['customers']), 5)

参见

django.test.RequestFactory

Provided test case classes

Normal Python unit test classes extend a base class of unittest.TestCase. Django provides a few extensions of this base class:

Hierarchy of Django unit testing classes (TestCase subclasses)

Hierarchy of Django unit testing classes

You can convert a normal unittest.TestCase to any of the subclasses: change the base class of your test from unittest.TestCase to the subclass. All of the standard Python unit test functionality will be available, and it will be augmented with some useful additions as described in each section below.

SimpleTestCase

class SimpleTestCase

A subclass of unittest.TestCase that adds this functionality:

If your tests make any database queries, use subclasses TransactionTestCase or TestCase.

SimpleTestCase.``databases

New in Django 2.2.

SimpleTestCase disallows database queries by default. This helps to avoid executing write queries which will affect other tests since each SimpleTestCase test isn’t run in a transaction. If you aren’t concerned about this problem, you can disable this behavior by setting the databases class attribute to '__all__' on your test class.

SimpleTestCase.``allow_database_queries

2.2 版后已移除.

This attribute is deprecated in favor of databases. The previous behavior of allow_database_queries = True can be achieved by setting databases = '__all__'.

警告

SimpleTestCase and its subclasses (e.g. TestCase, …) rely on setUpClass() and tearDownClass() to perform some class-wide initialization (e.g. overriding settings). If you need to override those methods, don’t forget to call the super implementation:

  1. class MyTestCase(TestCase):
  3.     @classmethod
  4.     def setUpClass(cls):
  5.         super().setUpClass()
  6.         ...
  8.     @classmethod
  9.     def tearDownClass(cls):
  10.         ...
  11.         super().tearDownClass()

Be sure to account for Python’s behavior if an exception is raised during setUpClass(). If that happens, neither the tests in the class nor tearDownClass() are run. In the case of django.test.TestCase, this will leak the transaction created in super() which results in various symptoms including a segmentation fault on some platforms (reported on macOS). If you want to intentionally raise an exception such as unittest.SkipTest in setUpClass(), be sure to do it before calling super() to avoid this.

TransactionTestCase

class TransactionTestCase

TransactionTestCase inherits from SimpleTestCase to add some database-specific features:

Django’s TestCase class is a more commonly used subclass of TransactionTestCase that makes use of database transaction facilities to speed up the process of resetting the database to a known state at the beginning of each test. A consequence of this, however, is that some database behaviors cannot be tested within a Django TestCase class. For instance, you cannot test that a block of code is executing within a transaction, as is required when using select_for_update(). In those cases, you should use TransactionTestCase.

TransactionTestCase and TestCase are identical except for the manner in which the database is reset to a known state and the ability for test code to test the effects of commit and rollback:

  • A TransactionTestCase resets the database after the test runs by truncating all tables. A TransactionTestCase may call commit and rollback and observe the effects of these calls on the database.
  • A TestCase, on the other hand, does not truncate tables after a test. Instead, it encloses the test code in a database transaction that is rolled back at the end of the test. This guarantees that the rollback at the end of the test restores the database to its initial state.

警告

TestCase running on a database that does not support rollback (e.g. MySQL with the MyISAM storage engine), and all instances of TransactionTestCase, will roll back at the end of the test by deleting all data from the test database.

Apps will not see their data reloaded; if you need this functionality (for example, third-party apps should enable this) you can set serialized_rollback = True inside the TestCase body.

TestCase

class TestCase

This is the most common class to use for writing tests in Django. It inherits from TransactionTestCase (and by extension SimpleTestCase). If your Django application doesn’t use a database, use SimpleTestCase.

The class:

  • Wraps the tests within two nested atomic() blocks: one for the whole class and one for each test. Therefore, if you want to test some specific database transaction behavior, use TransactionTestCase.
  • Checks deferrable database constraints at the end of each test.

It also provides an additional method:

classmethod TestCase.``setUpTestData()

The class-level atomic block described above allows the creation of initial data at the class level, once for the whole TestCase. This technique allows for faster tests as compared to using setUp().

例如:

  1. from django.test import TestCase
  3. class MyTests(TestCase):
  4.     @classmethod
  5.     def setUpTestData(cls):
  6.         # Set up data for the whole TestCase
  7.         cls.foo = Foo.objects.create(bar="Test")
  8.         ...
  10.     def test1(self):
  11.         # Some test using self.foo
  12.         ...
  14.     def test2(self):
  15.         # Some other test using self.foo
  16.         ...

