State management overview

Overview of the state management building block

Introduction

Using state management, your application can store and query data as key/value pairs in the supported state stores. This enables you to build stateful, long running applications that can save and retrieve their state, for example a shopping cart or a game’s session state.

When using state management, your application can leverage features that would otherwise be complicated and error-prone to build yourself such as:

  • Setting the choices on concurrency control and data consistency.
  • Performing bulk update operations CRUD including multiple transactional operations.
  • Querying and filtering the key/value data.

Your application can use Dapr’s state management API to save, read and query key/value pairs using a state store component, as shown in the diagram below. For example, by using HTTP POST you can save or query key/value pairs and by using HTTP GET you can read a specific key and have its value returned.

Overview - 图1

Features

These are the features available as part of the state management API:

Pluggable state stores

Dapr data stores are modeled as components, which can be swapped out without any changes to your service code. See supported state stores to see the list.

Configurable state store behaviors

Dapr allows you to include additional metadata in a state operation request that describes how the request is expected to be handled. You can attach:

  • Concurrency requirements
  • Consistency requirements

By default, your application should assume a data store is eventually consistent and uses a last-write-wins concurrency pattern.

Not all stores are created equal. To ensure portability of your application you can query the metadata capabilities of the store and make your code adaptive to different store capabilities.

Concurrency

Dapr supports Optimistic Concurrency Control (OCC) using ETags. When a state value is requested, Dapr always attaches an ETag property to the returned state. When the user code tries to update or delete a state, it’s expected to attach the ETag either through the request body for updates or the If-Match header for deletes. The write operation can succeed only when the provided ETag matches with the ETag in the state store.

Dapr chooses OCC because in many applications, data update conflicts are rare because clients are naturally partitioned by business contexts to operate on different data. However, if your application chooses to use ETags, a request may get rejected because of mismatched ETags. It’s recommended that you use a retry policy in your code to compensate for such conflicts when using ETags.

If your application omits ETags in writing requests, Dapr skips ETag checks while handling the requests. This essentially enables the last-write-wins pattern, compared to the first-write-wins pattern with ETags.

Note on ETags

For stores that don’t natively support ETags, it’s expected that the corresponding Dapr state store implementation simulates ETags and follows the Dapr state management API specification when handling states. Because Dapr state store implementations are technically clients to the underlying data store, such simulation should be straightforward using the concurrency control mechanisms provided by the store.

Read the API reference to learn how to set concurrency options.

Consistency

Dapr supports both strong consistency and eventual consistency, with eventual consistency as the default behavior.

When strong consistency is used, Dapr waits for all replicas (or designated quorums) to acknowledge before it acknowledges a write request. When eventual consistency is used, Dapr returns as soon as the write request is accepted by the underlying data store, even if this is a single replica.

Read the API reference to learn how to set consistency options.

Bulk operations

Dapr supports two types of bulk operations: bulk or multi. You can group several requests of the same type into a bulk (or a batch). Dapr submits requests in bulk operations as individual requests to the underlying data store. In other words, bulk operations are not transactional. On the other hand, you can group requests of different types into a multi-operation, which is then handled as an atomic transaction.

Read the API reference to learn how use bulk and multi options.

State encryption

Dapr supports automatic client encryption of application state with support for key rotations. This is supported on all Dapr state stores. For more info, read the How-To: Encrypt application state topic.

Shared state between applications

Different applications might have different needs when it comes to sharing state. For example, in one scenario you may want to encapsulate all state within a given application and have Dapr manage the access for you. In a different scenario, you may need to have two applications working on the same state be able to get and save the same keys. Dapr enable states to be isolated to an application, shared in a state store between applications or have multiple applications share state across different state stores. For more details read How-To: Share state between applications,

Actor state

Transactional state stores can be used to store actor state. To specify which state store to be used for actors, specify value of property actorStateStore as true in the metadata section of the state store component. Actors state is stored with a specific scheme in transactional state stores, which allows for consistent querying. Only a single state store component can be used as the state store for all actors. Read the API reference to learn more about state stores for actors and the actors API reference

Querying state

There are two ways to query the state:

Query API

The query API provides a way of querying the key/value data saved using state management in state stores regardless of underlying database or storage technology. It is an optional state management API. Using the state management query API you can filter, sort and paginate the key/value data. For more details read How-To: Query state.

Querying state store directly

Dapr saves and retrieves state values without any transformation. You can query and aggregate state directly from the underlying state store. For example, to get all state keys associated with an application ID “myApp” in Redis, use:

  1. KEYS "myApp*"

Note on direct queries

Direct queries of the state store are not governed by Dapr concurrency control, since you are not calling through the Dapr runtime. What you see are snapshots of committed data which are acceptable for read-only queries across multiple actors, however writes should be done via the Dapr state management or actors APIs.

Querying actor state

If the data store supports SQL queries, you can query an actor’s state using SQL queries. For example use:

  1. SELECT * FROM StateTable WHERE Id='<app-id>||<actor-type>||<actor-id>||<key>'

You can also perform aggregate queries across actor instances, avoiding the common turn-based concurrency limitations of actor frameworks. For example, to calculate the average temperature of all thermometer actors, use:

  1. SELECT AVG(value) FROM StateTable WHERE Id LIKE '<app-id>||<thermometer>||*||temperature'

State Time-to-Live (TTL)

Dapr enables per state set request time-to-live (TTL). This means that applications can set time-to-live per state stored, and these states cannot be retrieved after expiration.

State management API

The state management API can be found in the state management API reference which describes how to retrieve, save, delete and query state values by providing keys.

Next steps

Last modified November 12, 2021 : Merge pull request #1949 from willtsai/az-staticwebapp-versioning (c40e456)