Note that if the tests are run on a database with no transaction support (for instance, MySQL with the MyISAM engine), setUpTestData() will be called before each test, negating the speed benefits.

Be careful not to modify any objects created in setUpTestData() in your test methods. Modifications to in-memory objects from setup work done at the class level will persist between test methods. If you do need to modify them, you could reload them in the setUp() method with refresh_from_db(), for example.

LiveServerTestCase

class LiveServerTestCase

LiveServerTestCase does basically the same as TransactionTestCase with one extra feature: it launches a live Django server in the background on setup, and shuts it down on teardown. This allows the use of automated test clients other than the Django dummy client such as, for example, the Selenium client, to execute a series of functional tests inside a browser and simulate a real user’s actions.

The live server listens on localhost and binds to port 0 which uses a free port assigned by the operating system. The server’s URL can be accessed with self.live_server_url during the tests.

To demonstrate how to use LiveServerTestCase, let’s write a Selenium test. First of all, you need to install the selenium package into your Python path:

Linux/Unix   Windows

  1. $ python -m pip install selenium
  1. ...\> py -m pip install selenium

Then, add a LiveServerTestCase-based test to your app’s tests module (for example: myapp/tests.py). For this example, we’ll assume you’re using the staticfiles app and want to have static files served during the execution of your tests similar to what we get at development time with DEBUG=True, i.e. without having to collect them using collectstatic. We’ll use the StaticLiveServerTestCase subclass which provides that functionality. Replace it with django.test.LiveServerTestCase if you don’t need that.

The code for this test may look as follows:

  1. from django.contrib.staticfiles.testing import StaticLiveServerTestCase
  2. from selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver import WebDriver
  4. class MySeleniumTests(StaticLiveServerTestCase):
  5.     fixtures = ['user-data.json']
  7.     @classmethod
  8.     def setUpClass(cls):
  9.         super().setUpClass()
  10.         cls.selenium = WebDriver()
  11.         cls.selenium.implicitly_wait(10)
  13.     @classmethod
  14.     def tearDownClass(cls):
  15.         cls.selenium.quit()
  16.         super().tearDownClass()
  18.     def test_login(self):
  19.         self.selenium.get('%s%s' % (self.live_server_url, '/login/'))
  20.         username_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_name("username")
  21.         username_input.send_keys('myuser')
  22.         password_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_name("password")
  23.         password_input.send_keys('secret')
  24.         self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Log in"]').click()

Finally, you may run the test as follows:

Linux/Unix   Windows

  1. $ ./manage.py test myapp.tests.MySeleniumTests.test_login
  1. ...\> manage.py test myapp.tests.MySeleniumTests.test_login

This example will automatically open Firefox then go to the login page, enter the credentials and press the “Log in” button. Selenium offers other drivers in case you do not have Firefox installed or wish to use another browser. The example above is just a tiny fraction of what the Selenium client can do; check out the full reference for more details.

注解

When using an in-memory SQLite database to run the tests, the same database connection will be shared by two threads in parallel: the thread in which the live server is run and the thread in which the test case is run. It’s important to prevent simultaneous database queries via this shared connection by the two threads, as that may sometimes randomly cause the tests to fail. So you need to ensure that the two threads don’t access the database at the same time. In particular, this means that in some cases (for example, just after clicking a link or submitting a form), you might need to check that a response is received by Selenium and that the next page is loaded before proceeding with further test execution. Do this, for example, by making Selenium wait until the <body> HTML tag is found in the response (requires Selenium > 2.13):

  1. def test_login(self):
  2.     from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
  3.     timeout = 2
  4.     ...
  5.     self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Log in"]').click()
  6.     # Wait until the response is received
  7.     WebDriverWait(self.selenium, timeout).until(
  8.         lambda driver: driver.find_element_by_tag_name('body'))

The tricky thing here is that there’s really no such thing as a “page load,” especially in modern Web apps that generate HTML dynamically after the server generates the initial document. So, checking for the presence of <body> in the response might not necessarily be appropriate for all use cases. Please refer to the Selenium FAQ and Selenium documentation for more information.

Test cases features

Default test client

SimpleTestCase.``client

Every test case in a django.test.*TestCase instance has access to an instance of a Django test client. This client can be accessed as self.client. This client is recreated for each test, so you don’t have to worry about state (such as cookies) carrying over from one test to another.

This means, instead of instantiating a Client in each test:

  1. import unittest
  2. from django.test import Client
  4. class SimpleTest(unittest.TestCase):
  5.     def test_details(self):
  6.         client = Client()
  7.         response = client.get('/customer/details/')
  8.         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  10.     def test_index(self):
  11.         client = Client()
  12.         response = client.get('/customer/index/')
  13.         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

…you can refer to self.client, like so:

  1. from django.test import TestCase
  3. class SimpleTest(TestCase):
  4.     def test_details(self):
  5.         response = self.client.get('/customer/details/')
  6.         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  8.     def test_index(self):
  9.         response = self.client.get('/customer/index/')
  10.         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

Customizing the test client

SimpleTestCase.``client_class

If you want to use a different Client class (for example, a subclass with customized behavior), use the client_class class attribute:

  1. from django.test import Client, TestCase
  3. class MyTestClient(Client):
  4.     # Specialized methods for your environment
  5.     ...
  7. class MyTest(TestCase):
  8.     client_class = MyTestClient
  10.     def test_my_stuff(self):
  11.         # Here self.client is an instance of MyTestClient...
  12.         call_some_test_code()

Fixture loading

TransactionTestCase.``fixtures

A test case for a database-backed website isn’t much use if there isn’t any data in the database. Tests are more readable and it’s more maintainable to create objects using the ORM, for example in TestCase.setUpTestData(), however, you can also use fixtures.

A fixture is a collection of data that Django knows how to import into a database. For example, if your site has user accounts, you might set up a fixture of fake user accounts in order to populate your database during tests.

The most straightforward way of creating a fixture is to use the manage.py dumpdata command. This assumes you already have some data in your database. See the dumpdata documentation for more details.

Once you’ve created a fixture and placed it in a fixtures directory in one of your INSTALLED_APPS, you can use it in your unit tests by specifying a fixtures class attribute on your django.test.TestCase subclass:

  1. from django.test import TestCase
  2. from myapp.models import Animal
  4. class AnimalTestCase(TestCase):
  5.     fixtures = ['mammals.json', 'birds']
  7.     def setUp(self):
  8.         # Test definitions as before.
  9.         call_setup_methods()
  11.     def test_fluffy_animals(self):
  12.         # A test that uses the fixtures.
  13.         call_some_test_code()

Here’s specifically what will happen:

  • At the start of each test, before setUp() is run, Django will flush the database, returning the database to the state it was in directly after migrate was called.
  • Then, all the named fixtures are installed. In this example, Django will install any JSON fixture named mammals, followed by any fixture named birds. See the loaddata documentation for more details on defining and installing fixtures.

For performance reasons, TestCase loads fixtures once for the entire test class, before setUpTestData(), instead of before each test, and it uses transactions to clean the database before each test. In any case, you can be certain that the outcome of a test will not be affected by another test or by the order of test execution.

By default, fixtures are only loaded into the default database. If you are using multiple databases and set TransactionTestCase.databases, fixtures will be loaded into all specified databases.

URLconf configuration

If your application provides views, you may want to include tests that use the test client to exercise those views. However, an end user is free to deploy the views in your application at any URL of their choosing. This means that your tests can’t rely upon the fact that your views will be available at a particular URL. Decorate your test class or test method with @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=...) for URLconf configuration.

Multi-database support

TransactionTestCase.``databases

New in Django 2.2.

Django sets up a test database corresponding to every database that is defined in the DATABASES definition in your settings and referred to by at least one test through databases.

However, a big part of the time taken to run a Django TestCase is consumed by the call to flush that ensures that you have a clean database at the start of each test run. If you have multiple databases, multiple flushes are required (one for each database), which can be a time consuming activity — especially if your tests don’t need to test multi-database activity.

As an optimization, Django only flushes the default database at the start of each test run. If your setup contains multiple databases, and you have a test that requires every database to be clean, you can use the databases attribute on the test suite to request extra databases to be flushed.

例如:

  1. class TestMyViews(TransactionTestCase):
  2.     databases = {'default', 'other'}
  4.     def test_index_page_view(self):
  5.         call_some_test_code()

This test case will flush the default and other test databases before running test_index_page_view. You can also use '__all__' to specify that all of the test databases must be flushed.

The databases flag also controls which databases the TransactionTestCase.fixtures are loaded into. By default, fixtures are only loaded into the default database.

Queries against databases not in databases will give assertion errors to prevent state leaking between tests.

TransactionTestCase.``multi_db

2.2 版后已移除.

This attribute is deprecated in favor of databases. The previous behavior of multi_db = True can be achieved by setting databases = '__all__'.

TestCase.``databases

New in Django 2.2.

By default, only the default database will be wrapped in a transaction during a TestCase‘s execution and attempts to query other databases will result in assertion errors to prevent state leaking between tests.

Use the databases class attribute on the test class to request transaction wrapping against non-default databases.

例如:

  1. class OtherDBTests(TestCase):
  2.     databases = {'other'}
  4.     def test_other_db_query(self):
  5.         ...

This test will only allow queries against the other database. Just like for SimpleTestCase.databases and TransactionTestCase.databases, the '__all__' constant can be used to specify that the test should allow queries to all databases.

TestCase.``multi_db

2.2 版后已移除.

This attribute is deprecated in favor of databases. The previous behavior of multi_db = True can be achieved by setting databases = '__all__'.

Overriding settings

警告

Use the functions below to temporarily alter the value of settings in tests. Don’t manipulate django.conf.settings directly as Django won’t restore the original values after such manipulations.

SimpleTestCase.``settings()

For testing purposes it’s often useful to change a setting temporarily and revert to the original value after running the testing code. For this use case Django provides a standard Python context manager (see PEP 343) called settings(), which can be used like this:

  1. from django.test import TestCase
  3. class LoginTestCase(TestCase):
  5.     def test_login(self):
  7.         # First check for the default behavior
  8.         response = self.client.get('/sekrit/')
  9.         self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/sekrit/')
  11.         # Then override the LOGIN_URL setting
  12.         with self.settings(LOGIN_URL='/other/login/'):
  13.             response = self.client.get('/sekrit/')
  14.             self.assertRedirects(response, '/other/login/?next=/sekrit/')

This example will override the LOGIN_URL setting for the code in the with block and reset its value to the previous state afterwards.

SimpleTestCase.``modify_settings()

It can prove unwieldy to redefine settings that contain a list of values. In practice, adding or removing values is often sufficient. Django provides the modify_settings() context manager for easier settings changes:

  1. from django.test import TestCase
  3. class MiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):
  5.     def test_cache_middleware(self):
  6.         with self.modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={
  7.             'append': 'django.middleware.cache.FetchFromCacheMiddleware',
  8.             'prepend': 'django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware',
  9.             'remove': [
  10.                 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
  11.                 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
  12.                 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
  13.             ],
  14.         }):
  15.             response = self.client.get('/')
  16.             # ...

For each action, you can supply either a list of values or a string. When the value already exists in the list, append and prepend have no effect; neither does remove when the value doesn’t exist.

override_settings()

In case you want to override a setting for a test method, Django provides the override_settings() decorator (see PEP 318). It’s used like this:

  1. from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
  3. class LoginTestCase(TestCase):
  5.     @override_settings(LOGIN_URL='/other/login/')
  6.     def test_login(self):
  7.         response = self.client.get('/sekrit/')
  8.         self.assertRedirects(response, '/other/login/?next=/sekrit/')

The decorator can also be applied to TestCase classes:

  1. from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
  3. @override_settings(LOGIN_URL='/other/login/')
  4. class LoginTestCase(TestCase):
  6.     def test_login(self):
  7.         response = self.client.get('/sekrit/')
  8.         self.assertRedirects(response, '/other/login/?next=/sekrit/')

modify_settings()

Likewise, Django provides the modify_settings() decorator:

  1. from django.test import TestCase, modify_settings
  3. class MiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):
  5.     @modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={
  6.         'append': 'django.middleware.cache.FetchFromCacheMiddleware',
  7.         'prepend': 'django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware',
  8.     })
  9.     def test_cache_middleware(self):
  10.         response = self.client.get('/')
  11.         # ...

The decorator can also be applied to test case classes:

  1. from django.test import TestCase, modify_settings
  3. @modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={
  4.     'append': 'django.middleware.cache.FetchFromCacheMiddleware',
  5.     'prepend': 'django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware',
  6. })
  7. class MiddlewareTestCase(TestCase):
  9.     def test_cache_middleware(self):
  10.         response = self.client.get('/')
  11.         # ...

注解

When given a class, these decorators modify the class directly and return it; they don’t create and return a modified copy of it. So if you try to tweak the above examples to assign the return value to a different name than LoginTestCase or MiddlewareTestCase, you may be surprised to find that the original test case classes are still equally affected by the decorator. For a given class, modify_settings() is always applied after override_settings().

警告

The settings file contains some settings that are only consulted during initialization of Django internals. If you change them with override_settings, the setting is changed if you access it via the django.conf.settings module, however, Django’s internals access it differently. Effectively, using override_settings() or modify_settings() with these settings is probably not going to do what you expect it to do.

We do not recommend altering the DATABASES setting. Altering the CACHES setting is possible, but a bit tricky if you are using internals that make using of caching, like django.contrib.sessions. For example, you will have to reinitialize the session backend in a test that uses cached sessions and overrides CACHES.

Finally, avoid aliasing your settings as module-level constants as override_settings() won’t work on such values since they are only evaluated the first time the module is imported.

You can also simulate the absence of a setting by deleting it after settings have been overridden, like this:

  1. @override_settings()
  2. def test_something(self):
  3.     del settings.LOGIN_URL
  4.     ...

When overriding settings, make sure to handle the cases in which your app’s code uses a cache or similar feature that retains state even if the setting is changed. Django provides the django.test.signals.setting_changed signal that lets you register callbacks to clean up and otherwise reset state when settings are changed.

Django itself uses this signal to reset various data:

Overridden settingsData reset
USE_TZ, TIME_ZONEDatabases timezone
TEMPLATESTemplate engines
SERIALIZATION_MODULESSerializers cache
LOCALE_PATHS, LANGUAGE_CODEDefault translation and loaded translations
MEDIA_ROOT, DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE默认文件存储

Emptying the test outbox

If you use any of Django’s custom TestCase classes, the test runner will clear the contents of the test email outbox at the start of each test case.

For more detail on email services during tests, see Email services below.

Assertions

As Python’s normal unittest.TestCase class implements assertion methods such as assertTrue() and assertEqual(), Django’s custom TestCase class provides a number of custom assertion methods that are useful for testing Web applications:

The failure messages given by most of these assertion methods can be customized with the msg_prefix argument. This string will be prefixed to any failure message generated by the assertion. This allows you to provide additional details that may help you to identify the location and cause of a failure in your test suite.

SimpleTestCase.``assertRaisesMessage(expected_exception, expected_message, callable, \args, **kwargs*)

SimpleTestCase.``assertRaisesMessage(expected_exception, expected_message)

Asserts that execution of callable raises expected_exception and that expected_message is found in the exception’s message. Any other outcome is reported as a failure. It’s a simpler version of unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex() with the difference that expected_message isn’t treated as a regular expression.

If only the expected_exception and expected_message parameters are given, returns a context manager so that the code being tested can be written inline rather than as a function:

  1. with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'invalid literal for int()'):
  2.     int('a')

SimpleTestCase.``assertWarnsMessage(expected_warning, expected_message, callable, \args, **kwargs*)

SimpleTestCase.``assertWarnsMessage(expected_warning, expected_message)

Analogous to SimpleTestCase.assertRaisesMessage() but for assertWarnsRegex() instead of assertRaisesRegex().

SimpleTestCase.``assertFieldOutput(fieldclass, valid, invalid, field_args=None, field_kwargs=None, empty_value=’’)

Asserts that a form field behaves correctly with various inputs.

参数:
  • fieldclass — the class of the field to be tested.
  • valid — a dictionary mapping valid inputs to their expected cleaned values.
  • invalid — a dictionary mapping invalid inputs to one or more raised error messages.
  • field_args — the args passed to instantiate the field.
  • field_kwargs — the kwargs passed to instantiate the field.
  • empty_value — the expected clean output for inputs in empty_values.

For example, the following code tests that an EmailField accepts a@a.com as a valid email address, but rejects aaa with a reasonable error message:

  1. self.assertFieldOutput(EmailField, {'a@a.com': 'a@a.com'}, {'aaa': ['Enter a valid email address.']})

SimpleTestCase.``assertFormError(response, form, field, errors, msg_prefix=’’)

Asserts that a field on a form raises the provided list of errors when rendered on the form.

form is the name the Form instance was given in the template context.

field is the name of the field on the form to check. If field has a value of None, non-field errors (errors you can access via form.non_field_errors()) will be checked.

errors is an error string, or a list of error strings, that are expected as a result of form validation.

SimpleTestCase.``assertFormsetError(response, formset, form_index, field, errors, msg_prefix=’’)

Asserts that the formset raises the provided list of errors when rendered.

formset is the name the Formset instance was given in the template context.

form_index is the number of the form within the Formset. If form_index has a value of None, non-form errors (errors you can access via formset.non_form_errors()) will be checked.

field is the name of the field on the form to check. If field has a value of None, non-field errors (errors you can access via form.non_field_errors()) will be checked.

errors is an error string, or a list of error strings, that are expected as a result of form validation.

SimpleTestCase.``assertContains(response, text, count=None, status_code=200, msg_prefix=’’, html=False)

Asserts that a Response instance produced the given status_code and that text appears in the content of the response. If count is provided, text must occur exactly count times in the response.

Set html to True to handle text as HTML. The comparison with the response content will be based on HTML semantics instead of character-by-character equality. Whitespace is ignored in most cases, attribute ordering is not significant. See assertHTMLEqual() for more details.

SimpleTestCase.``assertNotContains(response, text, status_code=200, msg_prefix=’’, html=False)

Asserts that a Response instance produced the given status_code and that text does not appear in the content of the response.

Set html to True to handle text as HTML. The comparison with the response content will be based on HTML semantics instead of character-by-character equality. Whitespace is ignored in most cases, attribute ordering is not significant. See assertHTMLEqual() for more details.

SimpleTestCase.``assertTemplateUsed(response, template_name, msg_prefix=’’, count=None)

Asserts that the template with the given name was used in rendering the response.

The name is a string such as 'admin/index.html'.

The count argument is an integer indicating the number of times the template should be rendered. Default is None, meaning that the template should be rendered one or more times.

You can use this as a context manager, like this:

  1. with self.assertTemplateUsed('index.html'):
  2.     render_to_string('index.html')
  3. with self.assertTemplateUsed(template_name='index.html'):
  4.     render_to_string('index.html')

SimpleTestCase.``assertTemplateNotUsed(response, template_name, msg_prefix=’’)

Asserts that the template with the given name was not used in rendering the response.

You can use this as a context manager in the same way as assertTemplateUsed().

SimpleTestCase.``assertURLEqual(url1, url2, msg_prefix=’’)

New in Django 2.2.

Asserts that two URLs are the same, ignoring the order of query string parameters except for parameters with the same name. For example, /path/?x=1&y=2 is equal to /path/?y=2&x=1, but /path/?a=1&a=2 isn’t equal to /path/?a=2&a=1.

SimpleTestCase.``assertRedirects(response, expected_url, status_code=302, target_status_code=200, msg_prefix=’’, fetch_redirect_response=True)

Asserts that the response returned a status_code redirect status, redirected to expected_url (including any GET data), and that the final page was received with target_status_code.

If your request used the follow argument, the expected_url and target_status_code will be the url and status code for the final point of the redirect chain.

If fetch_redirect_response is False, the final page won’t be loaded. Since the test client can’t fetch external URLs, this is particularly useful if expected_url isn’t part of your Django app.

Scheme is handled correctly when making comparisons between two URLs. If there isn’t any scheme specified in the location where we are redirected to, the original request’s scheme is used. If present, the scheme in expected_url is the one used to make the comparisons to.

SimpleTestCase.``assertHTMLEqual(html1, html2, msg=None)

Asserts that the strings html1 and html2 are equal. The comparison is based on HTML semantics. The comparison takes following things into account:

  • Whitespace before and after HTML tags is ignored.
  • All types of whitespace are considered equivalent.
  • All open tags are closed implicitly, e.g. when a surrounding tag is closed or the HTML document ends.
  • Empty tags are equivalent to their self-closing version.
  • The ordering of attributes of an HTML element is not significant.
  • Attributes without an argument are equal to attributes that equal in name and value (see the examples).
  • Text, character references, and entity references that refer to the same character are equivalent.

The following examples are valid tests and don’t raise any AssertionError:

  1. self.assertHTMLEqual(
  2.     '<p>Hello <b>&#x27;world&#x27;!</p>',
  3.     '''<p>
  4.         Hello   <b>&#39;world&#39;! </b>
  5.     </p>'''
  6. )
  7. self.assertHTMLEqual(
  8.     '<input type="checkbox" checked="checked" id="id_accept_terms" />',
  9.     '<input id="id_accept_terms" type="checkbox" checked>'
  10. )

html1 and html2 must be valid HTML. An AssertionError will be raised if one of them cannot be parsed.

Output in case of error can be customized with the msg argument.

SimpleTestCase.``assertHTMLNotEqual(html1, html2, msg=None)

Asserts that the strings html1 and html2 are not equal. The comparison is based on HTML semantics. See assertHTMLEqual() for details.

html1 and html2 must be valid HTML. An AssertionError will be raised if one of them cannot be parsed.

Output in case of error can be customized with the msg argument.

SimpleTestCase.``assertXMLEqual(xml1, xml2, msg=None)

Asserts that the strings xml1 and xml2 are equal. The comparison is based on XML semantics. Similarly to assertHTMLEqual(), the comparison is made on parsed content, hence only semantic differences are considered, not syntax differences. When invalid XML is passed in any parameter, an AssertionError is always raised, even if both string are identical.

XML declaration, document type, and comments are ignored. Only the root element and its children are compared.

Output in case of error can be customized with the msg argument.

SimpleTestCase.``assertXMLNotEqual(xml1, xml2, msg=None)

Asserts that the strings xml1 and xml2 are not equal. The comparison is based on XML semantics. See assertXMLEqual() for details.

Output in case of error can be customized with the msg argument.

SimpleTestCase.``assertInHTML(needle, haystack, count=None, msg_prefix=’’)

Asserts that the HTML fragment needle is contained in the haystack one.

If the count integer argument is specified, then additionally the number of needle occurrences will be strictly verified.

Whitespace in most cases is ignored, and attribute ordering is not significant. The passed-in arguments must be valid HTML.

SimpleTestCase.``assertJSONEqual(raw, expected_data, msg=None)

Asserts that the JSON fragments raw and expected_data are equal. Usual JSON non-significant whitespace rules apply as the heavyweight is delegated to the json library.

Output in case of error can be customized with the msg argument.

SimpleTestCase.``assertJSONNotEqual(raw, expected_data, msg=None)

Asserts that the JSON fragments raw and expected_data are not equal. See assertJSONEqual() for further details.

Output in case of error can be customized with the msg argument.

TransactionTestCase.``assertQuerysetEqual(qs, values, transform=repr, ordered=True, msg=None)

Asserts that a queryset qs returns a particular list of values values.

The comparison of the contents of qs and values is performed by applying transform to qs. By default, this means that the repr() of each value in qs is compared to the values. Any other callable can be used if repr() doesn’t provide a unique or helpful comparison.

By default, the comparison is also ordering dependent. If qs doesn’t provide an implicit ordering, you can set the ordered parameter to False, which turns the comparison into a collections.Counter comparison. If the order is undefined (if the given qs isn’t ordered and the comparison is against more than one ordered values), a ValueError is raised.

Output in case of error can be customized with the msg argument.

TransactionTestCase.``assertNumQueries(num, func, \args, **kwargs*)

Asserts that when func is called with *args and **kwargs that num database queries are executed.

If a "using" key is present in kwargs it is used as the database alias for which to check the number of queries:

  1. self.assertNumQueries(7, using='non_default_db')

If you wish to call a function with a using parameter you can do it by wrapping the call with a lambda to add an extra parameter:

  1. self.assertNumQueries(7, lambda: my_function(using=7))

你也可以用它作为上下文管理器:

  1. with self.assertNumQueries(2):
  2.     Person.objects.create(name="Aaron")
  3.     Person.objects.create(name="Daniel")

标记测试

You can tag your tests so you can easily run a particular subset. For example, you might label fast or slow tests:

  1. from django.test import tag
  3. class SampleTestCase(TestCase):
  5.     @tag('fast')
  6.     def test_fast(self):
  7.         ...
  9.     @tag('slow')
  10.     def test_slow(self):
  11.         ...
  13.     @tag('slow', 'core')
  14.     def test_slow_but_core(self):
  15.         ...

You can also tag a test case:

  1. @tag('slow', 'core')
  2. class SampleTestCase(TestCase):
  3.     ...

Subclasses inherit tags from superclasses, and methods inherit tags from their class. Given:

  1. @tag('foo')
  2. class SampleTestCaseChild(SampleTestCase):
  4.     @tag('bar')
  5.     def test(self):
  6.         ...

SampleTestCaseChild.test will be labeled with 'slow', 'core', 'bar', and 'foo'.

Then you can choose which tests to run. For example, to run only fast tests:

Linux/Unix   Windows

  1. $ ./manage.py test --tag=fast
  1. ...\> manage.py test --tag=fast

Or to run fast tests and the core one (even though it’s slow):

Linux/Unix   Windows

  1. $ ./manage.py test --tag=fast --tag=core
  1. ...\> manage.py test --tag=fast --tag=core

You can also exclude tests by tag. To run core tests if they are not slow:

Linux/Unix   Windows

  1. $ ./manage.py test --tag=core --exclude-tag=slow
  1. ...\> manage.py test --tag=core --exclude-tag=slow

test --exclude-tag has precedence over test --tag, so if a test has two tags and you select one of them and exclude the other, the test won’t be run.

Email services

If any of your Django views send email using Django’s email functionality, you probably don’t want to send email each time you run a test using that view. For this reason, Django’s test runner automatically redirects all Django-sent email to a dummy outbox. This lets you test every aspect of sending email — from the number of messages sent to the contents of each message — without actually sending the messages.

The test runner accomplishes this by transparently replacing the normal email backend with a testing backend. (Don’t worry — this has no effect on any other email senders outside of Django, such as your machine’s mail server, if you’re running one.)

django.core.mail.``outbox

During test running, each outgoing email is saved in django.core.mail.outbox. This is a list of all EmailMessage instances that have been sent. The outbox attribute is a special attribute that is created only when the locmem email backend is used. It doesn’t normally exist as part of the django.core.mail module and you can’t import it directly. The code below shows how to access this attribute correctly.

Here’s an example test that examines django.core.mail.outbox for length and contents:

  1. from django.core import mail
  2. from django.test import TestCase
  4. class EmailTest(TestCase):
  5.     def test_send_email(self):
  6.         # Send message.
  7.         mail.send_mail(
  8.             'Subject here', 'Here is the message.',
  9.             'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
  10.             fail_silently=False,
  11.         )
  13.         # Test that one message has been sent.
  14.         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
  16.         # Verify that the subject of the first message is correct.
  17.         self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Subject here')

As noted previously, the test outbox is emptied at the start of every test in a Django *TestCase. To empty the outbox manually, assign the empty list to mail.outbox:

  1. from django.core import mail
  3. # Empty the test outbox
  4. mail.outbox = []

管理命令

Management commands can be tested with the call_command() function. The output can be redirected into a StringIO instance:

  1. from io import StringIO
  2. from django.core.management import call_command
  3. from django.test import TestCase
  5. class ClosepollTest(TestCase):
  6.     def test_command_output(self):
  7.         out = StringIO()
  8.         call_command('closepoll', stdout=out)
  9.         self.assertIn('Expected output', out.getvalue())

忽略测试

The unittest library provides the @skipIf and @skipUnless decorators to allow you to skip tests if you know ahead of time that those tests are going to fail under certain conditions.

For example, if your test requires a particular optional library in order to succeed, you could decorate the test case with @skipIf. Then, the test runner will report that the test wasn’t executed and why, instead of failing the test or omitting the test altogether.

To supplement these test skipping behaviors, Django provides two additional skip decorators. Instead of testing a generic boolean, these decorators check the capabilities of the database, and skip the test if the database doesn’t support a specific named feature.

The decorators use a string identifier to describe database features. This string corresponds to attributes of the database connection features class. See django.db.backends.BaseDatabaseFeatures class for a full list of database features that can be used as a basis for skipping tests.

skipIfDBFeature(\feature_name_strings*)

Skip the decorated test or TestCase if all of the named database features are supported.

For example, the following test will not be executed if the database supports transactions (e.g., it would not run under PostgreSQL, but it would under MySQL with MyISAM tables):

  1. class MyTests(TestCase):
  2.     @skipIfDBFeature('supports_transactions')
  3.     def test_transaction_behavior(self):
  4.         # ... conditional test code
  5.         pass

skipUnlessDBFeature(\feature_name_strings*)

Skip the decorated test or TestCase if any of the named database features are not supported.

例如，接下来的测试仅在支持事务的数据库下执行(如：可以是PostgreSQL，但不可以是使用MyISAM数据库引擎的MySQL):

  1. class MyTests(TestCase):
  2.     @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_transactions')
  3.     def test_transaction_behavior(self):
  4.         # ... conditional test code
  5.         pass